MOJ toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Detection of in vitro genotoxicity of pro-mutagens using the comet assay under human and rat liver S9 fractions","authors":"Satomi Kawaguchi, Takanori Nakamura, S. Tsuda, Ryo Murashige, Y. Sasaki","doi":"10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00109","url":null,"abstract":"Genotoxicity tests are used to detect mutagens and carcinogens, study the mechanisms of chemical mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, and assess the genotoxic and carcinogenic hazards of chemicals to humans. Genotoxicity tests also play a critical role in drug development. For all those uses, data is usually obtained from experimental organisms and extrapolated to humans. Pro-mutagens are inactive until enzymes transform them to electrophilic species capable of covalently binding to DNA, so metabolic activation is a critical step in mutagenesis.1 Metabolic activation systems are necessary for testing the potential genotoxicity of pro-mutagens. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) in liver S9 fractions plays an important role in activating promutagens to proximate and/or ultimate mutagens.1,2 Liver S9 prepared from rats pretreated with phenobarbital/5,6-benzoflavone (PB/BF) or Aroclor 1254 is routinely used for that purpose in genotoxicity tests because they are simple, convenient and cost-effective.2,3 Human liver S9, however, are known to behave differently than rat liver S9 in the activation of four compounds and cigarette smoke condensate.4","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41726772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of inpatients omission errors made by nurses throughout the medication administration process","authors":"T. Ahmed, Nomanul Haq, M. Ammar, Muhammad Waqas, M. Minhas","doi":"10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00107","url":null,"abstract":"Omission error defined as, failure to administer an ordered dose to a patientaccording to the American Society of HealthSystem Pharmacists.1 Medication errors (prescribing, transcribing, dispensing and administration errors) are an important cause of patient morbidity and mortality.2 Medication administration errors are a common sub-type of medication errors and accounted for 34% of errors in one large USA study conducted in medical and surgical units A recent report of the Institute of Medicine suggests that at least 44,000 and perhaps as many as 98,000 Americans die each year in hospitals as a result of medical errors.3 Over half of these errors were medication errors, defined as any preventable event that may cause, or lead to, inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional or patient.4 Observational studies in general hospitals have yielded error rates varying between 3.5 and 27% of doses.5–8 Direct observation detects medication administration errors at a much higher rate than chart review or incident report review.8 The observational method has been demonstrated to be valid and reliable.9 A review of drug administration errors detected by the observation technique10 revealed methodological limitations in studies evaluating the administration process: no standardized definition of error types and error rate, lack of information about the selection method of nurses observed and number of nurses observed, the level of experience of nurses, the number of patients or information on the observation technique.5,8,11–23 Nurses may spend up to one third Pepper24 of their time on medicationrelated activities, and because of the relative lack of safeguards to prevent MEs, both nurses and patients are placed at high risk during this stage of the medication use process (Elliott and Liu 2010).25 The observation technique has been described as one of the better methods for the detection of MAEs.26,27 In March 2017, we published the first observation, pre and post intervention based study of medication administration errors carried out in a pediatric ward.28 It is the first study in Pakistan which conducted in the pediatric inpatients by the way of assessment of omission errors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the omission errors in pediatric medicine ward.","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41756755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antipsychotic cardiomyopathy: to the problem of clinical diagnosis","authors":"Volkov Vp","doi":"10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00106","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroleptic (antipsychotic) cardiomyopathy (NCMP) is one of serious complications of psychotropic therapy caused by side cardiotoxic effect of antipsychotic preparations.1–4 NCMP belongs to secondary specific metabolic dilated cardiomyopathies.5-7 The disease is characterized by diffusion damage of a myocardium, sharp decrease in its contractile function and as a result the progressing congestive heart failure (CHF),2,5,6,8–10 Many parties of epidemiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinic and diagnostics of NCMP remain still insufficiently developed. The goal of the real review is the short generalization of the results of the own researches of this