Livestock production science最新文献

{"title":"Performance and carcass quality of fully or partly outdoor reared pigs in organic production","authors":"Karin Strudsholm,&nbsp;John E. Hermansen","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Outdoor rearing of finishers can be considered a relevant option in organic pig production. The performance and carcass characteristics of 245 organically produced and free-range born crossbred pigs allocated to five treatments were compared. The five treatments were: transfer to a barn with free access to feed (1) at weaning and until slaughter, (2) at a live weight of 40 kg and until slaughter, (3) at live weight of 80 kg and until slaughter, or reared at pasture (4) with free or (5) limited access to concentrates until slaughter. Pigs fed ad libitum fed indoor compared to pigs fed ad libitum outdoor had a significant lower feed consumption (5 MJ ME /kg gain), lower lean percentage (2.3%), and a higher backfat depth (1.1 mm)(all <em>P</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.05). Compared with outdoor pigs fed ad libitum, restricted feeding outdoor resulted in a significantly lower daily gain (107 g), a lower feed consumption (6.3 MJ ME/kg gain), higher lean percentage (2.1% units), and a reduced backfat (1.8 mm) (all <em>P</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->.001). Pigs, which at a live weight of 40 kg, were transferred to indoor facilities with free access to feed compensated almost completely before slaughter, while pigs transferred at 80 kg live weight only compensated little. Although the housing environment (in- or outdoor) seems to affect performance and carcass traits, the length of energy restriction appears to be of greater importance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"96 2","pages":"Pages 261-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.02.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55265037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A parametric measure of lactation persistency in dairy cattle","authors":"R.E. Kamidi","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.11.042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.11.042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Current measures of lactation persistency are not uniformly applicable to the variety of lactation curves for individual cows. Moreover, they are either difficult to interpret or are functions of lactation yield and therefore inappropriate. In this study, a simple, robust parametric measure is derived from a perfect fit of cumulative milk yield data to quadratic curves. The curvilinear model is appropriate for trend analysis, a major manifestation of which is persistency. Data fitted to the model were obtained from a total of 194 lactations of 169 cows in 5 mixed-breed herds under conditions varying from a small holding herd in the tropics to research herds in Italy. A negative association between persistency and total lactation yield was observed. The proposed lactation persistency model could result in more accurate estimates and better insight into this trait.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"96 2","pages":"Pages 141-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.11.042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55262389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of serum source on buffalo in vitro embryonic development with reference to heat inactivation","authors":"Karima Gh. M. Mahmoud,&nbsp;M.F. Nawito","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of serum source either prepared or commercial, and the effect of serum heat inactivation on cleavage rate and subsequent embryo development in buffalo. Ovaries were collected from slaughtered buffaloes. The follicular contents were collected from 2 to 5 mm diameter ovarian follicles by aspiration. The recovered oocytes with at least two layers of compact </span>cumulus cells and homogenous cytoplasm were selected. Oocytes were matured in vitro using TCM-199 supplemented with four types of 10% sera: heated commercial calf serum, unheated commercial calf serum, heated prepared buffalo calf serum and unheated prepared buffalo calf serum with antibiotics for 24–25 h at 38.5 °C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO</span>₂<span><span> in air and 95% relative humidity. The in vitro matured oocytes were co-cultured with spermatozoa capacitated in Brackett and Oliphant medium containing caffeine and heparin for 4 h. Then they were cultured in TCM-199 with each of the four types of previous sera for embryo development. The rate of cleavage, </span>morula<span> and blastocyst was assessed after 3, 5 and 7 days of insemination. The results showed that there were no significant differences in cleavage, morula and blastocyst rates between the use of commercial calf serum and prepared buffalo calf serum either heated or unheated. It could be concluded that prepared buffalo calf serum can be used instead of imported calf serum to evolve the cost of protein supplement in buffalo IVF. Moreover, the serum inactivation by heat treatment seems to be unnecessary.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"96 2","pages":"Pages 285-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.02.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55264710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sheep farming systems and nature management of rangeland in French Mediterranean mountain areas","authors":"J. Lasseur","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For the past ten years, sheep farmers from the French Mediterranean area have been able to use agri-environmental farming schemes to prevent the development of forest on rangelands and to preserve biodiversity in these open areas. These new environmental concerns are the background for an investigation into the management of long-term interactions between farm practices and systems on grazed land. This includes an analysis of how farmers change their management practices.