International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH最新文献

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A Comparison of the Resilience, Anxiety, and Life Satisfaction of Chinese Left-Behind Children and International Students 中国留守儿童与留学生心理弹性、焦虑与生活满意度的比较
International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1169
Zixin Li
{"title":"A Comparison of the Resilience, Anxiety, and Life Satisfaction of Chinese Left-Behind Children and International Students","authors":"Zixin Li","doi":"10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1169","url":null,"abstract":"The present study compared the resilience level, anxiety level, and life satisfaction level of Chinese left-behind children (LBC) and international students (IS) between 11 and 15 years old and investigated the relationships between these three variables and physical activity (PA). Chinese LBC (n = 86) from Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China and Chinese IS (n = 60) in Vancouver, Canada filled out a survey that measured their resilience level, anxiety level, life satisfaction level, the duration and frequency of PA of different types and intensities in various domains, PA Enjoyment, and participants’ attitudes toward PA. In addition, 10 participants were randomly chosen to participate in an interview after completing the survey. The survey results showed that IS possessed higher resilience level and life satisfaction level than LBC, and both groups had no significant difference in anxiety level; LBC engaged in more PA than IS. Besides, resilience level was positively related to the amount of light PA in household or yard work domain as well as PA enjoyment; anxiety level was negatively related to PA enjoyment as well as annual household income; life satisfaction was positively related to the total amount of PA across all domains as well as PA enjoyment. Participants also mentioned in the interviews the effectiveness of PA in distracting them from worries and other negative emotions, which in turn helped reduce their anxiety and improve their resilience and life satisfaction. Therefore, participating in more PA could be a promising way to improve resilience level and life satisfaction level or reduce anxiety level for the two groups.","PeriodicalId":92535,"journal":{"name":"International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135849718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Understanding Interoception and Its Importance in Body and Mind Functions: A Review 理解内感受及其在身心功能中的重要性:综述
International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1163
Yihong Mu
{"title":"Understanding Interoception and Its Importance in Body and Mind Functions: A Review","authors":"Yihong Mu","doi":"10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1163","url":null,"abstract":"Interoception, the sensing of the body’s internal sensations, contributes to numerous aspects of human’s cognitive and affective abilities. Interoception mechanisms ensure physiological health through the coordination of homeostatic reflexes and allostatic responses. This review presents how deeply interoception controls our daily motivational behaviors and associated affective and emotional feelings. Since its discovery at the twilight of the 19th century, relentless research and experimental work have pushed far back the borders of interoception. Concept enrichment is still to find its limits: from its role in balancing and maintaining the energy-efficiency of the integrity and health of the body (homeostasis) to its emotional importance in learning, motivation and decision making, the field of interoception doesn't stop extending. Scientific measuring of interoceptive effects is also making fulgurant progress, though accuracy and relation between self-awareness and interoceptive attention are still to be fine-tuned. In addition, the review also addresses impairment caused by interoceptive deficiencies (alexithymia), commenting research and group experiments made in physical, emotional and physiological fields. Open questions are raised about whether interoception is a unitary function as well as about the ways to reduce individual weak interoceptive abilities, such as training and meditation. In conclusion, the signaling, sensing, and detection of bodily states are implicated in physical and mental well-being. Interoception research contributes to understanding into the dynamic interactions between body, brain, and mind.","PeriodicalId":92535,"journal":{"name":"International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135849905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Self-Organized Maker Education: Action Research at A Cross-Disciplinary University 自组织创客教育:跨学科大学的行动研究
International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1168
Qingqing Xing, Yihan Cai, Nan Zhu, Jing Yu, Yingbo Liu