problem.","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46376021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of cellular toxicity in Hep G2 cell and endothelial cells on different medical biopolymer supports","authors":"E. T. Fokunang, S. Barkwan, C. Fokunang, P. Tomkins","doi":"10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00105","url":null,"abstract":"There is an application driven need to identify and develop new materials for the biomedical industry and improve their physical and biocompatible properties.1,2 A combination of cell and molecular biology strategies applied to the rapid evaluation of cell behaviour in contact with materials may help to meet this objective. A group of soft and hard polyurethanes were first evaluated on the basis of cyto-compatibility endpoints Neutral red, (NR, MTT and BrdU uptake) using liver (HepG2) and vascular (endothelial) cell lines.3‒5 By definition, biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response on a specific application. The biocompatibility of biomaterials should be evaluated by quantitative methods. Only testing methods yielding quantitative results allow the biocompatibility “degree” of materials to be assessed and compared with that observed for different materials, including reference materials.6,7 Despite the relatively extensive nature of current test procedures, they are largely non-mechanistically driven and there are considerable opportunities to improve them. Since the late 1990s there has been considerable interest in applying gene expression methodology to the toxicology problem.8,9","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43958110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiretroviral therapy, immunoreactivity and level of virus loading at the patients with co-infection HIV/Tuberculosis","authors":"Makarov Pv, Makarov Vk","doi":"10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00103","url":null,"abstract":"Mortality from tuberculosis for patients with HIV-infection is more, than at the constant population of Russia consisting on the account, in 28 times. The influence of HIV-infection on epidemic process at tuberculosis will be increased. By 2020 among the first time registered tuberculosis patients, HIV-infection can have up to 30% of the patients as a whole on Russia, and in the separate subjects of Russian Federation-till 40-50%. The tuberculosis morbility of HIV-infected, in comparison with average parameters on Russia, among the constant population in 2012 was in 35 times more.4 The purpose of research-definition of antiretroviral therapy influence on immunoreactivety condition and level of virus loading at the patients with co-infection HIV/tuberculosis.","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49141587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa, Opuntia ficus-indica and Linum usitatissimum","authors":"Patrick Abou Raji Feghali, Riwa Ibrahim, T. Nawas","doi":"10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00102","url":null,"abstract":"According to the World Health Organization, antibiotics, along with other antimicrobial agents, made medical procedures such as organ transplant, cancer chemotherapy, and major surgery relatively safe, however, the misuse of those agents resulted in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.1 Resistant microorganisms demonstrate decreased sensitivity to antimicrobial agents, thus making the treatment and prevention of bacterial, fungal, parasitic and viral infections difficult. Another important concern is the fact that most of these agents are often associated with adverse side-effects on the host; increasing the risk of complications that could sometimes be deadly.2 These issues directed the attention of researchers towards traditional ethnobotanical treatment. Extensive research is being conducted to investigate the pharmaceutical effects of medicinal plants and their potential use as an alternative and safe treatment against bacteria and other microorganisms. Of these plants, three have been of special interest: Curcuma longa (curcumin), Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus), and Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed). Curcuma longa, commonly known as curcumin or turmeric, is a plant that belongs to the Zingiberaceae family.3 Its rhizomes are thick and fleshy, elongated in shape and surrounded by a rough segmented skin. It has a yellowishbrown color with a pale orange color on the inside.2 The length of the root varies from 2.5cm to 7cm, and the diameter of the main root is generally around 2.5cm. The plant is native to Southern Asia, and is widely cultivated in the warm areas of the world namely in India, as well as other countries including China, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, Peru and Australia.4 C. longa is used for several purposes in medicine, cosmetics, food flavoring and textile industries. It has been shown to exhibit major pharmacological activities which include antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antitumor, wound healing and antiviral effects.5 Furthermore, it displayed important therapeutic effects against cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases.6 The herb is also prescribed for the treatment of a wide range of health issues related to the digestive