Bulletin of Entomological Research最新文献

{"title":"Where does <i>Aedes albopictus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) really breed in a Mediterranean residential area? Results from a field study in Valencia, Eastern Spain.","authors":"Pedro María Alarcón-Elbal, Marcos López-de-Felipe, Ignacio Gil-Torró, Isaac García-Masiá, Pilar Mateo-Herrero, Rubén Bueno-Marí","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000191","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since its introduction in Spain in 2004, <i>Aedes albopictus</i> has rapidly spread across the country. Its aggressive biting behaviour causes nuisance, limiting outdoor activities. Also, its role as a vector of several arboviruses implies a major public health risk, with several cases of autochthonous dengue having been reported nationwide over the past few years. Control strategies usually focus on interventions in breeding sites. As such, accurate knowledge of the main larval habitats becomes a major priority in infested areas. A detailed identification of breeding sites of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> was carried out in the outdoors of 60 residential properties during July-August 2022 in El Vedat de Torrent (Valencia, Eastern Spain), an area recently colonised by this species. A total of 1444 real and potential breeding sites were examined. The most abundant potential larval habitat were plant pot plates (6.48 units/house), although a low infestation level was found, both for larvae (2.06% positivity, x̄ = 30.5 larvae/container), and pupae (0.51%, x̄ = 2.5 pupae/container). A total of 7715 larvae and 205 pupae were found in a disused flooded water pool depuration system. Animal drinkers, buckets and irrigation water containers were found to be the most common positive containers. No statistical difference was observed among the different container materials. A general statistical increase of 1 larva per 11.7 ml of water in breeding sites was detected. Breeding sites of other species such as <i>Culex pipiens</i> (<i>n</i> = 2) and <i>Culex modestus</i> (<i>n</i> = 1) were also rarely found in this residential area. To our knowledge, this is the first aedic index study carried out in Europe, and it provides valuable information about the main domestic breeding habitats of <i>Ae. albopictus</i>, which can greatly improve control programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"383-392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141174522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The indirect influence of potential mates on survival and reproduction of <i>Tyrophagus curvipenis</i> (Acari: Acaridae).","authors":"Guang-Yun Li, Wendy Lam, Zhi-Qiang Zhang","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000324","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The social-sexual environment is well known for its influence on the survival of organisms by modulating their reproductive output. However, whether it affects survival indirectly through a variety of cues without physical contact and its influence relative to direct interaction remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated both the indirect and direct influences of the social-sexual environment on the survival and reproduction of the mite <i>Tyrophagus curvipenis</i> (Acari: Acaridae). The results demonstrated no apparent influence of conspecific cues on the survival of mites, but the survival and reproduction of mated female mites significantly changed, with the females mated with males having a significantly shortened lifespan and increased lifetime fecundity. For males, no significant difference was observed across treatments in their survival and lifespan. These findings indicate that direct interaction with the opposite sex has a much more profound influence on mites than indirect interaction and highlight the urgent need to expand research on how conspecific cues modulate the performance of organisms with more species to clarify their impacts across taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"466-472"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"It's time for Africa - hidden diversity of the <i>Aphidius colemani</i> species group (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) south of the Sahara.","authors":"Jelisaveta Čkrkić, Andjeljko Petrović, Korana Kocić, Ana Mitrovski-Bogdanović, Željko Tomanović","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000257","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Aphidius colemani</i> is an important biological control agent, used in greenhouses and open fields against aphid pests. Despite this economical importance, <i>A. colemani</i>, along with <i>A. transcaspicus</i> and <i>A. platensis</i>, has gone through a complex taxonomical history. The three species have only recently gained status as separate species again, comprising the morphologically defined <i>Aphidius colemani</i> species group. Other than sporadic records probably as a consequence of escape from greenhouses, the <i>A. colemani</i> species group members prefer warmer regions and there are numerous records from South America, Southern Europe and Asia. Based on slide-mounted material collected in the period 1964-2001 in Africa, we describe five new species belonging to this group, and report <i>A. colemani, A. transcaspicus</i> and <i>A. platensis</i> from several African countries. This data opens questions about the origin of the group and presents potential for the diversification of biological control agents against aphid pests.