{"title":"Self-Organized Maker Education: Action Research at A Cross-Disciplinary University","authors":"Qingqing Xing, Yihan Cai, Nan Zhu, Jing Yu, Yingbo Liu","doi":"10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1168","url":null,"abstract":"Fostering soft skills in students has long been the subject of intense research in the wake of the digital revolution. Various research efforts, such as Students as Partners, have also explored the possibilities of involving students as stakeholders in the co-construction of learning environments. Makerspace suitable for individual or group learning enables students to develop their knowledge, skills, and identities as designers, researchers, and/or engineers. However, little self-organized academic makerspace learning takes place at the university level in China, and few attempts have been made to conduct action research on soft skill acquisition based on maker education. This paper reports how a Chinese cross-disciplinary university cultivates the soft skills of graduate students through a series of teaching and learning activities extended from the academic makerspace. The administrative and instructional design of the master's program is analyzed at the macro (university), meso (program), and micro (curriculum) levels. The results from observation and in-depth interviews show that a “Self-organized Maker Education” culture is being built at this cross-disciplinary university, leading to resilience in academic identity formation in the learning process.","PeriodicalId":92535,"journal":{"name":"International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135849724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Suicidal Ideation in Victims Bullying: The Role of Non-disclosure in the Family and School Contexts 受害者欺凌中的自杀意念:家庭和学校环境中不披露的作用
International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1165
Estefanía Estévez, Elizabeth Cañas, Francisco Estévez-García
{"title":"Suicidal Ideation in Victims Bullying: The Role of Non-disclosure in the Family and School Contexts","authors":"Estefanía Estévez, Elizabeth Cañas, Francisco Estévez-García","doi":"10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1165","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study was to analyze the influence of adolescents’ family and school contexts in the suicidal ideation of victims of peer bullying, considering the influence of the victim’s non-disclosure of the victimization versus the victimized adolescent’s communicating the situation. The results show that parental styles of rejection and indifference are positively related to victims’ suicidal ideation and non-disclosure of bullying. Conversely, a positive school climate shows a negative relationship with victims’ suicidal ideation and the disclosure of the bullying situation. The findings also indicate that non-disclosure mediates the relationship between the mother’s parental style and suicidal ideation, whereas the school climate moderates the relationship between negative parenting styles and non-disclosure in adolescent bullying victim","PeriodicalId":92535,"journal":{"name":"International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135849731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hot Spots and Frontiers in Embroidery Research: A Visualization Analysis via CiteSpace Based on WOS Databases (2010−2022) 刺绣研究热点与前沿——基于WOS数据库的CiteSpace可视化分析(2010 - 2022)
International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1172
Jiajun Chen, Ya Zhang
{"title":"Hot Spots and Frontiers in Embroidery Research: A Visualization Analysis via CiteSpace Based on WOS Databases (2010−2022)","authors":"Jiajun Chen, Ya Zhang","doi":"10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1172","url":null,"abstract":"Embroidery and weaving techniques are part of the cultural heritage and are the fruit of human civilisation. With the improvement of the technical level of the embroidery machine manufacturing industry, the global embroidery Market in 2022 has reached 7.35 billion US dollars, growing by 10.18% year-on-year, making it an economic research field. In this paper, we used WOS databases to search core papers and CiteSpace, a knowledge graph analysis tool, to determine the current status and trends of research in embroidery from 2010 to 2022. Based on the screened articles, the number of publications, research authors and institutions, keyword co-occurrences, and changes in highlighted words were analyzed in this study. The results showed that China, the United States, and the United Kingdom are the leading researchers in embroidery. Chinese scholars have had an interdisciplinary trend recently and have begun to publish abroad actively. The results of these studies have provided an opportunity for scholars in the field of embroidery to study the cultural connotation and innovative design of embroidery. These results point out the direction for scholars in the field of embroidery research and innovation, identify the shortcomings of each in the current situation of research in China and overseas, find a sustainable path for the development of embroidery craft, and promote the exchange and mutual appreciation of civilizations.","PeriodicalId":92535,"journal":{"name":"International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135849538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study Stigma toward Depression between Chinese International Students and Chinese Local Students 中国留学生与中国本地学生抑郁的学习耻感
International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1162
Siyuan Zheng
