IF 4.5

Breathe Pub Date : 2026-09-15 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0060-2026

Thi Phuong Phan, Aurélien Dinh, Anh Tuan Dinh-Xuan

{"title":"Mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease and the impact of co-infections and post-TB complications.","authors":"Thi Phuong Phan, Aurélien Dinh, Anh Tuan Dinh-Xuan","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0060-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0060-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic co-infections substantially modify tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis, and an increasingly recognised population of TB survivors develops post-TB lung disease (PTLD), which predisposes them to recurrent respiratory infections.Objectives: To summarise current evidence on 1) Mtb pathophysiology and immunopathogenesis; 2) mechanisms by which major viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic co-infections alter TB progress; and 3) infectious complications associated with PTLD.Content: Mtb exploits innate immune evasion, altered macrophage activation, and granuloma remodelling in order to persist. Viral co-infections, particularly HIV, influenza, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, impair T-helper 1 immunity, disrupt cytokine signalling, increase bacterial load, and drive progression to severe or disseminated TB. Bacterial pathogens (e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) complicate diagnosis, increase severity, and contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Fungal and parasitic infections skew immunity and can delay diagnosis or reduce vaccine efficacy. PTLD results from sustained inflammation, matrix metalloproteinase activation, fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and cavitation; these structural changes favour chronic colonisation by opportunistic bacteria and long-term functional impairment.Conclusions: TB pathogenesis is profoundly influenced by co-infections, and PTLD is an under-recognised driver of chronic respiratory morbidity. Integrated diagnostics, coordinated management of multimorbidity, and tailored strategies for PTLD are essential to reduce TB-related burden.","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"22 3","pages":"260060"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13579343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148988168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Build your career around curiosity, rigour and resilience! An interview with the ECM award winner 2025. 在好奇心、严谨和适应力的基础上建立你的职业生涯！采访2025年ECM奖得主。

IF 4.5

Breathe Pub Date : 2026-09-15 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0118-2026

Purevsuren Losol, Rita Costa, Niki D Ubags, Theodore S Kapellos, Heleen Demeyer

引用次数: 0

A rapidly deteriorating pneumonia: when the clinical course does not fit. 迅速恶化的肺炎：当临床病程不符合时。

IF 4.5

Breathe Pub Date : 2026-09-15 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0120-2026

Ilias E Dimeas, George E Zakynthinos, Marta Garcia-Moyano, Evangelos Oikonomou, Patrick D Mitchell, Konstantinos Kalogeras, Gerasimos Siasos, Zoe Daniil, Cormac McCarthy, Vasiliki Tsolaki

引用次数: 0

The role of the respiratory physiotherapist in the management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 呼吸物理治疗师在杜氏肌营养不良症治疗中的作用。

IF 4.5

Breathe Pub Date : 2026-09-15 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0044-2026

Claire Egan

{"title":"The role of the respiratory physiotherapist in the management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.","authors":"Claire Egan","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0044-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0044-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are living longer, mostly due to the combined contribution of corticosteroids and advances in cardiopulmonary interventions. However, respiratory complications are a major cause of morbidity and unplanned hospital admissions. While the widespread use of noninvasive ventilation has reduced respiratory mortality, it remains a major contributor to death in DMD, alongside cardiac causes. There is an expanding pipeline of therapies aimed at restoring dystrophin function or compensating for dysfunction in development; however, there is currently no curative treatment for DMD. Respiratory failure is inevitable as this disease progresses; therefore, maintaining respiratory health is essential to prolonging survival and quality of life in this patient population. Respiratory physiotherapy should be considered if there are concerns about cough strength, ability to manage respiratory secretions or frequent chest infections. Techniques such as breathstacking and lung volume recruitment can help to offset the effects of inspiratory muscle weakness, and assisted coughing can help to correct the effects of expiratory muscle weakness. Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation can maximise cough effectiveness in the presence of both inspiratory and expiratory muscle weakness. Treatments should be anticipatory and proactive in approach to slow the decline of respiratory muscle function and aim to prevent respiratory morbidity. Given the time spent with patients assessing and introducing therapies, physiotherapists are uniquely placed to work with patients and their families and caregivers in developing positive relationships between them and the interventions employed. It is imperative that patients are empowered to be involved in the introduction of these therapies, as adherence with noninvasive ventilation and airway clearance strategies needs to be lifelong and is essential to their success.","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"22 3","pages":"260044"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13579355/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148987571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Eosinophilic pleural effusion in an individual in a high tuberculosis-burden country. 高结核负担国家1例个体嗜酸性胸腔积液。

IF 4.5

Breathe Pub Date : 2026-09-15 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0105-2026

Amitesh Krishna Srinivasan, Akshay Kawedia, Nipun Malhotra, Saurabh Mittal, Anant Mohan, Karan Madan, Vijay Hadda, Pawan Tiwari, Tejas Suri, Irfan Shekh

