MOJ toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of the fate and intensity of particulate matter associated with playgrounds in traffic-congested areas of yenagoa metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"Tariwari C. N Angaye","doi":"10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00141","url":null,"abstract":"Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) are minute atmospheric solid, liquid or gaseous aerosol, whose sources can be anthropogenic or lithogenic.1 The types of suspended particulate matter include fine particulate matter whose diameter ranges from 2.5μm and below, while the diameter of coarse particulate matter ranges from above 2.510μm.2 Notwithstanding, the sub-kinds of particulate matter include but not limited to; suspended particulate matter (SPM), thoracic particles as well as respirable particles.1,3 The sources of atmospheric particulate matter vary and may depend on certain compounding environmental factors, whose fate is mostly influenced by some meteorological conditions.4 Major contributor of particulate matter emission may arise from the wear of vehicle components such as brakes and tires as well as suspension of road dust particles. Based on magnitude (i.e. fine and coarse SPM), the levels of SPM include; PM 1.0, PM 2.5 which are fine particulate; and PM 4.0, PM 7.0, PM 10 are coarse particulate matter. However, total aggregates of PM 1.0–PM10 makes up what is called total suspended particulate (TSP). The World Health Organisation (WHO), adduce PM1.0 as the deadliest (group 1 carcinogens) amongst all particulate matter due to their finest particles and ability to penetrate the lungs and bloodstream, thereby causing DNA mutation, heart attack and even infant mortality.2","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41875262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Spatial, temporal and pH changes on fractionated heavy metals in sediments of the Middleton River, Bayelsa State, Nigeria","authors":"Aigberua Ao","doi":"10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00140","url":null,"abstract":"Any metallic element possessing relatively high density and toxicity even at lower concentrations is referred to as heavy metal.1 Heavy metals occur naturally as a composition of the earth’s crust and inundate the aquatic ecosystem via weathering and washing of bedrock and solid mineral materials, aerial downpour from volcanic discharge as well as anthropogenic inputs which include effluent discharges emanating from nearby industries, offshore equipment or installations and vehicular or boat transportation emissions). Heavy metals introduced in the marine ecosystem are mostly concentrated in coastal areas, near densely populated and industrialized regions. Heavy metals are usually associated to particles. These particles are often very small, and can therefore stay in solution for a very long time. Nevertheless they will end up in the sediments. Therefore concentrations in the sediments are often 10 to 100 times higher than those in solution. In the sediments, these particles may form important secondary source of contamination, even after the primary source has disappeared.2 Heavy metal fractionation is the identification of the volumetric amounts and specific species (or forms) which makes up an element within a given environment. Hence, heavy metal fractionation helps to identify the environmental toxicity potential of a metal on the basis of its biogeochemistry. The total metal concentration is usually measured to quantify the elemental burden in sediment and soils.3 Metal speciation includes the chemical form of the metal in the soil solution, either as a free ion or complexed to a ligand, in the gaseous phase and distributed amongst solid phases within the soil. However, the long-term bioavailability of metals to humans and other organisms is determined by the re-supply of the metal to the mobile pool (soil solution) from more stable phases (metals in and associated with solid species).4 It is extensively demonstrated that increasing heavy metal pollution from various industries constitutes environmental hazard for humans and other living things.5 A number of events affecting water quality have resulted in increased public concern about surface water quality.6 Such events as increased domestic wastes generation and indiscriminate disposal and discharge of untreated and poorly treated industrial wastes into surface water bodies impact negatively on water quality and lead to water quality deterioration.7,8 Heavy metals associated with crude oil include Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, V and Cr amongst others.9 Diseases and pathological conditions related to heavy metal contaminants have been recently reviewed by Izah and Srivastav.6 The level of pH is a very important factor which determines how heavy metals are retained or released in an aquatic environment. Hydrogen ion possesses the tendency to be strongly attached to surface negative charges and possess the power to replace most other cations.10 Metal mobility tends to increase at lower pH and decreas","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46897506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction and purification of pyocyanin: a simpler and more reliable method","authors":"Patrick Abou Raji Feghali, T. Nawas","doi":"10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00139","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an aerobic Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium with special features making it one of the most commercially and biotechnologically valuable microorganisms.1,2 One of the hallmarks of P. aeruginosa is its ability to produce the blue-green pigment pyocyanin. Pyocyanin belongs to the family of phenazine which are, by definition, heterocyclic compounds that are produced naturally, but with side chains substituted at different points around their rings by different bacterial species.3 The biosynthesis of pyocyanin starts from a phenazine produced naturally: the deep red 5-methyl-7-amino-1-carboxyphenazium betaine that is converted to phenazine-1-carboxilic acid, which is lemon yellow in color. This is the last precursor of the bright blue 1-hydroxy-5-methyl phenazine or pyocyanin.4 Genetic analysis and gene expression assays showed that in P. aeruginosa, 7 genes are responsible for the synthesis of pyocyanin. These genes include phz C, D, E, F, G, M and S, but it was shown that phzM and phzS were the primary genes responsible for converting phenazine-1-carboxylic acid to pyocyanin through the production of S-adenosyl methionine-dependent N-methyltransferase and flavin-dependent hydroxylase respectively.4 The biosynthetic loci of the phenazine were found in all P. aeruginosa species (Figure 1).4–6 Pyocyanin is characterized by its blue color, but, its color and characteristic absorption spectrum are pH-sensitive. In fact, the strong blue color is only detected in neutral or basic pH, whereas under acidic conditions, pyocyanin becomes red in color.7 Although pyocyanin is a blue pigment when isolated in neutral pH, its presence in agar plates is detectable by the appearance of a blue-greenish color. This is due to the interference between the blue pigment and the color of the medium.","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44550571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil organic matter: application for heavy metal source diagnostics in sediments of the Middleton River, bayelsa state, Nigeria","authors":"Aigberua Ao","doi":"10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00138","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metal contaminants may emanate from either natural or anthropogenic sources and infiltrate the aquatic environment. Some of the natural sources include weathered rocks, atmospheric deposits from suspended particulate matter or volcanic eruptions. Near and on-shore anthropogenic activities such as indiscriminate discharge of industrial and municipal sewage effluents into water bodies, gaseous emissions from water transport, agricultural runoffs, amongst others can contribute significant heavy metal burden to an aquatic system. Heavy metals can be found to either strongly adhere within the interstitial matrices of under-water sediments where they can become chelated to organic matter or adsorb superficially on the surface of sediment colloids where they can be readily redistributed within the water column in the event of environmental disturbances. Heavy metals can be classified as essential (macro and micro) and non-essential (toxic) to living organisms. Heavy metals have been identified as significant micropollutants for invertebrates, fishes and humans and have been known to depict severe effects on the ecological balance of environment and multiplicity of aquatic organisms.1–3 The concentration and distribution of heavy metals in sediments around inhabited areas could be used to examine anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems and aid in the evaluation of threats posed by human waste discharges.3–5 The eventual discharge of effluents by industries and other anthropogenic activities in and around creeks and rivers represents a crucial environmental challenge particularly in developing areas such as the Niger Delta in Nigeria.3 As an example, oil spills could cause fire and result in the depletion of wildlife, vegetation, loss of high-yielding soil, pollution of air and drinking water, deterioration of farmland and devastation of aquatic ecosystems,6,7 loss of lives, farmland and other infrastructural resources.7,8 Several heavy metals are associated with crude oil including lead, cadmium, copper and zinc.7,9 Elevated levels of iron can result from the discharge of industrial effluents, the corrosion of tanks, piping and other equipment and installations containing iron.10 Nickel enters surface waters naturally in the form of particulate matter in rain water, the dissolution of primary bedrock materials and secondary oil phases. Within aquatic systems, nickel typically occurs as soluble salts adsorbed onto, or associated with, clay particles, organic matter, and other substances.11 Lead can enter natural waters from industrial wastewaters, corrosion of tanks and piping, as well as materials made from lead. Small amounts of lead can