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"433-443"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140857000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considering climate change impact on the global potential geographical distribution of the invasive Argentine ant and little fire ant.","authors":"Tong Li, Pei Jiang, Jingyuan Liu, Jingquan Zhu, Shouqi Zhao, Zhihong Li, Mina Zhong, Chen Ma, Yujia Qin","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000270","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Argentine ant (<i>Linepithema humile</i>) and the little fire ant (<i>Wasmannia auropunctata</i>) are among the top 100 invasive alien species globally, causing significant ecological and economic harm. Therefore, it is crucial to study their potential geographic distribution worldwide. This study aimed to predict their global distribution under current and future climate conditions. We used distribution data from various sources, including CABI, GBIF, and PIAKey, and key climate variables selected from 19 environmental factors to model their potential geographic distribution using MaxEnt. The AUC values were 0.925 and 0.937 for <i>L. humile</i> and <i>W. auropunctata</i>, respectively, indicating good predictive performance. Suitable areas for <i>L. humile</i> were mainly in southern North America, northern South America, Europe, central Asia, southern Oceania, and parts of Africa, while <i>W. auropunctata</i> suitable areas were mostly in southern North America, most of South America, a small part of Europe, southern Asia, central Africa, and some parts of Oceania. Under climate change scenario, suitable areas for <i>L. humile</i> increased, while highly suitable areas for <i>W. auropunctata</i> decreased. The top four countries with the largest areas of overlapping suitable habitat under current climate were Brazil, China, Australia, and Argentina, while under future SSP585 climate scenario, the top four countries were Brazil, China, Indonesia, and Argentina. Some countries, such as Estonia and Finland, will see an overlapping adaptation area under climate change. In conclusion, this study provides insight into controlling the spread and harm of <i>L. humile</i> and <i>W. auropunctata</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"454-465"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140944082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biology of <i>Euwallacea interjectus</i>, an emerging poplar pest, reared on an ambrosia beetle artificial diet and medium of fungal symbiont.","authors":"Langlang Zheng, Shengchang Lai, Yang Zhou, Nan Jiang, Dejun Hao, Lulu Dai","doi":"10.1017/S0007485324000233","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007485324000233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Euwallacea interjectus,</i> a recently discovered pest in poplar plantations, poses a significant economic threat due to its role in causing widespread tree mortality. This pest's cryptic behaviour has hindered research and control efforts, making laboratory rearing a valuable tool for studying its development and biology. We investigated the development period and biological characteristics of <i>E. interjectus</i> using artificial diets and fungal medium. Our findings revealed that the development time for eggs, larvae, and pupae averages approximately 6, 18, and 6 days, respectively. Notably, first and second instar larvae displayed peak moulting periods at 3.45 ± 0.64 SD and 7.92 ± 1.77 SD days, respectively. Furthermore, we measured head capsule widths of postmolt larvae, yielding values of 318.02 ± 7.38 SD <i>μ</i>m for first-instar larvae, 403.01 ± 11.08 SD <i>μ</i>m for second-instar larvae, and 549.54 ± 20.74 SD <i>μ</i>m for third-instar larvae. Our research also uncovered a positive correlation between the number of progeny (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults) and the mean length of the gallery system. Interestingly, the haplodiploid reproductive strategy did not significantly affect the number of offspring produced by the foundress. Additionally, we observed that foundresses displayed higher fecundity when subjected to nutrient-rich diets as compared to nutrient-poor diets. Our results will deepen our understanding of the biology of <i>E. interjectus</i> and provide criteria for larval instar classification. Additionally, managing nutrient availability within the colony could be considered a viable approach to regulating population size.