Energy nexus最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the food-versus-fuel debate in Indonesia’s palm oil industry toward sustainability: A model-based policymaking approach","authors":"Akhmad Hidayatno ,&nbsp;Andri D. Setiawan ,&nbsp;Athor Subroto ,&nbsp;Herman Saheruddin ,&nbsp;Seto Wardono ,&nbsp;Henny Romijn ,&nbsp;Teuku Naraski Zahari ,&nbsp;Irvanu Rahman ,&nbsp;Bramka Arga Jafino ,&nbsp;Armand Omar Moeis ,&nbsp;Komarudin Komarudin ,&nbsp;Annisa Rahmah Fitriani ,&nbsp;Nelson Julio ,&nbsp;Zahrah Zafira","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indonesia, the world's largest palm oil producer, is facing challenges in allocating its abundant palm oil production between various sectors. Rising biodiesel mandates and growing domestic consumption have intensified the food-versus-fuel debate, especially amid policies such as export restrictions, domestic market obligations (DMO), and land expansion strategies. These overlapping measures have sparked concerns among stakeholders regarding their long-term sustainability. Therefore, we develop this study to investigate the food-versus-fuel dilemma through a model-based policymaking approach using system dynamics to assess the economic, social, and environmental impacts of key CPO-related policies. Utilizing national datasets, regulatory documents, and insights from stakeholder workshops, we simulate three policy scenarios: status quo (BAU), food security, and energy independence. Results show that no single scenario delivers optimal outcomes across all sustainability dimensions. The food security path best addresses cooking oil needs and emissions reduction, while energy independence generates the most employment but incurs higher environmental costs. The status quo supports GDP growth but fails to meet domestic food demand. Based on these findings, the study recommends adjusting the B100 target, prioritizing land conversion on low-emission grasslands, and establishing a cross-sectoral body to balance trade-offs. Furthermore, this research contributes to the development of more balanced and evidence-based strategies aimed at advancing a sustainable palm oil industry in Indonesia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100511"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermo-enviro-exergoeconomic analysis of solar chimney compared with heller tower in fars combined cycle power plant","authors":"Fatemeh Mohammadi,&nbsp;Ali Jahangiri,&nbsp;Mohammad Ameri","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the reduced efficiency of the Heller tower under adverse weather conditions, the solar chimney integrated with Forgo radiators offers an innovative alternative to the traditional Heller tower. This system, which utilizes solar radiation, not only generates electricity but also cools the hot water exiting the power plant's condenser. The present research demonstrates how the combined solar chimney system can not only outperform the Heller tower but also deliver superior energy and exergy efficiencies along with environmental benefits. Thermo, exergoeconomic, and environmental analyses were conducted using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software, considering various wind speeds and turbine pressure drops. Results show that heat dissipation from the radiators increased by -3.47 %, +23.13 %, and +29.43 % at wind speeds of 5, 10, and 15 m/s, respectively, indicating enhanced cooling performance at higher wind speeds. Correspondingly, exergy destruction in the solar chimney with radiators increased by 0.0198 %, 7.17 %, and 16.7 %, respectively. The solar chimney system achieved improved energy and exergy efficiencies and reduced CO₂ emissions compared to the conventional Heller tower. Energy efficiency changed by -0.96 %, +6.28 %, and +11.24 %, while exergy efficiency changed by -0.97 %, +6.28 %, and +0.26 %, respectively. The cost rate of exergy destruction decreased by 0.049 % at 5 m/s and increased by 1.94 % and 1.90 % at 10 and 15 m/s. Meanwhile, the normalized CO₂ emissions decreased by 0.88 %, 2.82 %, 12.26 %, and 18.67 % across all wind speeds, indicating a significant environmental improvement compared to the conventional Heller tower.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100506"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site-tailored configuration of integrated water-energy-food-environment systems using open software - case study of two Colombian sites","authors":"Julian Fleischmann ,&nbsp;Lubin Delgado Arroyo ,&nbsp;Ciara Dunks ,&nbsp;Philipp Blechinger ,&nbsp;Lars Ribbe ,&nbsp;Alexandra Nauditt ,&nbsp;Luciano Gallon Londoño ,&nbsp;Idi Amín Isaac Millán ,&nbsp;Cristian Deofanor Hinestroza Moreno ,&nbsp;Pierre-François Duc ,&nbsp;Vivek Harshvardhan Rana ,&nbsp;Max-Jonathan Libberoth ,&nbsp;Werner Platzer","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The smart integration of water, energy, food and environment systems can tap cross-sectoral