引用次数: 0

An unexpected pulmonary pathology in a 26-year-old man with recurrent syncope. 一个意外的肺部病理在一个26岁的男子复发性晕厥。

IF 4.5

Breathe Pub Date : 2026-08-18 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0088-2026

Cameron Forward, Ciara McCormack, Caitriona Minnock, Brian McCullagh, Sean Gaine, Sarah Cullivan

引用次数: 0

COVID-19 infections and cognitive impairment: mechanisms and perspectives. COVID-19感染与认知障碍：机制和观点。

IF 4.5

Breathe Pub Date : 2026-08-18 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0344-2025

Charlotte Wikenhauser, Theis Skovsgaard Itenov

{"title":"COVID-19 infections and cognitive impairment: mechanisms and perspectives.","authors":"Charlotte Wikenhauser, Theis Skovsgaard Itenov","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0344-2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0344-2025","url":null,"abstract":"Severe viral respiratory infections have gained attention in recent years. One aspect is the cognitive impairment that many patients experience either during or following infections, such as COVID-19. The aim of this Journal club is to present and discuss different studies on this topic in the hope of proposing future research questions. The four studies discussed all investigate COVID-19 patients in observational cohorts and the possible association between severe viral respiratory infection and cognitive impairment. Needham et al. and Born et al. investigate the immunological signature of COVID-19 patients to assess dysregulated immune and inflammatory responses and the association with specific biomarkers and delirium diagnosis, respectively. To supplement biochemical associations, Maamar et al. investigated agitation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, while Aarskog et al. designed a study to investigate whether acute hypoxia and hypocapnia could increase the risk of delirium. The studies differ substantially regarding outcomes and methods, and are therefore not entirely comparable. They do, however, exemplify the need for a broader perspective in studies investigating complex problems. Future studies might therefore benefit from combining approaches to better elucidate the full physiological pathway, and not just simplify it or isolate potential causality.","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"22 3","pages":"250344"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13482724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Early career member highlights from the ERS Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation Conference 2026. 早期职业成员来自2026年ERS呼吸衰竭和机械通气会议的亮点。

IF 4.5

Breathe Pub Date : 2026-08-18 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0089-2026

Katrina Abernethy, Giancarlo De Leo, Juliette E Francovich, Miguel Jiménez-Gómez, Luk-Ping Lam, Clara Seghers-Carreras, Martina Maria Seminara, Vagia Stamatopoulou, Joao Carlos Winck, Christian Karagiannidis, Marieke Duiverman, Rebecca F D'Cruz

引用次数: 0

Adverse effects of linezolid in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a scoping review. 利奈唑胺治疗耐药结核病的不良反应：范围综述。

IF 4.5

Breathe Pub Date : 2026-08-18 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0028-2026

Joana Vieira Naia, Susana Pipa, Pedro Varandas, Mariana Vieira, João Pedro Ramos, Marina Pinheiro, Raquel Duarte

{"title":"Adverse effects of linezolid in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a scoping review.","authors":"Joana Vieira Naia, Susana Pipa, Pedro Varandas, Mariana Vieira, João Pedro Ramos, Marina Pinheiro, Raquel Duarte","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0028-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0028-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Linezolid (LZD) has emerged as a key drug for multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) treatment. However, its clinical use is limited by substantial toxicity. This scoping review aimed to synthesise evidence on LZD-associated adverse effects (AEs) to support safer and more effective TB management clinical decisions.Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases (conducted in October 2024) identified 103 primary studies published between 2005 and 2024 that reported AEs related to LZD use in MDR/XDR-TB. Data on frequency, severity, onset, and management of AEs were extracted and narratively synthesised.Results: Of the 103 included studies, 102 (99%) reported at least one AE. The overall frequency of AEs ranged from 2.8% to 100%. Neurological toxicity was reported in 3.5-91.9% of patients, most commonly presenting as peripheral neuropathy. Haematological toxicity was observed in 1.9-84.6% of participants, mainly reported as anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Gastrointestinal disturbances, metabolic complications, such as lactic acidosis and hyperlactacidaemia, and dermatological events were also reported.Conclusion: LZD-associated toxicity is frequent and often clinically significant, particularly during prolonged treatment. Careful patient assessment, including comorbidities and potential contributing factors such as vitamin deficiencies, along with regular monitoring and, where available, therapeutic drug monitoring, may help optimise safety and treatment outcomes. Future research should focus on standardised toxicity assessment, pharmacokinetic-based dosing strategies, and the inclusion of diverse patient populations to improve the safety and effectiveness of LZD-based regimens.","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"22 3","pages":"260028"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13482734/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An unusual case of chylothorax. 乳糜胸罕见病例。

IF 4.5

Breathe Pub Date : 2026-08-18 eCollection Date: 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0092-2026

Jasandra Sutanto, Wei Ong, Muhammad Hashim Naseer, Kirk Ramharack, Avinash Aujayeb

引用次数: 0

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