</p><p>Considering these practices in their socio-technical dimension, we carried out a survey among sheep farmers within the Luberon Natural Regional Park to analyse the process of transformation in practice, as sheep farm sizes are also roughly increasing. We will show how changes in practice are linked with the ability of farmers to integrate these into new farming systems. But it is also related to the social status of these practices in relation to local professional groups, who define the social framework concerning farming activities and who attribute value to different practices.</p><p>Integrating these links between the technical and social dimensions of practices is a challenge for producing indicators able to evaluate the abilities of farming systems to change in order to participate in the medium term environmental management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"96 1","pages":"Pages 87-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55266216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated approach to studying the role of grazing livestock systems in the conservation of rangelands in a protected natural park (Sierra de Guara, Spain)","authors":"A. Bernués,&nbsp;J.L. Riedel,&nbsp;M.A. Asensio,&nbsp;M. Blanco,&nbsp;A. Sanz,&nbsp;R. Revilla,&nbsp;I. Casasús","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ‘Sierra de Guara’ Natural Park (81,491 ha, Huesca, Spain) is a protected Mediterranean mountain area dominated by shrub and forest pastures. Traditional agriculture, mainly extensive grazing systems, has decreased in the last decades; concurrently, invasion of shrub vegetation, landscape changes and higher risk of forest fires have been observed.</p><p>A study, which started in 2000, was carried out with two broad objectives: at the farm level, to analyse the farming systems and evaluate management strategies; at the regional level, to give useful information to conservation authorities for better decision-making.</p><p>An integrated approach with different spatial scales and methods of analysis was used. First, a survey covering all farms that utilized the Park was carried out and livestock farming systems were characterized in terms of grazing management, technical and socio-economic factors. Second, six representative areas were selected to evaluate, depending on livestock utilization, grass and shrub vegetation dynamics (biomass, green/dead ratio). Third, vegetation and livestock data were analysed using a Geographic Information System to identify constraining factors and areas of intervention. Key imbalances were identified that can threaten the sustainability of the Park: low continuity of farming families; intensification of the management system; degradation of grazing resources; and concentration of grazing areas. A number of management recommendations are raised.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"96 1","pages":"Pages 75-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55267083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses on Danish dairy and pig farms in relation to farm characteristics","authors":"A.H. Nielsen,&nbsp;I.S. Kristensen","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>N and P surpluses per hectare at farm level were determined on 63 private pilot farms with data from 2 to 7 years between 1997 and 2003 (a total of 245 observations). Farms were classified in the following four farm types: Conventional mixed dairy, organic mixed dairy, conventional pig farms (indoor) and conventional pig farms with outdoor sows. Import of nutrients with concentrate and fertilizer was the major input to all conventional farm types. On the organic dairy farms major input was N fixation, but also import of nutrients with concentrate and manure were important inputs. Output from the dairy farms was dominated by nutrients in milk. On pig farms nutrients in meat dominated the output, but also export of nutrients with cash crops and manure were important outputs. Farm type, year and farm within farm type significantly affected both N and P surpluses per hectare. Farm type was the major source of variation in both N and P surpluses. In the period investigated N surplus decreased by 6.5 kg N ha^{−<!--> <!-->1} yr^{−<!--> <!-->1} and P surplus decreased by 0.7 kg P ha^{−<!--> <!-->1} yr^{−<!--> <!-->1}. The N and P surpluses observed on the conventional dairy farms significantly exceeded surpluses observed on the organic dairy farms. At equal number of livestock units (LU) per hectare (1.28 LU ha^{−<!--> <!-->1}) the difference was 43 kg N ha^{−<!--> <!-->1} and 6 kg P ha^{−<!--> <!-->1}. At equal rates of N or P in manure to fields (147 kg N ha^{−<!--> <!-->1}, 29 kg P ha^{−<!--> <!-->1}, respectively) the difference was 45 kg N ha^{−<!--> <!-->1} and 4 kg P ha^{−<!--> <!-->1}. Conventional dairy farms and pig farms with sows indoors had equal N and P surpluses at equal rates of N or P in manure to fields. Corrected to the average year (1999.5) the estimated average N and P surpluses showed highest levels on pig farms with outdoor sows (251 kg N ha^{−<!--> <!-->1}, 42 kg P ha^{−<!--> <!-->1}) and lowest levels on organic dairy farms (113 kg N ha^{−<!--> <!-->1}, 7 kg P ha^{−<!--> <!-->1}). Surpluses on the conventional dairy farms were 175 kg N ha^{−<!--> <!-->1} and 16 kg P ha^{−<!--> <!-->1} and on the indoor pig farms they were 123 kg N ha^{−<!--> <!-->1} and 13 kg P ha^{−<!--> <!