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":" ","pages":"405-415"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140875931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the current and future suitable distribution range of Trilocha varians (Walker, 1855) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) in China","authors":"Qianqian Qian, Danping Xu, Wenkai Liao, Zhihang Zhuo","doi":"10.1017/s0007485324000117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007485324000117","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Trilocha varians</jats:italic> is one of the major pests of <jats:italic>Ficus</jats:italic> spp. Based on 19 bioclimatic variables provided by the Worldclim, our study analysed the suitable distribution areas of <jats:italic>T. varians</jats:italic> under current and future climate changes (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) for two periods (the 2050s and 2090s) using the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt) model. Key environmental variables affecting the geographic distribution of <jats:italic>T. varians</jats:italic> were also identified, and the changes in the area of suitable range under current and future climate changes were compared. The results showed that the key environmental variables affecting the distribution of <jats:italic>T. varians</jats:italic> were temperature and precipitation, comprising annual mean temperature (bio1), temperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100) (bio4), precipitation of driest month (bio14), and precipitation of driest quarter (bio17). Under the current climatic conditions, the suitable distribution area of <jats:italic>T. varians</jats:italic> is within the range of 92°13′E–122°08′E, 18°17′N–31°55′N. The current high, medium, and low suitable areas for <jats:italic>T. varians</jats:italic> predicted by the MaxEnt model are 14.00 × 10<jats:sup>4</jats:sup>, 21.50 × 10<jats:sup>4</jats:sup>, and 71.95 × 10<jats:sup>4</jats:sup> km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>, of which the high suitable areas are mainly distributed in southern Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi, western Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Hainan. Under different future climatic conditions, some of the high, medium, and low suitability zones for <jats:italic>T. varians</jats:italic> increased and some decreased, but the mass centre did not migrate significantly. The Pearl River Basin is predicted to remain the main distribution area of <jats:italic>T. varians</jats:italic>.","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140831396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of spread of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in Ghana","authors":"Kodwo Dadzie Ninsin, Philipe Guilherme Corcino Souza, George Correa Amaro, Owusu Fordjour Aidoo, Edmond Joseph Djibril Victor Barry, Ricardo Siqueira da Silva, Jonathan Osei-Owusu, Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor, Fred Kormla Ablormeti, William K. Heve, George Edusei, Lakpo Koku Agboyi, Patrick Beseh, Hettie Arwoh Boafo, Christian Borgemeister, Mamoudou Sétamou","doi":"10.1017/s0007485324000105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007485324000105","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of invasive species on biodiversity, food security and economy is increasingly noticeable in various regions of the globe as a consequence of climate change. Yet, there is limited research on how climate change affects the distribution of the invasive Asian citrus psyllid <jats:italic>Diaphorina citri</jats:italic> Kuwayama (Hemiptera:Liviidae) in Ghana. Using maxnet package to fit the Maxent model in R software, we answered the following questions; (i) what are the main drivers for <jats:italic>D. citri</jats:italic> distribution, (ii) what are the <jats:italic>D. citri</jats:italic>-specific habitat requirements and (iii) how well do the risk maps fit with what we know to be correctly based on the available evidence?. We found that temperature seasonality (Bio04), mean temperature of warmest quarter (Bio10), precipitation of driest quarter (Bio17), moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer land cover and precipitation seasonality (Bio15), were the most important drivers of <jats:italic>D. citri</jats:italic> distribution. The results follow the known distribution records of the pest with potential expansion of habitat suitability in the future. Because many invasive species, including <jats:italic>D. citri</jats:italic>, can adapt to the changing climates, our findings can serve as a guide for surveillance, tracking and prevention of <jats:italic>D. citri</jats:italic> spread in Ghana.","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140831028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peat mine as a threat to the diversity of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in the protected area Nature 2000 in Poland","authors":"Katarzyna Kuczyńska, Robert Czerniawski, Tomasz Krepski","doi":"10.1017/s000748532400021x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s000748532400021x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Peatlands, shaped by centuries of human activities, now face a primary threat from mining activities. Vulnerable to drainage and hydrological instability, peatland areas encounter challenges that compromise their ecological integrity. This study hypothesised that permanent water reservoirs within mines could serve as refugia for water beetles from adjacent areas prone to drying in the summer. Employing standard methods, including entomological scraping and water traps, samples were collected. Results revealed that, in most cases, water beetles exhibited a preference for the Nature 2000 area untouched by mining. Despite unfavourable conditions, the Nature 2000 area showcased a more diverse water beetle fauna. Remarkably, the selected Nature 2000 area, despite