{"title":"Study Stigma toward Depression between Chinese International Students and Chinese Local Students","authors":"Siyuan Zheng","doi":"10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1162","url":null,"abstract":"Depression is one of the most diagnosed mental illnesses in the world, and China, the country with the largest population in the world, has more than 173 million people suffering from mental illnesses. A major factor when addressing mental illness is the stigma behind it – a derogatory view of mental illness, and in China stigma for depression is particularly high. This may be due to cultural ideas that affect Chinese people’s view of mental health. This study attempted to understand how stigma may be culturally driven, and thus what the effect of moving to a different country, with different notions of mental health, might have on Chinese students. Thus, this study collected data via an online survey from 133 Chinese international students and 273 Chinese local students. Participants were recruited for students via social media posts and through a Chinese questionnaire platform (WenJuanXing). Stigma was measured using the Depression Stigma Scale [DSS] and depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The results show that Chinese international students had a lower level of stigma than Chinese local students. Also, within the years of study abroad increase and stigma toward depression decreases. The reason could be experiencing western culture provided different views and knowledge approaches.","PeriodicalId":92535,"journal":{"name":"International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135849723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Understanding Design Approach of the Workplace Through Value Creation and Satisfaction 通过价值创造和满意度来理解工作场所的设计方法
International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1171
Frankie Lee, June Maul, Crystal McCabe, James Dudleston, Muthu Kuchanur
{"title":"Understanding Design Approach of the Workplace Through Value Creation and Satisfaction","authors":"Frankie Lee, June Maul, Crystal McCabe, James Dudleston, Muthu Kuchanur","doi":"10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1171","url":null,"abstract":"The study explored how a newly designed facility met the needs of the workers. Professional office workers of a recently renovated office space comprised the sample for this study. A questionnaire and an interview were the methods of data collection. Additional data sources included over 200 photographs illustrating various new building design elements. Data analysis included descriptive findings as well as thematic analysis ultimately describing the phenomenon. Participants described building-design-driven elements that impacted satisfaction. Factors such as behavioral, psychological, and physiological well-being; personal values; as well as organizational values, culture, and image also influenced satisfaction. The findings suggested that the interior design of an office space drives satisfaction based on several perspectives. We found that the key drivers of satisfaction, in addition to personal needs being met, were impacted by behavioral, psychological, and physiological well-being, personal values, as well as organizational culture and values. Constructs of the social theory and Personality Adjusted Model (PAM) were also implicated suggesting the previous school of thought and understanding of perceived satisfaction related to the office space and the workplace have changed. Based on the findings, we suggested a framework to explore new space planning and design approaches based on several perspectives.","PeriodicalId":92535,"journal":{"name":"International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135849725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Conservation of Cultural and Historic Landscape of Walden Pond and Woods − With a Particular Focus on Socio-cultural Environment and Corresponding Activities 瓦尔登湖和森林的文化和历史景观保护-特别关注社会文化环境和相应活动
International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1161
Wonmin Chung, Higuchi Akihiko
{"title":"Conservation of Cultural and Historic Landscape of Walden Pond and Woods − With a Particular Focus on Socio-cultural Environment and Corresponding Activities","authors":"Wonmin Chung, Higuchi Akihiko","doi":"10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1161","url":null,"abstract":"Walden Pond and Woods, Massachusetts, U.S is an iconic destination, best known for Henry David Thoreau’s book-Walden (1854). Thoreau’s philosophy and the literal value of the book as well as the natural landscape of Walden inspired worldwide literature readers and numerous modern environmentalists. This unique cultural and historical landscape has a long history of conservation effort in various forms started as far back as 1800’s. As a result, now, 80 percent of Walden Woods is permanently preserved. This study focuses on the changing socio-cultural environments and corresponding activities by various stake holders. To clarify the factors that led to its success of today, primary source survey and hearings to the stakeholders were taken place. The study period from 1845 to 2016 is divided in 4phases by characteristic socio-cultural environments. In each phase, corresponding conservation activities were researched and clarified: Phase1 (1845 ~1921): Industrialization and population increase vs. individual activities; Phase2 (1922~1972): Economic growth and Middlesex County’s management policy vs. citizen group’s movement; Phase3 (1972~1987): Rise of environmental awareness vs. involvement of public agencies, policy and plan makings and public input; Phase4 (1988~2016): Suburbanization vs. WWP and continuous implementation of conservation plan. The clarified factors that lead to the success are 1) Common value of the place to empathy with 2) Diversity in stakeholders 3) Longterm and systematic conservation plan with both government and citizen’s participation","PeriodicalId":92535,"journal":{"name":"International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135849900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Effects of Family Factors on the Formation of Adolescence Depression 家庭因素对青少年抑郁形成的影响