synergies enhancing supply security while reducing environmental impact. Integrated water-energy-food-environment systems (iWEFEs) are especially vital in remote areas, where reliable and sustainable water, energy and food supply often are challenged by large distances and restricted access to centralized water, energy, and food infrastructures. However, the implementation of iWEFEs in remote areas is limited. One reason for that is the lack of open and accessible design tools for their integrated planning. Addressing the gap of design software for iWEFEs, the present research introduces the WEFEConfigurator, an open software approach for configuring iWEFEs tailored to local site conditions and end-user preferences. It dimensions iWEFEs using multi-objective optimization with adjustable weights for minimizing cost, greenhouse emissions, land requirements, and water scarcity footprint. Using water-energy-food resource data and demand profiles as inputs, the output of the tool are system configuration drafts including optimized capacities as well as key performance indicators. The outputs can support communities, farmers, and project developers in decision-making and attraction of financing, and serve as a sketch for detailed planning, engineering, procurement, and construction of iWEFEs. In this research, the WEFEConfigurator is applied for the first time - for a remote community in Arusí, Choco, and an off-grid hotel with focus on sustainable tourism in Maiapo, La Guajira (both Colombia). Given regional policies enabling the implementation of iWEFEs, user-friendly frontend development, and application at further case studies, the presented approach aims to enable the free and open planning of resource-efficient and sustainable water-energy-food infrastructure worldwide and thus contribute to tackling global challenges like climate change, water scarcity, and insufficient supply of basic services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100507"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gray water dominance in water footprint assessment of shale oil: A lifecycle perspective","authors":"Qian Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Yuan ,&nbsp;Jian Wu ,&nbsp;Jun Xiong ,&nbsp;Wenshi Liu ,&nbsp;Xi Chen ,&nbsp;Yan Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shale oil has emerged as a significant issue in global energy reform and sustainable development, recognized for its high water consumption. Existing water footprint studies, which predominantly focus on shale gas, inadequately address shale oil's unique resource characteristics and neglect key factors such as wastewater treatment. This study developed a Water Footprint Assessment Tool (WFAT) that integrates regression-based empirical models derived from historical shale oilfield data with the Water Footprint Network (WFN) methodology, aiming to holistically evaluate the water footprint across the entire shale oil production lifecycle. The WFAT systematically quantifies blue water footprint and incorporates the gray water footprint linked to wastewater treatment demands and energy-related indirect water footprint. When applied to a shale oilfield in Qingyang city, the WFAT results indicate a total water footprint of 107.39 m³/t, primarily driven by hydraulic fracturing process. Notably, the blue water footprint contributes merely 1.52% to the total footprint, while the gray water footprint dominates (98.15%), with fracturing-induced flowback water treatment being the largest contributor. Shale oil exhibits higher water use intensity (26.12 L/GJ) compared to shale gas (2.6 to 9.3 L/GJ) but aligns with coal and natural gas, and its produced water intensity (25.5 L/GJ) surpasses shale gas (3.9–7.3 L/GJ), reflecting greater water production attributed to geological-engineering synergies. The recycling rate of flowback water is identified as a pivotal parameter for footprint reduction through sensitivity analysis. This study provides a reference for water resource assessment and management to balance energy extraction with water conservation in water-stressed regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100503"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing an ecologically sustainable and resource-efficient rice-wheat system in the Western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India: Integrating practices of pressurized irrigation, tillage and residue management","authors":"Mansukh Singh Jatana ,&nbsp;Parvender Sheoran ,&nbsp;Ram Kishore Fagodiya ,&nbsp;Ashwani Kumar ,&nbsp;Anita Mann ,&nbsp;Parveen Kumar ,&nbsp;Mukesh Kumar Mehla ,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar ,&nbsp;Satyendra Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intensive tillage and on-field residue burning have gained significant traction in South Asia's rice-wheat system (RWS), often with little attention for their economic, soil health, and environmental impacts. This study