Bioactive compounds in health and disease最新文献

{"title":"Menthol confers neuroprotection through Nrf2/ARE pathway in diabetic encephalopathy","authors":"Sasidharan Nair Soumya, N. P. Soumya, S. Mondal, S. Mini","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v6i6.1113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v6i6.1113","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chronic, long-standing hyperglycemia in diabetes results in diabetic encephalopathy (DE).  It is hallmarked by cognitive dysfunction accelerated by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. Objective: This study explored the neuroprotective potency of menthol in experimental diabetes.Methodology: Streptozotocin at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight was injected into eighteen male Sprague- Dawley rats intraperitoneally to induce diabetes.  The animals were kept without treatment for a period of 30 days for the development of DE.  The cognitive deficit was confirmed by the Morris water maze test.  Menthol (50 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally for 60 days.  The behavioral test was conducted after 60 days of treatment.  Results obtained were compared to diabetic rats fed with metformin (100 mg/kg body weight).  Animals were then sacrificed to get blood and brain tissue for various biochemical examinations.Results:Treatment with menthol improved cognitive performance in diabetic rats.  In addition, menthol significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, renal toxicity markers, and lipid peroxidation products.  Menthol enhances the levels of plasma insulin and antioxidant enzymes.  It also upregulated the mRNA expression of Bcl-2, Nrf2, Glo-1, and γ-GCS while diminishing the expression of Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3. Conclusion:Menthol promotes neuroprotection by abating cognitive deficits, attenuating hyperglycemia, regulating oxidative stress, and curtailing apoptosis through Nrf2/ARE signaling. Keywords: Diabetic encephalopathy, Menthol, apoptosis, Nrf2/ARE pathway","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48429549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical characteristics and functional performance of cold-stored platelets: an in-vitro comparative study","authors":"Marwa Byomy, Magdy El Ekapy, Gamal Elmanzalawy, Amr El Hakeem, Amr ElKharasawy, N. R. Ibrahim, A. Ghani, R. Abdellatif","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v6i6.1084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v6i6.1084","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Platelet refrigeration could eliminate bacterial contamination and improve the hemostatic function even better than already-used room-temperature storage. This study aimed to assess the effect of cold storage, with and without agitation, on the apheresis platelets' hemostatic, metabolic, and functional activity. Materials and methods: The study included 10 healthy volunteer donors to collect Apheresis PLT. They were submitted to careful clinical examination and standard laboratory workup. Collected samples were processed in accordance with American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) guidelines. Every aliquot collected from each volunteer was stored for up to 5 days at one of the following storage conditions: 1. In an FDA-approved-PLT incubator with agitation at room temperature (RT + AG as a group; GI), 2. In an FDA-approved-refrigerator at 4 oC with agitation (4 oC + AG as a group; GII), 3. In an FDA-approved- refrigerator at 4 oC without agitation (4 oC – AG as a group; GIII). The following PLT workup was done; PLT count and mean platelet volume (MPV), metabolic variables, PLT aggregation studies, PLT receptors expression, and PLT pro-inflammatory mediator’s release.Results:All samples had a significant PLT count decline compared to baseline data. No changes in MPV were observed in all groups on day 3 and day 5, meaning that single PLT size remained unchanged. In addition, GI showed a mark of significant increase in metabolic activity when compared to baseline PLTs in contrast to GII, and GIII, which were more metabolically stable and less active.Comparison between the studied groups regarding PLT aggregation revealed significantly higher PLT aggregation response to ADP and collagen in GII and GIII compared to GI on the 3rd and 5th days. Moreover, it was shown that GII and GIII samples had significantly higher CD62p expression when compared with GI on the 3rd and 5th days despite being less active and more stable. While it was found that TXB2 levels were significantly higher, nearly 3-fold, in GI as compared to GII and GIII.Conclusions: Apheresis platelets (AP) cold storage provides a clear advantage over standard conditions regarding biochemical balance and hemostatic performance, which could markedly improve AP's clinical and economic value in different scenarios.  Keywords: Platelet aggregation, P-selectin, Thromboxane B2.","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43722568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between cadmium and lead in active and passive cigarette smokers with bone mass: a retrospective study","authors":"Mahmoud Elsaied Hussein, S. Elmetwally, M. Abo-Elfotoh, E. Gawesh, A. Elshoura, A. Hammad, M. Darwish, M. Elsaied, A. Abdelmonsef, T. Nasrallah, Mohamed Hassan, Nancy Shalaby","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v6i5.1095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v6i5.1095","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Cigarette smoking harms all body systems, and its effects are primarily related to nicotine. However, the heavy metal content (mainly lead and cadmium) could add to nicotine's hazardous effects. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of cigarette smoking content of cadmium and lead on bone mineral density. Subjects and Methods: A retrospective analysis of data from active, passive, and non-smokers (every 70 subjects) was analyzed for patient demographics, laboratory investigation, serum cotinine (as a confirmatory marker of smoking, bone mineral density (BMD), blood and urinary levels of cadmium and lead). Results: Hemoglobin concentrations and red blood cell count were significantly reduced, while erythrocyte sedimentation rate and liver enzymes were significantly increased in active and passive smokers than non-smokers. Serum cadmium, lead, and cotinine were raised considerably in passive and active than non-smokers (0.47±0.05, 21.94±3.99, 5.35±0.90 in active, 0.32±0.09, 18.91±3.30, and 4.35±0.89 in passive, versus 0.09±0.06, 9.84±2.63, and 1.28±0.21 in the control group, successively). Bone mineral density was reduced in active and passive than non-smokers at the radial shaft, femoral neck, and spine. Cotinine was significantly and proportionately correlated with serum cadmium and lead and inversely correlated with bone mineral density. Furthermore, cadmium and lead were inversely correlated with BMD. Conclusion: Cigarettesmoke was associated with higher concentrations of cadmium, and lead may directly and indirectly share in the harmful effects of smoking on BMD.  Keywords: Bone Mineral Density, Cotinine, Toxic Heavy Metals, Smoking","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46767580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the changes of some enzymes and metabolites of the Urea cycle in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with squalene","authors":"H. Mirmiranpour, M. Ashoori, Afsaneh Seyed Mikaeili, Benjamin Chen, D. Martirosyan","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v6i5.1085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v6i5.1085","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that diminishes the body’s ability to regulate glucose levels due to the lack of insulin produced. In recent studies, squalene has been reported to have beneficial effects for diabetic patients, especially within the liver where the urea cycle takes place.Objective: Our main goal was to evaluate the molecular effects of different doses of squalene on the enzymes, intermediates, and molecules of the urea cycle, in order to determine if squalene has beneficial effects among groups of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The enzymes and molecules that are being studied are ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), arginosuccinate synthetase (ASS), arginase, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 (CSP1), urea, aspartate, and ammonium ion (NH4+).Methods: In this study, healthy volunteers were categorized as the healthy control (group 1) and volunteers with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected. The patients with diabetes were divided up into 4 groups. Group 2 consists of the patients that will not be treated with squalene. Groups 3, 4, 5 were treated with 200, 400, 600 mg, respectively. The patients were treated with their respective amounts every 14 days for the duration of 84 days. The enzymes and molecules were measured on days 1, 14, 28, 56, and 84.Results: The squalene-treated diabetic groups were compared to group 2, who was not treated with any squalene to determine the differences between the parameters. Throughout the 84 days, it was observed that NH4+ or ammonium molecules decreased in all treated diabetic patients with high statistical difference (P < 0.05). For the majority of the diabetic patients treated with squalene, there was also a decrease in aspartate. The other parameters did not have consistent significant differences (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the addition of various doses of squalene to a diabetic patient’s diet decreased the amount of ammonium and aspartate in the body. As ammonium is the direct product of the urea cycle, it is evident that squalene does play a key role in reducing the amount of ammonium in a diabetic patient to a healthier level.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, urea cycle, enzyme, metabolite, squalene.","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43606287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of Lactobacillus spp. and Rhodopseudomonas palustris probiotics","authors":"Tjie Kok","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v6i4.1067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v6i4.1067","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Probiotics have been used for many years to promote human health by mitigating  inflammation. However, its mechanics have not been fully elucidated. During inflammation, excessive and/or prolonged production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is related with various inflammatory diseases and cancer. Several probiotics have been reported as playing a role in suppressing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as the human body attempts to recover. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of probiotics consisting of Lactobacillus spp. and Rhodopseudomonas palustris on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.Methods: The probiotics mixture was centrifuged to separate supernatant, i.e., the probiotics extract, from the cells. The extract was then evaluated for its effects on cell viability and anti-inflammatory activity of LPS inflammation-induced RAW264.7 cells.Results: The results showed that the extract of the probiotics was able to decrease the levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, TGF-β1 pro-inflammatory cytokines/mRNAs, and increase the level of IL-10 anti-inflammatory mRNA.Conclusion: The probiotics extract was identified to have anti-inflammatory activity, as it decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines/mRNAs.Keywords: multi-strain probiotics, anti-inflammatory cytokine/mRNA, RAW264.7","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41434544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liposomal hemp extract for the management of