Livestock production science最新文献

{"title":"Choline: Is there a need in the lactating dairy cow?","authors":"L. Pinotti,&nbsp;A. Campagnoli,&nbsp;V. Dell'Orto,&nbsp;A. Baldi","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent developments in nutrition have established that choline is an essential nutrient for mammals when a sufficient supply in methionine and folates is not available in the diet. Vitamin B₁₂ is also involved in this process. In adult ruminants, choline is extensively degraded in the rumen; for this reason dietary choline contributes insignificantly to the choline body pool and methyl group metabolism is generally conservative with a relatively low rate of methyl catabolism and an elevated rate of de novo synthesis of methyl groups via the tetrahydrofolate system. In dairy ruminants, the dietary availability of choline is nearly non-existent, but the output of methylated compounds in milk is high while methionine as well as other sources of methyl groups are likely to be in short supply, especially at the onset of lactation. Based on those observations, the effects of rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation to transition cows was studied in two trials. Results obtained suggested that a greater choline availability can improve not only milk production efficiency, but also lipid and methyl group metabolism in transition dairy cows. RPC also increased plasma α-tocopherol, suggesting a novel choline–vitamin E interaction. However, the exact mechanisms underlying these findings are unclear, and choline requirements in dairy cows are still unknown. This indicates that further studies under different feeding conditions are needed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"98 1","pages":"Pages 149-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55270823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress in the development of mastitis vaccines","authors":"Brian G. Talbot ,&nbsp;Pierre Lacasse","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mastitis is a combination of clinical signs caused by the infection of the mammary gland with one or more different micro-organisms. These pathogens have been the subject of vaccine experimentation for almost a century. However, vaccine development has been difficult because the immune response to a natural infection does not protect efficiently against a subsequent infection. Recent advances in both molecular biology and the understanding of bovine immunology have lead to important progress in the generation of more efficient vaccines. In the past two years, reports have been published which described prototype vaccines against <em>Streptococcus uberis</em>, <em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. These vaccines are based either on the use of a bacterial extract which contains antigens from the most common bacterial serotypes, or on purified antigens which may or may not be conjugated to carriers in order to increase their immunological efficiency. However, these vaccines are not yet in common use because of problems associated with their lack of widespread efficiency, their production costs and, in some cases, their stability. In addition, chronic forms of mastitis have been associated with intracellular forms of bacteria that are protected from some immune mechanisms and are often not a reachable target for these vaccines.</p><p>A more recent strategy is to use DNA expression vector plasmids as vaccines which express virulence-associated antigens in vivo. These plasmids, once introduced into the animal, lead to the activation of both humoral and cellular immune responses to the antigen. The type of plasmid, the route of injection and the inclusion of genetic adjuvants can all be adjusted so as to achieve the type of immune response desired.</p><p><em>S. aureus</em> mastitis has been particularly difficult to control and in some areas of the world it causes over 50% of the reported cases of mastitis. <em>S. aureus</em> expresses and secretes a large number of proteins that are essential for the virulence of the bacteria and these have been the focus of recent interest for vaccine production. In the last few years, in order to identify the antigens that can be used to induce a protective immune response by a DNA vaccine in cattle; we have produced a series of plasmids and recombinant proteins that represent some of the major virulence factors of this bacterium. The most promising antigen candidates currently being tested are the bacterial adhesion molecules, the extra-cellular processing enzymes and the extra-cellular quorum sensing molecules. Results demonstrate that high titres of antibodies can be obtained by DNA vaccination, and that these antibodies can have an effect on the clearance of the bacteria.</p><p>It is expected that the successful composition of an <em>S. aureus</em> vaccine will include a combination of DNA-expressed antigens with a booster injection of either reco","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"98 1","pages":"Pages 101-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55271291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of ovulation in the postpartum cow and the lactating sow","authors":"W.R. Butler","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Increased genetic selection and capacity for milk production in dairy cows has been associated with a decline in fertility. Following parturition, nutritional requirements increase rapidly with milk production and the resulting negative energy balance (NEBAL) extends for 8–10 weeks of early lactation. NEBAL delays the timing of first ovulation through attenuation of LH pulse frequency and low levels of blood glucose, insulin and IGF-I that collectively limit oestrogen production by dominant follicles. NEBAL results in mobilization of adipose tissue and loss of body condition score (BCS), which is strongly associated with the length of the postpartum anovulatory period. Failure of ovulation of the first wave dominant follicle is associated with elevated nonesterified fatty acids and ketones in plasma and greater accumulation of triglycerides in the liver during the first 3 weeks of lactation. NEBAL is related to lower fertility in dairy cows both through inhibition of ovulation in early lactation and effects exerted later during the breeding period. Management strategies to minimize the inhibitory effects of NEBAL on first ovulation should begin during the prepartum transition period and include maintaining moderate BCS and energy intake through parturition.