International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1170
Yixuan Yuan
{"title":"The Effects of Family Factors on the Formation of Adolescence Depression","authors":"Yixuan Yuan","doi":"10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1170","url":null,"abstract":"Depression among teenagers occurs in high proportion and becomes more serious to deal with. Family factors play an important role in the formation of adolescent depression. To investigate the effects of family factors on the formation of adolescent depression, the present study reviewed the definition of depression and various family factors for adolescent depression, including parents' education level, socioeconomic status, parents' comparison, parental conflict, and parenting style. In addition, the relationship among those family factors was depicted and their interactions for the depression. Finally, some suggestions were provided for the prevention and recovery of adolescent depression. The present study emphasizes the family factors and summarizes their interactions, enriches the current findings to specific family fields, and provides some approaches to improve the high incidence of adolescent depression","PeriodicalId":92535,"journal":{"name":"International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135810966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Using the Culture Diamond Model to Analyze the Relations between the Artists on Audiences through Music Videos under Vietnamese Social Context Based on Case Study MV “There’s No One At All”: Perspective from Students at FPT University 运用文化钻石模型分析越南社会语境下音乐视频艺术家与观众的关系——以FPT大学学生视角的MV《根本没有人》为例
International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1167
Le Thi My Danh, Tong Ai Linh, Nguyen Tran Bang Bang, Nguyen Hai Ha Phuong, Vu Thanh Vinh, Le Hong Hai
{"title":"Using the Culture Diamond Model to Analyze the Relations between the Artists on Audiences through Music Videos under Vietnamese Social Context Based on Case Study MV “There’s No One At All”: Perspective from Students at FPT University","authors":"Le Thi My Danh, Tong Ai Linh, Nguyen Tran Bang Bang, Nguyen Hai Ha Phuong, Vu Thanh Vinh, Le Hong Hai","doi":"10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2023.v13.1167","url":null,"abstract":"The parasocial contact between artists/creators and audiences is partly established and maintained by media products. Media products such as music videos (MVs) and songs may contain not only the creators’ experiences but also their ideals, philosophy, and enthusiasm. Media products provide a means for audiences to approach admired icons. Audiences can comprehend the message and value the artist wants to impart. However, external factors such as cultural and social context may impact the process of generating music videos and perceiving the message from the creator(s). Sometimes, the messages of creators may not be consumed, or accepted in ways that the creators wish, causing controversy in social and public contexts. This paper aims at testing the relations in Vietnam’s social context through the case study MV \"There's No One At All\" performed by Son Tung M-TP. The MV was removed in Vietnam since its contents are accused of being \"contrary to national norms and customs, negatively harming religion, ethics, public health, and psychosocial,\" regardless that Son Tung M-TP is one of the singers with the largest fan base in Vietnam currently. The authors use Griswold’s Cultural Diamond Model (CDM) as a theoretical framework and conduct a survey to collect perspectives from 257 Vietnamese youth who are studying at FPT University to understand their thinking and feelings about the MV and compare the findings with what the signers wanted to convey through the MV and common opinions regarding the MV. The findings show that more than half of the responses agreed that the MV's image, content, and lyrics contained negative, suicidal elements. However, nearly a quarter of the respondents accepted the appropriate positive message that Son Tung desired to convey. This study is one of the very first studies that test whether the CDM is applicable in Vietnamese culture and society and plays a milestone in studying the relationship between famous artists and mass audiences in Vietnam’s entertainment industry.","PeriodicalId":92535,"journal":{"name":"International journal of social science and humanity : IJSSH","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135849901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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