-->1}. The N and P surpluses observed on Danish conventional mixed dairy farms were comparable with intensive dairy farming systems in other European countries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"96 1","pages":"Pages 97-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55266469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of grasslands in intensive dairy livestock farming","authors":"Troels Kristensen,&nbsp;Karen Søegaard,&nbsp;Ib Sillebak Kristensen","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As livestock production has increasingly intensified resulting in larger and more specialised farm units, the role of grassland in the production system has been marginalised. The change in EU policy, however, may make grass as feed more competitive and thereby give grassland the opportunity for a comeback. The challenge for research and grassland farming practices is to reflect this new framework. This paper reviews different production and management systems – mainly focusing on grazing systems – within intensive dairy farming and aspects of feeding and quality of herbage in order to propose areas of special interest within the new framework. Farming systems based on a high proportion of roughage, such as in organic farming, and systems based on legumes need to be further developed. There is a need for an increased research effort in the area of interaction of supplementary feeds and seasonal effects and also in the area of the interaction of N and carbohydrate degradation in the rumen with milk response and N efficiency. Additionally, time-restricted systems based on a better understanding of animal behaviour should be emphasised in order to maintain a high grass intake and reduce the excretion of nitrogen on pasture. The interaction between grassland management and new technology such as automatic milking will be important in order to keep a high proportion of the dairy cows on pasture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"96 1","pages":"Pages 61-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55267123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Societal expectations of livestock farming in relation to environmental effects in Europe","authors":"J.A. Milne","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The potential environmental effects of livestock farming are mainly associated with intensification of poultry, pig and dairy cow production systems. The major impacts are mainly caused by housing of livestock, which can lead to air and water pollution associated with nitrogen and phosphorus emissions and losses from manure. European countries regulate the potential for these types of pollution through a number of mechanisms, which have received wide public acceptance. In grazing systems, nitrogen pollution, associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer, is also the subject of legislation. Perhaps because of this regulatory approach, surveys of the public have found that human food quality and animal welfare are more important issues than effects on air and water quality when considering livestock systems.</p><p>Variation in stocking rates of grazing ruminants can change the structure and composition of pastures with potential impacts on biodiversity and the production of methane, a greenhouse gas. In European countries, maximum stocking rates have been set to reduce these impacts. Surveys of the European public have suggested that they are willing to pay for the mitigation of these environmental effects but that they also value strongly the cultural component of grazed livestock systems. There are few underlying concepts about how society views the environmental impacts of livestock systems. These are used to conclude that current attitudes are likely to prevail in the next decade.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"96 1","pages":"Pages 3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55266491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Livestock farming systems and their environmental impacts","authors":"John E. Hermansen,&nbsp;George Zervas","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"96 1","pages":"Page 1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55266533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of grazing in creating suitable sward structures for breeding waders in agricultural landscapes","authors":"Muriel Tichit ,&nbsp;Daphné Durant ,&nbsp;Eric Kernéïs","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>French wet grasslands support important populations of lapwings and other waders. Grazing management is a key issue in the use of grasslands by these birds since they are very sensitive to sward structure (height and heterogeneity). To assess the impact of different grazing regimes on sward structure during spring, sward height was repeatedly measured in a coastal marsh for 2 years. Sward structure was characterised by variables related to height classes and an index of heterogeneity. Grazing regimes were described by stocking rates per period and N fertilisation level. Heterogeneity index was quadratically related to mean sward height both years. Four types of sward structures were characterised through principal component analysis. Co-inertia analysis showed a strong relationship between grazing regimes and sward structure. However, during spring, the relationship between stocking rate and sward structure differed according to year, impact of grazing being greater during drought year. Suitable sward structures were observed for both lapwings and redshanks. Wader habitat management through grazing calls for more attention to be paid to the delayed effects of autumn and winter grazing regimes. Sward heterogeneity emerges as a new characteristic to control, because it may introduce new constraints for livestock production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"96 1","pages":"Pages 119-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.05.010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55266459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}