</p><p>Modern sows have been improved genetically for higher productivity including ovulation rate, litter size and milk production. Peak milk yield is achieved within 10 days after farrowing with consequent massive mobilization of body fat and protein mass. Conservation of body protein mass (&lt;<!--> <!-->12% loss) during the first lactation minimizes the weaning to estrus interval by advancing ovarian follicular development toward ovulation. The lysine requirement in early lactation is extraordinary. Plasma insulin and IGF-I concentrations seem unrelated to the observed differences in ovarian follicular development. Overall, NEBAL inhibits ovulation in both high producing cows and sows, but there are species differences in response to protein losses and hormonal interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"98 1","pages":"Pages 5-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55270348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allele frequencies for SNPs in the αS1-casein gene (CSN1S1) 5′ flanking region in European cattle and association with economic traits in German Holstein","authors":"Eva-Maria Prinzenberg ,&nbsp;Horst Brandt ,&nbsp;Joern Bennewitz ,&nbsp;Ernst Kalm ,&nbsp;Georg Erhardt","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Allele frequencies of a polymorphism in the <em>α</em>_<em>S1</em><em>-casein</em> 5′ flanking region (<em>CSN1S1-5</em>′) were determined in 14 Central and Eastern European cattle breeds by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Allele frequencies ranged from 0.00 to 0.35 (allele 1), 0.08 to 0.91 (allele 2), 0.04 to 0.41 (allele 3) and from 0.00 to 0.16 (allele 4). Allele 5 was not found. Presence of allele 2 in all breeds highlights its probable wild type status. A loss of alleles and genotypes occurred in some breeds, but differentiation within the breed groups milk, beef and dual purpose was higher than between these groups. An analysis of the variance in a German Holstein granddaughter design with family and <em>CSN1S1-5</em>′ genotype as fixed effects revealed significant effects (<em>P</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.05 each) of the <em>CSN1S1-5</em>′ genotype on breeding values for dairy character, fore udder attachment, length of productive life and highly significant effects on somatic cell score (<em>P</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.001). Genotype LS-means assigned favourable values for udder health and longevity to genotype 24. Past selection for milk yield or beef production does not seem to have favoured indirectly specific promoter alleles. No negative effects of genotype 24 were evident in Holstein, but selection for 23 requires careful inspection of unfavourable side effects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"98 1","pages":"Pages 155-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55270996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility","authors":"Lorraine M. Sordillo","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dairy cattle are more susceptible to mastitis during the periparturient period. It is well established that the incidence of mastitis with respect to lactation stage are directly related to changes in the composition, magnitude, and efficiency of the mammary gland defense system. There exist numerous genetic, physiological, and environmental factors that can compromise host defense mechanisms during the functional transitions of the mammary gland. For example, physiological stresses associated with rapid differentiation of secretory parenchyma, intense mammary gland growth, and the onset of milk synthesis and secretion are accompanied by a high energy demand and an increased oxygen requirement. This increased oxygen demand augments the production of oxygen-derived reactants, collectively termed reactive oxygen species (ROS). The excessive accumulation of ROS can lead to a condition referred to as oxidant stress that plays a central role in mediating uncontrolled inflammatory responses and causing tissue injury. While the last two decades have seen major progress in understanding the bovine mammary gland defense system and its function in preventing disease, diminished host defenses and increased susceptibility to mastitis continue to be a problem for dairy cattle during transition periods. This paper provides an overview of mammary immunobiology and describes those factors known to influence important mammary gland defenses during the periparturient period.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"98 1","pages":"Pages 89-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55271092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiology of lactation: Old questions, new approaches","authors":"M. Ollivier-Bousquet,&nbsp;E. Devinoy","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One of the major advances in the study of endocrine regulation of the mammary gland has been the development of techniques to obtain defined mutations in mice. The use of mice deficient in hormones, growth factors, receptors or transcription factors now allow to dissect hormonal pathways and to elucidate the specific role of the epithelium and the stroma. The study of temporal changes of global gene expression at each physiological stage is now possible by microarrays or proteomic analyses to profile gene or protein expressions, respectively. These approaches have been successful in demonstrating the huge number of genes that are differentially expressed in the murine and bovine mammary epithelial cells during pregnancy, lactation and involution. The next step to get the temporal and spatial assignement of gene function necessitate now the coordination of these technologies with accurate cellular biology approaches through in vivo and dynamic studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"98 1","pages":"Pages 163-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55270731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunomediator and milk protein gene expression in mammary tissue during endotoxin-induced mastitis","authors":"R.M. Bruckmaier,&nbsp;H.H.D. Meyer","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mammary gland infection induces an inflammatory reaction which causes an increase of somatic cells in milk and activation of bacteriostatic enzymes and proteins in milk. It has been demonstrated that during spontaneously occurring subclinical mastitis the somatic milk cells, mainly macrophages, secrete cytokines, eicosanoids, acute phase proteins and other immunomediators. In contrast, the bacteriostatic protein lactoferrin is mainly secreted by mammary epithelial tissue, while major milk proteins like α-lactalbumin and κ-casein are down-regulated already during subclinical infection.