seeks to identify the resource smart agri-food systems while promoting conservational tillage and residue management practices with pressurized (drip/mini-sprinkler) irrigation systems. A two-years field experiment was executed in RWS to assess the crop establishment [(puddled transplanted rice (PTR) and direct-seeded rice (DSR); conventional tillage wheat (CTW) and zero tillage wheat (ZTW)], conservation tillage (reduced/zero) and residue management (with and without mulching) practices with surface, drip, and mini-sprinkler (MSIS) irrigation techniques. The results indicated that the greater availability of soil moisture in PTR led to notable improvements in both morphological (DMA: 10.8%) and physiological traits (RWC: 5%; Pn: 7.9%, gS: 3.8% and E: 7.4%), ultimately resulting in enhanced yield components [(filled grains per panicle (17%) and 1000-grain weight (8%)] and an overall yield increase of 11% compared to DSR. Furthermore, the yield penalty of 10% associated with DSR was compensated by a 14% enhancement in crop performance in ZTW. The favorable alterations in soil moisture conditions and the more effective utilization of available resources in the pressurized irrigation residue mulched ZTW system (DRIP/MSIS-ZTW+RM) facilitated superior crop growth and enhanced yield metrics, achieving a 17% increase in wheat yields and a 53% improvement in irrigation water use efficiency relative to CTW. Residue mulching increased wheat yield by 7%, with gains of 6.3% in SIS, 7.1% in MSIS, and 7.7% in DRIP-irrigated ZTW. The AquaCrop model performance was deemed adequate to validate and simulate rice and wheat yield and water footprint (WF) for various treatments applied to both the crops. Notably, the DRIP-DSR treatment recorded a 14.2% lower blue WF in comparison to PTR, and a 42.7% reduction when compared to SIS-DSR. For wheat, the DRIP-ZTW treatment demonstrated a 29.4% decrease in blue WF compared to CTW, with residue mulch leading to an additional 32.8% reduction. On average, retaining surface residue as mulch (+RM) resulted in a 10.5% lower blue WF than without mulch (–RM). Transitioning from conventional RWS to a drip-irrigated DSR-ZTW system, complemented by rice residue mulching (DRIP-DSR/ZTW+RM), offers a resource-efficient sustainable alternative for ecological sustainability and food security in the western Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and similar regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100504"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Municipal surface water valorization for clean water recovery and heavy metal removal towards a circular economy","authors":"Kedi Li ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Liu ,&nbsp;Mo Xie ,&nbsp;Haoxiang Li ,&nbsp;Sangyi Li ,&nbsp;Chenyu Wang ,&nbsp;Linyinxue Dong ,&nbsp;Jungbin Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unsustainable urban expansion increases runoff, introducing heavy metals into municipal surface water systems. Despite the need to remove heavy metals from municipal surface water, conventional treatment technologies are ineffective in removing these contaminants. Reverse osmosis (RO) effectively removes emerging contaminants such as ionic matter, but generates concentrate that poses environmental challenges. The circular economy approach can address these issues by valorizing municipal surface water. Therefore, this study evaluates the feasibility of valorizing municipal surface water for clean water production and heavy metal removal using RO and mechanical vapor compression (MVC). When RO was employed to produce clean water, 98 % of ionic contaminants were successfully removed with high water recovery (&gt;90 %). However, operating the community-scale RO system in batch mode led to significant reductions in water flux and operational instability at high recovery due to the limited feed volume and increased concentration. To understand the implications of these operational constraints further, the associated energy consumption and economic costs were systematically evaluated. The high-recovery RO operation reduced MVC energy needs, lowering the specific energy consumption (SEC) of the RO-MVC process to below 2 kWh/m³. This reduction in SEC lowered the unit product cost and increased revenue, particularly in high-income societies, with generation reaching $0.71/m³ at 95 % recovery. Further revenue potential could increase if the social costs of health risks induced by heavy metals and the economic value of the recovered metals are considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100502"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy, environmental, and economic (3E) analysis of water resource recovery facilities to participate in power system stability","authors":"Ana Fernández-Guillamón ,&nbsp;Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Luca Vezzaro ,&nbsp;Borja Valverde-Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of