cachexia","authors":"E. Blair, Alan L. Miller","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v6i4.1007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v6i4.1007","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The onset of cachexia, a body-wasting condition, is an ominous sign— it occurs in up to 80% of patients with cancer and is the ultimate cause of death in up to 20% of these patients. Moreover, cachexia can make treatment for cancer more difficult and less effective. With no approved treatment for cachexia, some patients have experimented with cannabis to increase their appetite. Findings on the use of cannabis as a treatment for cachexia have shown some promise; however, well-designed clinical trials of cannabinoids are necessary to provide guidance to both physicians and patients regarding formulation and dose.Objective: The aim of this studyas to use a mouse model to examine the effects of a liposomal cannabinoid-containing hemp extract on cancer-related cachexia.Method: Bagg Albino c mice were inoculated with colon 26 tumor cells and followed until they developed signs and symptoms of cachexia. Upon onset of cachexia, the mice received a single dose of either 0.2 mg or 1 mg of a delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-free (THC-free) liposomal hemp extract containing 20% cannabidiol (CBD) and other cannabinoids. A control group received no treatment. Another dose of 0.2 mg liposomal hemp extract was given after a few days to mice that failed to respond to treatment, or to mice that initially responded to treatment but began to lose weight again after stabilizing.Results: Of the 7 mice who were given 1 mg liposomal hemp extract, 4 gained weight and survived. Of the 7 mice who were given 0.2 mg of liposomal hemp extract, 2 gained weight and survived. Only 1 of the 9 mice in the control group survived.Conclusion: The findings suggest the beneficial effects of liposomal hemp extract in treating and, in some cases, reversing cachexia and improving survival in a mouse model. This study revealed promising results that should be replicated in human subjects to test if similar results are seen and to determine an optimal dose.Keyword: Hemp, Cannabinoids, Liposomal, Cancer, Cachexia, Mouse","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45391130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prebiotic properties of isomaltooligosaccharides from cassava as a potential ingredient in high-protein drinks for athletes","authors":"Kridsada Keawyok, W. Waree, Supavadee Jodnak","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v6i3.1063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v6i3.1063","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Studies show that prebiotics can improve the health of athletes. Isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) is a food ingredient containing prebiotic properties.Objectives: The purpose of the study is to examine the prebiotic properties of isomaltooligosaccharides based on digestibility of in vitro under-simulated upper-gut conditions and a prebiotic activity score. Additionally, the study explores the potential to use IMO as an ingredient for high protein drinks.Methods: IMO powder from cassava starch was prepared through enzymatic methods. The prebiotic properties of IMO were evaluated based on in vitro digestibility and a prebiotic activity score. Researchers assessed the digestibility of in vitro in simulated upper-gastrointestinal-tract conditions, consisting of mouth digestion, gastric digestion, and small-intestine digestion. The study calculated the probiotic activity score according to the number of growing beneficial and harmful bacteria. Finally, researchers determined the potential to use IMO as an ingredient for developing high-protein drink products.Results:The digestion of IMO by simulated salivary fluid using human salivary α-amylase for 2 min, artificial human gastric juice at pH 2.0 for two hours, intestinal fluid with pancreatic α-amylase (0.75 unit/mL), and pancreatic lipase (1.6 unit/mL) for two hours with a pH of 6.9 and a temperature of 37 oC were 1.54±0.33%, 9.19±0.64%, and 33.27±4.09%, respectively. Comparing the results with commercial isomaltooligosaccharide (cIMO), researchers found that the percentage of digestion differed significantly. Prebiotic activity scores of IMO for L. rhamnosus LGG®, L. paracasei CASEI 431®, L. acidophilus LA 5, B. longum DSM 219, B. animalis subsp. BB12® and B. bifidum BB536 were 0.477±0.07, 2.197±0.58, -0.058±0.16, 1.660±0.63, 0.801±0.59 and 1.179±0.05, respectively. Notably, the results were not significant when compared to cIMO. Researchers measured the nutritional formula in a high-protein drink containing IMO at 40 g (30 g protein) and the total serving at 148 kcal. For macronutrient distribution, the ratio of protein, carbohydrate, and fat in the product is 81:19:0. Micronutrients were added, comprising of 0-50% Thai RDI. Finally, the product also met relevant standards for the microbial quality of food products in powdered form. Conclusion:IMO from cassava was partially resistant to in vitro digestion under simulated upper-gastrointestinal conditions and promoted the growth of probiotic bacteria. Moreover, powdered IMO can be used as an ingredient for high-protein drink products.Keywords: prebiotic, probiotic, high protein drinking, athletes, IMO","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42162526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health problems associated to nutrition and lifestyle changes in the COVID-19 era","authors":"Liba Habiba, R. Belahsen","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v6i3.1038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v6i3.1038","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction:In the context of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the confinement imposed by the States in the world had a negative impact on people’s health and lifestyle-related