</p><p>In LPS-challenged quarters, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and cyclooxygenase-2 expression increased to highest values at 3 h after LPS-challenge. Expression of lactoferrin, lysozyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase, <span>l</span>-selectin, NFκB and of the apoptotic factors caspase-3, caspase-7 and Fas (FS-7 associated surface antigen) was elevated and peaked at 6 h after challenge. No significant increase in expression of platelet-activating factor, acethylhydrolase, 5-lipoxygenase, β-integrin and insulin-like growth factor 1 was found. In the control quarters, only TNF-α, IL-1β and lysozyme increase slightly and much less than in LPS-challenged quarters whereas the other parameters tested did not change significantly.</p><p>Gene expression of major milk proteins did not change significantly in response to the LPS challenge (αS1-casein (CN), αS2-CN, β-CN and β-lactoglobulin) except for α-lactalbumin which decreased in LPS-treated and control quarters and for κ-CN which decreased in the LPS-treated quarters. In conclusion, gene expression of the majority albeit not all inflammatory factors changed within hours of LPS challenge. Decreased gene expression of α-lactalbumin and κ-CN may reduce milk yield and suitability for cheese production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"98 1","pages":"Pages 81-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55270307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"List of Participants","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0301-6226(05)00344-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(05)00344-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"98 1","pages":"Pages 195-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0301-6226(05)00344-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72034231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses in production and body composition traits in ad libitum fed pigs from lines selected for high and low growth rate on a fixed ration","authors":"Nguyen Hong Nguyen ,&nbsp;C.P. McPhee","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Large White pigs from lines which had been divergently selected over 4 years for high and for low post-weaning daily gain on a fixed but restricted ration of approximately 80% of ad libitum, were sampled for growth testing on ad libitum individual feeding during a 6-week period starting at 50 kg. Genetic parameters and breeding values for performance and carcass composition traits were estimated on 758 pigs with pedigrees comprising a total of 5324 animals, using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) methods applied to a multiple trait animal model. Selection resulted in significant differences between the lines. Average breeding values (±<!--> <!-->S.E.) for the high and low growth lines respectively were 24.3 and −<!--> <!-->13.4 g/day (4.1) for test daily gain (TDG), −<!--> <!-->0.29 and 0.50 mm (0.09) for ultrasonic P2 fat depth (UBF), −<!--> <!-->15 and 22 g/day (5.3) for daily food intake during test (TFI), −<!--> <!-->0.11 and 0.10 (0.01) for food conversion ratio during test (TFC), 7.2 and −<!--> <!-->4.3 g/day (2.4) for lifetime daily gain (LDG), 5.9 and −<!--> <!-->3.2 g/day (1.8) for carcass weight daily gain (CDG), −<!--> <!-->0.90 and 1.25 mm (0.21) for carcass fat (CFT). Phenotypic differences between the lines were similar to these breeding value differences.</p><p>Compared with low growth selection, the correlated genetic responses to high growth selection on restricted feeding measured in these ad libitum fed pigs were economically desirable for both performance and carcass composition traits. The increase in growth and decrease in fatness, associated with a reduction in voluntary food intake in the high line pigs, suggested a reduced energy cost of the gain relative to the low growth line. It is concluded that selection for high growth rate on restricted feeding will produce pigs which perform more profitably on ad libitum individual feeding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"97 2","pages":"Pages 101-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.03.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55265269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal macromolecular transmission in newborn pigs: Implications for management of neonatal pig survival and health","authors":"J. Svendsen ,&nbsp;B.R. Weström ,&nbsp;A.-Ch. Olsson","doi":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effect on intestinal macromolecular absorption capacity and immunoglobulin G (IgG) transfer of feeding sow colostrum at different intervals and in different quantities to newborn pigs was studied. An amount of 15 ml/kg body weight (BW) colostrum was fed at 3 (treatment 3–15), 6 (treatment 6–15) or 12 (treatment 12–15) h intervals, respectively, starting 0–4 h after birth for 24 h; or 30 ml/kg BW was fed at 6 h intervals (treatment 6–30) or 60 ml/kg BW at 12 h intervals (treatment 12–60), respectively. All studies had a split litter design. These pigs were compared to littermates kept with the sow (treatment With sow). The absorption of IgG and the capacity for macromolecular uptake into the blood at 12 h (BSA as marker) and at 24 h (HSA as marker) were measured at 3 h after marker feeding and followed to 48 h of age. Gavage feeding unsuckled pigs a total of 120 ml colostrum/kg BW divided into 4–8 feedings over the first 24 h after birth resulted in a blood plasma IgG profile at 48 h comparable to that of their suckling littermates. Pigs fed a total 24-h amount of 30 or 60 ml colostrum/kg BW, had significantly lower plasma IgG levels at 27 and at 48 h, respectively. Feeding these low quantities was enough to initiate closure, so that these pigs still had lower levels of circulating IgG at 48 h than their littermates, and they probably maintained these lower IgG levels throughout the suckling period. It was concluded that feeding 30 ml colostrum/kg BW 4 times over the first 24 h provided the pig with plasma IgG levels comparable to that of their suckling littermates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92934,"journal":{"name":"Livestock production science","volume":"97 2","pages":"Pages 183-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.04.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55265451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}