come from the soil.12 Organic content and sediment granulometry are important for lead sorption on bottom sediments, while a pH>6 in the absence of dissolved complex compounds can lead to adsorption in sediments with an acidic environment favouring a strong adsorption of lead on","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45069956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed quality parameters (Germination percentage and seedling vigor index) of rabi sorghum seeds influenced by rice weevil infestationa","authors":"P. Pradeep","doi":"10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00135","url":null,"abstract":"Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important food and fodder crop of India and which ranks fourth after wheat, rice and maize and serving as a staple food for millions of people particularly in semi-arid tropics of the world. Rice weevil is economically important storage pest on sorghum and other cereals in tropics and sub-tropics of the world. Rice weevil infestation alone resulted in sorghum grain loss of 61.3 per cent over a period of five months.1","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44061845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and analysis of pharmaceutical products from the waste water system at the university teaching hospital of Yaoundé, Cameroon","authors":"Vanessa Edwigetchadji, Evrad Martial Nguidjoe, Estella Tembe-Fokunang, Kathleenngu, C. Fokunang","doi":"10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00137","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, the use of pharmaceuticals has grown worldwide, leading to their presence in the environment. In fact, medical care waste increases due to the rise in number and shape of medical services, centers and the increasing importance of pharmaceutical use.1 Pharmaceuticals are biologically active substances specially designed to act on living things (humans and animals) and because of that, the potential exists for unexpected impacts at low concentrations. They are disposed or discharged into the environment through a variety of sources. These include: human activities, pharmaceutical industries, illicit drug use, agribusinesses, veterinary drugs and hospitals.2 Many studies have reported the presence of pharmaceuticals in various water samples including hospital waste waters1,3 in countries like Italy, Spain, USA, Germany and even Nigeria. As at the time of this research, no data is available in Cameroon.","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44201730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industrial pollutants and their effects on the developing babies","authors":"V. Bind, Akhilesh Kumar","doi":"10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00130","url":null,"abstract":"Pollution is related to negative health outcomes in infants (DeRegenier& Desai, 2010; Engle, 2010; Evans, 2006; Walker et al., 2011). The small amounts of pollution inflicting the chance to pregnant ladies associated with premature births or with anomalies and conjointly with long-life neurologic and metabolic process disorders in their minors. The larger quantity of maternal exposure of air pollution, a lot of doable to the explanation for the pregnant ladies suffered from intrauterine inflammation that might increase the chance of the variety of health issues for her baby from the embryonic stage to adult. The placenta can be a window into what’s occurring in terms of developmental stage exposure and what it suggests that for future health issues. Intrauterine inflammation is one in all the leading causes of premature birth, that happens in one among of every nine births within the USA and one in six African-American births, the researchers say. Babies born prematurely can have lifelong developmental problems. The most of far-famed environmental pollutants are phthalates, bisphenol a plastic product, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Metals like lead, mercury, metallic element and asbestos, dioxins, polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), whereas conjointly pesticides, inhaled toxins(tobacco smoke, ozone, particulate matter), and chlorinated medical aid by-products are responsible for this (Table 1). Many of these are cause “endocrine disruptors” suggests that they disrupt the formations, release, transport, binding, and/or breakdown of the maternal hormones which are crucial for the embryonic development and growth at the time of the fetus. Multiple dose (Chronic) exposure may also cause to developmental functional disorders. Several studies have revealed that many such chemical substances (pollutants) may also influence the embryonic development still before conception like lead, dioxin and organochlorine pesticides are lipid soluble and they are maternally accumulation in the body. As a result, there they are liberating of harmful toxic elements throughout gestation and responsible for abnormal fetal development. A number of these toxic chemical pollutants also reached to the offspring through the placenta or during lactation during the fetus developments or after the birth of baby