behaviors, particularly eating behaviors, physical activity level and sleep. These impacted dimensions can negatively affect both immunity and the control of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Objectives: This review describes the lifestyle change for people with non-communicable diseases in the era of COVID-19. The review also presents recommendations and advice for the benefit of this vulnerable population in relation to their nutrition. Methods:The research was conducted by documenting the PubMed, Web of Science and Direct Science databases. Keywords used in the research were non-communicable diseases, containment, COVID-19, lifestyle change. Results:Containment during the COVID-19 era was associated with increased smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, and intense fear of the potential impact of the Coronavirus.Conclusion:Strengthening immunity through the promotion of nutrition has been shown to be useful in preventing the emergence of noncommunicable diseases, which are risk factors linked to increased rates of morbidity and mortality for those infected by COVID-19.Keywords: COVID-19, confinement, immunity, chronic noncommunicable diseases, nutrition","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69853988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Syringic acid affords antioxidant protection in the pancreas of type 2 diabetic rats","authors":"Sahari Shimsa, N. P. Soumya, S. Mondal, S. Mini","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v6i2.1061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v6i2.1061","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetes mellitus, is a multifactorial disease brought on by a complex interplay of metabolic, genetic, and lifestyle variables. Prolonged and chronic hyperglycemia is a complication of diabetes and might increase the risk of major health issues.Objective: This investigation aims to determine whether the phenolic phytochemical syringic acid (SA) has any protective role on the pancreas of diabetic rats.Methodology: Streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally (40 mg/kg) into male Sprague-Dawley rats to induce diabetes. At a dosage of 50 mg per kg body weight, syringic acid (SA) was administered using an oral tube, once a day for 60 days. Our study examined plasma insulin, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, toxicity markers and antioxidant enzymes.  The results were compared with those of diabetic rats receiving glimepiride (0.1 mg/kg) as the standard drug.Results: Treatment with syringic acid significantly lowered hyperglycemia, improved insulin levels, reduced toxicity markers in diabetic rats. Further, Syringic acid also promoted activity of enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase in the pancreas.Conclusion: These results imply that syringic acid, owing to its ability to control hyperglycemia, and reduce oxidative stress, affords antioxidant protection in the pancreas of diabetic rats.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Syringic acid, Antioxidant protection, Glimepiride.","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43151506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the changes of the components of the Krebs cycle in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with squalene","authors":"H. Mirmiranpour, M. Ashoori, Afsaneh Seyed Mikaeili, Benjamin Chen, D. Martirosyan","doi":"10.31989/bchd.v6i2.1059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v6i2.1059","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that impairs the body’s ability to regulate glucose. Recent studies have shown that squalene, a bioactive compound, has shown promising potential in increasing ATP levels for diabetic patients and aged individuals.Objective: Our main goal was to evaluate the cellular effects of different doses of squalene on the intermediates and enzymes of Krebs cycle, in order to determine if squalene increases ATP production among groups of people with type 2 diabetes. The intermediates and enzymes that are being studied are acetyl coenzyme (A-CoA), alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (AKGDH), calcium ion (Ca2+), citrate synthase (CS), isocitrate dehydrogenase, oxaloacetate, and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex component (PDH).Methods: In this study, 30 healthy volunteers were selected as the healthy control group (group 1) and 120 volunteers with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected. Subjects with diabetes were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group 2 was untreated with squalene and groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg of squalene, respectively for 84 days. Intermediates and enzymes of the Krebs cycle as well as calcium ion were assayed on days 1, 14, 28, 56, and 84 according to the relevant protocols in all groups.Results: The squalene-treated diabetic groups were compared to group 2 that was not treated any squalene to determine the differences of the parameters. Throughout these 84 days, it was observed that only calcium levels increased in the diabetic patients with high statistical difference (P < 0.05). The other parameters: acetyl coenzyme, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, oxaloacetate, and pyruvate dehydrogenase did not have a significant difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the addition of various doses of squalene to a diabetic patient's diet increases the amount of calcium found in their metabolic process in relation to the Krebs cycle. As calcium is responsible for stimulating the Krebs Cycle, it is evident that squalene plays an important part in ATP production.Keywords: squalene, type 2 diabetes, Krebs cycle, calcium, ATP","PeriodicalId":93079,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive compounds in health and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44296727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}