its identified degradation based on flora, remained a biodiversity hotspot for peatland water beetle fauna. The study underscores the significance of assessing insects, particularly beetles, as rapid responders to environmental changes. This evaluation holds crucial implications for peatland restoration planning and decision-making regarding mining investments in proximity to peatland areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140812162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lateralised courtship behaviour and its impact on mating success in Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)","authors":"Sohail Abbas, Aleena Alam, Muneer Abbas, Arzlan Abbas, Jamin Ali, Menno Schilthuizen, Donato Romano, Chen Ri Zhao","doi":"10.1017/s0007485324000178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007485324000178","url":null,"abstract":"Lateralisation is a well-established phenomenon observed in an increasing number of insect species. This study aims to obtain basic details on lateralisation in courtship and mating behaviour in <jats:italic>Ostrinia furnacalis</jats:italic>, the Asian corn borer. We conducted laboratory investigations to observe lateralisation in courtship and mating behaviours in adult <jats:italic>O. furnacalis</jats:italic>. Our goal was also to detect lateralised mating behaviour variations during sexual interactions and to elucidate how these variances might influence the mating success of males. Our findings reveal two distinct lateralised traits: male approaches from the right or left side of the female and the direction of male turning displays. Specifically, males approaching females from their right side predominantly exhibited left-biased 180° turning displays, while males approaching females from the left-side primarily displayed right-biased 180° turning displays. Notably, left-biased males, executing a 180° turn for end-to-end genital contact, initiated copulation with fewer attempts and began copulation earlier than their right-biased approaches with left-biased 180° turning displays. Furthermore, mating success was higher when males subsequently approached the right side of females during sexual encounters. Left-biased 180° turning males exhibited a higher number of successful mating interactions. These observations provide the first report on lateralisation in the reproductive behaviour of <jats:italic>O. furnacalis</jats:italic> under controlled laboratory conditions and hold promise for establishing reliable benchmarks for assessing and monitoring the quality of mass-produced individuals in pest control efforts.","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140623643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of Leucinodes africensis and Leucinodes laisalis on Solanum aethiopicum and Solanum melongena in farmer's fields in southern Ghana","authors":"Ken Okwae Fening, Stanley Osafo Okyere, Ethelyn Echep Forchibe, Babatoundé Ferdinand Rodolphe Layodé, Tegbe Enyonam Richmond, Lakpo Koku B. A. Agboyi, Kwame Afreh-Nuamah, Francis Onono Wamonje","doi":"10.1017/s0007485324000154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007485324000154","url":null,"abstract":"The eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB) is a devastating pest of eggplants (<jats:italic>Solanum aethiopicum</jats:italic> L. and <jats:italic>Solanum melongena</jats:italic> L.) in Ghana, causing significant economic losses. Although initially thought to be the <jats:italic>Leucinodes orbonalis</jats:italic> Guenee species found in Asia, recent European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization reports suggest its absence in Africa. However, eight <jats:italic>Leucinodes</jats:italic> species have been recently described in Africa, including two new species, <jats:italic>Leucinodes africensis</jats:italic> sp. n. and <jats:italic>Leucinodes laisalis</jats:italic> Walker, which were intercepted in eggplant fruits exported from Ghana to the United Kingdom. Despite the reported absence of <jats:italic>L. orbonalis</jats:italic> in Africa, it remains on the pest list of Ghana as a species known to attack eggplants. To accurately determine the identity of the EFSB complex occurring on eggplant in Southern Ghana, molecular and morphological taxonomic tools were employed, and adult male populations were monitored in on-farm conditions. Our results revealed the presence of two EFSB species, <jats:italic>L. africensis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. laisalis</jats:italic>, in the shoot and fruits of eggplants, with <jats:italic>L. africensis</jats:italic> being the dominant species and widely distributed in Southern Ghana. Notably, <jats:italic>L. africensis</jats:italic> males were attracted to the pheromone lure of <jats:italic>L. orbonalis</jats:italic> despite the two species being biologically distinct. This study provides crucial information on correctly identifying the EFSB species attacking eggplants in Southern Ghana and has significant implications for developing management interventions against these pests and their effects on international eggplant trade.","PeriodicalId":9370,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Entomological Research","volume":"181 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140614593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}