renewable energy sources is increasing the variability and unpredictability of power systems, compromising the stability of the grid frequency, essential for the reliable operation of electrical systems. To mitigate these frequency deviations, both the supply-side (generation) and demand-side (consumption) participants in the grid respond dynamically to changing conditions. Traditionally, this has been managed by adjusting the output of power plants, but as the proportion of renewables increases, there is a growing need to explore alternative methods. This paper investigates the feasibility of using water resource recovery facilities (WRRF) as active participants in frequency control services. By strategically turning aerators ON or OFF in response to grid frequency deviations, WRRFs could offer a novel and effective way to help stabilize grid frequency. This feasibility is examined from an energy, environmental, and economic point of view. A model of Kolding WRRF in Denmark is used. More than 1000 scenarios with different start and duration times were considered. The results show that the WRRF can provide upward reserves of about 1000 kW<!--> <!-->h in 2 h, but the emissions vary significantly depending on the timing and duration. Participating in frequency restoration reserves has negligible environmental impact in most cases, but participating in replacement reserves may cause emissions spikes, especially for biological oxygen demand. Additional <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emissions’ deviation from normal operation range from <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>005</mn><mspace></mspace><msub><mrow><mstyle><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi></mstyle></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>e</mi><mi>q</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mstyle><mi>k</mi><mi>W</mi></mstyle><mspace></mspace><mstyle><mi>h</mi></mstyle></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>013</mn><mspace></mspace><msub><mrow><mstyle><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi></mstyle></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>e</mi><mi>q</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mstyle><mi>k</mi><mi>W</mi></mstyle><mspace></mspace><mstyle><mi>h</mi></mstyle></mrow></math></span> depending on grid mix. Overall, the analysis shows promise for the use of WRRFs for frequency regulation, but optimized control strategies are needed to limit emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100490"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wind energy potential assessment for electricity and hydrogen production in Morocco’s southern regions","authors":"Younes El khchine","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering the high wind energy potential of some Morocco’s regions, this study evaluates the wind energy potential for electricity generation and hydrogen production in the Boujdour region, site Lamsid. Also, a techno-economic study was conducted to evaluate the viability and feasibility of hydrogen production based on wind energy. Wind energy potential is evaluated at different hub height using Weibull distribution function and various numerical methods based on the wind speed data collected over a 10-years period. Key indicators analyzed include: wind power density, electricity and hydrogen production and their respective costs, capacity factor of wind turbines and payback period of the system. This assessment was carried out employing thirty-seven commercially accessible wind turbines with rated power ranging from 330 kW to 3400 kW. Concerning wind speed distribution, some results revealed that the wind speed varies from 6.2 m/s, 7.2 m/s and 7.5 m/s recorded in October to 9.35 m/s, 10.2 m/s and 10.7 m/s in July at hub height of 50 m, 80 m and 100 m respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that the average monthly power density is approximately 588.8, 479.912 and 313.708 W/m² at hub heights 100, 80 and 50 m respectively. These values are generally considered as good to excellent for wind-based electricity generation. The wind turbines EWT DW52 500, Repower MM100 50 Hz, and GoldWind GW140/3.0 exhibit the highest capacity factors, achieving 43.9 %, 41.44 %, and 49.36 % at hub heights of 50 m, 80 m, and 100 m, respectively indicating strong performance across varying elevations. Using these wind turbines, the electricity generation costs are 0.0529 $/kWh, 0.0561 $/kWh and 0.0471 $/kWh. Moreover, the annual volume of compressed hydrogen stored in the region is 845.685 m³, 3193.183 m³, and 5705.194 m³ at hub heights of 50 m, 80 m, and 100 m, respectively. Correspondingly, the hydrogen production costs at these hub heights were found to be 57.725 $/kg, 15.288 $/kg, and 8.556 $/kg, showing a notable reduction in cost with increasing hub height. In other hand, the use of wind turbines to generate electricity leads to avoid 11934.1, 83.0 and 38.9 ton/year of CO₂, SO₂ and NO_x greenhouse gas emissions respectively using GoldWind GW140/3.0 wind turbine and to eliminate the annual emission treatment cost of 319432.1 $/year.