tract.7 C. longa has also shown significant antibacterial activity against several strains of both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria.8 The aqueous extract of C. longa showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Klebsiella pneumonia.5 An alcoholic extract of C. longa inhibited growth of most microorganisms occurring in cholecystitis including Sarcinia, Gaffkya, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, and Bacillus strains.9 The methanol extract of turmeric revealed an inhibitory effect against Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus, respectively.10 The study of hexane and ethanol turmeric extract showed antibacterial activity against 13 bacteria, namely, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus,","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41342662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal research facility for conducting GLP study","authors":"P. Deshmukh","doi":"10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00100","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48178551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Menopause and Ischemic Stroke: A Brief Review.","authors":"Shashank Shekhar,&nbsp;Olivia K Travis,&nbsp;Xiaochen He,&nbsp;Richard J Roman,&nbsp;Fan Fan","doi":"10.15406/mojt.2017.03.00059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojt.2017.03.00059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Females are protected against stroke before the onset of menopause. Menopause results in increased incidence of stroke when compared to men. The mechanisms of these differences remain to be elucidated. Considering that there is a postmenopausal phenomenon and females in general, are living longer sex hormone-dependent mechanisms have been postulated to be the primary factors responsible for the premenopausal protection from stroke and later to be responsible for the higher incidence and increased the severity of stroke after menopause. Animal studies suggest that administration of estrogen and progesterone is neuroprotective and decreases the incidence of stroke. However, the real-world outcomes of hormone replacement therapy have failed to decrease the stroke risk. Despite the multifactorial nature of sex differences in stroke, here, we briefly discuss the pathophysiology of sex steroid hormones, the molecular mechanisms of estrogen receptor-dependent signaling pathways in stroke, and the potential factors that determine the discrepant effects of hormone replacement therapy in stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15406/mojt.2017.03.00059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35428590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Toxicity of the Analgesic Glutaminase Inhibitor 6-Diazo-5-Oxo-L-Norleucine <i>in vitro</i> and on Rat Dermal Skin Fibroblasts.","authors":"Heith A Crosby,&nbsp;Michael Ihnat,&nbsp;Kenneth E Miller","doi":"10.15406/mojt.2015.01.00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojt.2015.01.00005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) is a glutamine antagonist produced naturally by <i>Streptomyces</i>. It inhibits several glutamine-dependent enzyme pathways. Of particular note is its inhibitory effect on the mitochondrial enzyme, glutaminase (GLS), the primary producer of neuronal glutamate. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter released by primary sensory peripheral nerve terminals and spinal synaptic terminals during pain signaling. Previous work using the tail incision and inflammatory models of pain has demonstrated that a single application of the glutaminase inhibitor, DON, into a surgical incision or the paw of arthritic animals results in pain relief. Even though this compound shows promise as a therapeutic agent, limited data exist regarding its dermal toxicity. As a first approach, we evaluated the effect of several concentrations of DON, on the viability, mitochondrial oxidative capacity and proliferation of rat skin fibroblasts, and then examined the effect of DON after incubation with human liver microsomes on proliferation. Finally, we evaluated DON treated rat skin (tail and hind paw) for cellular necrosis, inflammation and mitotic bodies. No significant effects (p > 0.05) of DON were noted on apoptosis, necrosis, and mitochondrial activity in experiments with cultured rat skin fibroblasts. Flow cytometry revealed the absence of apoptosis in cells treated at the IC₅₀ of 232.5 μM. Enhanced toxicity post-exposure to human microsomes was not observed when compared to DON alone. The H&E staining of the rat skin revealed no obvious pathology in the DON treatment group (10 mM). DON has no/minimal cellular toxicity <i>in vitro</i> on dermal fibroblasts at concentrations that effectively provide analgesia. The local application of concentrations greater than the <i>in vitro</i> IC₅₀ for DON revealed no <i>in vivo</i> skin toxicity. These data provide results indicating zero-to-minimal cellular toxicity with DON and support the further investigation of DON as an analgesic.</p>","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5939929/pdf/nihms963769.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36088621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}