respectively.","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47323350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of green tea as anti-oxidative stress agent in neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"R. Ataee, A. Ataie, Mohammad Shahidian, A. Gorgi","doi":"10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00129","url":null,"abstract":"Neurodegenerative diseases are defined as functional loss or dysfunction of nerve cells in brain and spinal cord. The most important neurological disease in aging as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been shown with mitochondrial dysfunctions, excitotoxicity and finally apoptosis.1 Disturbance of pro-oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis brings oxidative stress that could make further Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in neurons.1 The brain is with high rate of oxidative activity and high polyunsaturated fatty acids and low antioxidant capacity, so it is very susceptible to oxidative damage.2,3 It has been shown that mitochondrial damage has an important role in the pathogenesis of AD.4 Several researches demonstrated that various xenobiotic increase risk of AD by mitochondrial dysfunction or oxidative stress.5,6 Hence protection of mitochondria and reducing oxidative damage has been considered as a therapeutic for AD.1,4 Today, attentions focused on the potential of neuroprotective effects of flavonoids against the neuronal deficits associated with age-related neurodegenerative diseases.7","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48186635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computer aided drug designing for proteasome inhibitor to find out potential drug candidate for multiple myloma","authors":"Vinita Srivastava, Shashi Prabha Agrawal, S. Kalra, Alka Dubey","doi":"10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojt.2018.04.00126","url":null,"abstract":"The incorporation of the first proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, into anti-myeloma armamentarium can be considered a major milestone in treatment of multiple myeloma, greatly improving the response rates and overall survival in front-line and relapsed/ refractory settings. Although present in all cells, proteasomes are relatively abundant in multiple myeloma cells making that disease a target for proteasome inhibitors. The proteasome Protein activity regulation by synthesis and degradation maintains cellular metabolic integrity and proliferation. The proteasome, a multimeric protease complex, is central to cellular protein regulation by degrading many proteins, thus activating some pathways and shutting down others. Proteins conjugated to multiple units of the polypeptide ubiquitin are degraded by the proteasome. Widely studied inhibitors included: lacta-cystin, a streptomyces metabolite, which is metabolized to lactacystin b-lactone, the active proteasome inhibitor peptide aldehydes, such as carbobenzoxyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-leuc-inal-H (MG-132); boronic acid peptides and others Dipeptide boronic acid derivatives, potent proteasome inhibitors, could be administered to mice, and some were orally bioavailable and relatively stable under physiological conditions. Boronic acid peptides were known to inhibit serine proteases, whereas the dipeptide boronates had a high degree of selectivity for the proteasome and were not potent inhibitors of many common proteases. Critical to the clinical development of proteasome inhibitors was establishing a pharmacodynamic assay which measured the potency and duration of inhibition of the proteasomes in normal blood cells. In animal-model studies, the dipeptide boronic acid, PS-341, rapidly disappeared from the vascular compartment. An accurate pharmacodynamic assay was developed to supplement pharmacokinetic measurements. Both the chymo-tryptic and tryptic activities of the proteasome could be detected using fluorogenic kinetic assays. These fluorogenic kinetic assays were optimized for both whole blood and blood cells.1","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42196527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial mechanism of Ag+ ions for bacteriolyses of bacterial cell walls via peptidoglycan autolysins, and DNA damages","authors":"T. Ishida","doi":"10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJT.2018.04.00125","url":null,"abstract":"Abbreviations: ABNC, active but nonculturable; A, adenine; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; C, cytosine; E.coli, Escherichia coli; G, guanine; LP, lipoprotein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MTs, metallothioneins; NAG, N-acetyl glucosamine; NAM, N-acetylmuramic acid; OM, outer membrane; Omp, outer membrane protein; PGRPs, Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins; Pal, Protein-associated lipoprotein; PGN, peptidoglycan; ROS, reactive oxygen species; S.aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, T, thymine; TG, transglycosylase; Tol, tol protein; TP, transpeptidase","PeriodicalId":92106,"journal":{"name":"MOJ toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44088760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}