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100474"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passivation strategies in lead-free perovskite solar cells: Towards efficient and stable photovoltaic devices","authors":"Aasim Ahmed Abdelghafar ,&nbsp;Ayman Mdallal ,&nbsp;Mohamed Adel Allam ,&nbsp;Hamad Al Ali ,&nbsp;Abdul Hai Alami ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem ,&nbsp;A.G. Olabi","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) technology has been accelerating tremendously over the past decade. With the recent approved world-record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs of 27 %, perovskites have become the first solution-processed technology to surpass the performance of thin-film and multi-crystalline silicon. In order to implement this technology on a large scale, two primary limitations that must be dealt with are toxicity of lead (Pb) and perovskite stability. Despite the fact that Pb is a de facto material in third generation photovoltaic devices, it is highly recommended for health, safety and environmental necessity to explore alternatives that still possess the unique optoelectronic characteristics of lead halide perovskites. Pb-free perovskite materials have been gaining extensive attention as promising candidates to solve the toxicity issue. More importantly, Passivation plays a critical role in enhancing the performance and stability of Pb-free perovskite solar cells by mitigating defect-induced non-radiative recombination at interfaces and grain boundaries. Effective passivation strategies significantly improve carrier lifetimes and reduce energy losses, which are essential for achieving better PCEs. Therefore, this review thoroughly discusses the advances of various passivation additives in enhancing photoelectric efficiency as well as the environmental stability of Pb-free PSCs. Additionally, the contribution of passivation materials in the mitigation of different drawbacks presented on perovskites, including defect density, charge carrier recombination rate and Sn²⁺ oxidation has been highlighted, paving the way to push the limits of lead-free solar devices even further.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100487"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive analysis of the PVT-integrated solar desalination technologies: Present condition, challenges and way forward","authors":"Md Mahamudul Hasan Pranto,&nbsp;Yousuf Abir Bari,&nbsp;Monjur Mourshed,&nbsp;Md. Golam Kibria","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At present, global challenges of water scarcity and limitation of nonrenewable energy necessitate innovative solutions. Solar desalination integrated with a photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) system addresses both problems concurrently. Recent advancements show that PVT systems can achieve overall efficiency between 60 % and 80 %, significantly higher than traditional photovoltaic (PV) or solar thermal (ST) systems. The main focus of recent technologies is to produce freshwater from saline water through renewable energy in a cost-effective manner, which is especially beneficial for developing countries. Desalinated water costs have decreased substantially, from approximately $10/m³ in the 1960s to as low as $0.60/m³ in recent years. Moreover, PVT systems, by utilising both electricity and thermal energy from the same surface area, can lower specific energy consumption by 12 %– 18 % compared to traditional desalination methods. However, comprehensive reviews on PVT-integrated solar desalination systems, particularly those analysing environmental, technical, and economic aspects, are notably limited in the current literature. This review first provides a comprehensive investigation of different desalination technologies along with the technical insights and feasibility analysis. This work sheds light on the various environmental factors affecting PVT-integrated solar desalination as well as the freshwater production enhancement techniques. However, the produced freshwater must be cost-effective; henceforth, the economic feasibility of these technologies is briefly presented here. Finally, the study thoroughly analysed the potential challenges concerning the system performance improvement. This study also highlights PVT solar desalination as a viable technique that mixes clean water and renewable energy to meet SDGs 6, 7, and 13. This comprehensive analysis will illustrate an overall current status of PVT-integrated desalination technologies by highlighting associated challenges, moreover providing future recommendations to overcome these obstacles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100479"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}