Journal of mosquito research最新文献

{"title":"A Preliminary Study on the Sustainability of Mosquito-killing Effect of Pythium guiyangense Su","authors":"Ping Liu, Xiao Yang, Yanhui Wang, X. Su","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2018.08.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2018.08.0002","url":null,"abstract":"To study the sustainability of mosquito-killing effect of Pythium guiyangense Su, so as to develop new types of biological agents for mosquito control. Lab experiments and outdoor artificial simulate mosquito breeding water trials were carried out to observe how long the fungus can survive in water and maintain its capability to control mosquito larvae. Besides, a field experiment was made to test its mosquito control effect in real situation. The infection rate of the fungus increased along with the time of the experiments. In outdoor artificial mosquito breeding water, the observed fungal longest sustaining time was 273 days. In field trail, a 122-day of mosquito control was obtained. P. guiyangense can be used as a tool for long-term biological control of mosquitoes, and when combined with relative microbes we can develop new types of agents with high efficiency and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44059244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entomological Co-infections of Arboviruses: Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses along the Coastline of Kenya","authors":"Jonathan C. Ngala, J. S. Chanasit","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2018.08.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2018.08.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Arthropod-borne disease outbreaks as a result of pathogen influx including arboviruses transmitted by strains of Aedes species occur periodically in varying spots in Kenya. However, there has been paucity of documented information on the Aedes species involved in transmission of different haplotypes of arboviruses. This study assessed for concomitant infection of arboviruses in different vectors. Aedes species were sampled by Bio gent sentinel trap. Mosquitoes were stunned at 4°C for 5 minutes; sorted according to site, species and sex. RNA was extracted using Trizole®. cDNA was generated using one step real time PCR. Proportions of vectors and arboviruses were analyzed by R-statistics. A total of 37, 220 mosquitoes of Aedes species were analyzed. Vectors were: Aedes aegypti formosus (23,265=62.5%), Aedes aegypti aegypti (4,931=13.2%), Aedes mcintoshi (3,557=9.56%), Aedes ochraceus (2,156=5.79%), Aedes pembaensis (2,049=5.51%), Aedes tricholabis (487=1.31%), Aedes albicosta (415=1.11%), Aedes fulgens (200=0.54%) and Aedes fryeri (160=0.43%). Dengue virus (DENV) had highest entomological infections at 79% (n=1910) while Chikungunya (CHIKV) at 21%. DENV-2 had the highest frequency at 54%, while DENV-4 with the least frequency at 6%. Only ECSA genotype of CHIKV was present. Concomitant infections of arboviral haplotypes in different clades of Aedes species occur along the coastal region. Aedes aegypti aegypti is incubates all serotypes of DENV and genotype of CHIK viruses thus the major vectors of arboviruses. This information is important as it gives knowledge on areas at high risk for arboviral disease outbreaks. Consecutively, up scaled survey and implementation of control and prevention measures taken appropriately.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45130521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Role of Mosquito Larvae Culex Pipiens as a Biological Indicator of Environmental Water Pollution in Egypt","authors":"A. Afify","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0022","url":null,"abstract":"River Nile represents the most important source of freshwater in Egypt. There are several factors lead to the water pollution in the River Nile System (main stream Nile, drains and canals). The water quality of River Nile was good despite high organic loads discharged from some of the drains and industrial activities. These were harmful both to human and stream ecosystem health. A biological approach to monitoring water quality incorporates use of stream organisms themselves as a basis for pollution detection. Fish and aquatic insects considered as bio-indicators of pollutant effects and help to investigate possible environmental problems. One of the recent biochemical techniques for detecting DNA damage as a result of DNA single strand breaks, alkali-labile sites, and cross-linking is the alkaline (pH>13) single cell gel SCG assay. In this study the comet assay measure the DNA damage in various stages of the mosquito Culex pipiens collected from two different polluted water streams (Nikla and Elmansoreyh). The DNA damage measured in 3 rd , 4 th larval instars, pupa, male and female adults. It is clear from the results obtained in this study that the genotoxicity of water pollution of two different polluted water streams (Nikla and Elmansoreyh) in C. pipiens was high in larval and pupal stages and this study affirmed the appropriateness of the comet assay as a sensitive tool for environmental monitoring. Additionally, it can be proposed that C. pipiens is a strong aquatic bioindicator of genotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48968162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria Vector Species Distribution and Seasonal Population Dynamics across Varied Ecological Zones in Baringo County, Kenya","authors":"Isabella M. Ondiba, F. Oyieke, Alfred O. Ochieng, D. Anyona, I. Nyamongo, B. Estambale","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Vector populations fluctuate on a seasonal basis annually. Knowledge on seasonal abundance and distribution of vector species at the local level would improve vector control programmes and contribute to malaria prevention. Despite this, information on malaria vector species distribution and seasonal fluctuations in Baringo County is scarce. This study examined distribution and seasonal abundance of malaria vector species in Baringo. The study area was stratified into four ecological zones namely; lowland, riverine, midland and highland. Monthly collection of outdoor and indoor mosquitoes was conducted between June 2015 and May 2016 using CDC light traps and pyrethrum spray collection respectively. A total of 6,113 anopheline mosquitoes belonging to four species were collected across the four ecological zones. Anopheles gambiae was the most abundant malaria vector species accounting for (93.8%) while An. pharoensis and An . funestus accounted for 4.8% and 1.1% respectively. Mosquitoes were mainly collected from lowlands (79.8%) and riverine (19.0%) zones. Malaria vector abundance was higher in the dry season compared to the rainy season. Anopheles gambiae abundance showed high positive correlation with rainfall in the riverine zone only (r=0.7). Knowledge gained from this study, on malaria vector species distribution and seasonal abundance at local level, is important in implementation of control strategies against malaria by the Baringo County Health Department. The findings highlight the seasons when malaria cases are likely to be higher due to vector abundance and also inform specific areas to target for intervention.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41999493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical Characteristics Associated with the Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Immature Abundance in Seasonal Aquatic Habitats in Kassala Town, Eastern Sudan","authors":"A. Hamza, K. Saeed, Fatima Abbas Khahd","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0020","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to assess the mosquito larval abundance in seasonal man-made larval habitats associated with rainfall in Kassala town, eastern Sudan during the short rainy season 2016, evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, and determine the relationships between such characteristics and immatures abundance. Immature stages were collected monthly in the selected larval habitats, identified into genera by morphological criteria and counted. Physical characteristics were estimated by visual inspection. Water sample was collected from each larval habitat and analyzed for chemical characteristics. A total of 5020 mosquito larvae and pupae were collected and identified into two genera, Anopheles and Culex . All the investigated larval habitats were found exposed to direct sunlight with still water. The monthly mean values of measured chemical characteristics did not vary significantly except for the following parameters: pH, calcium and magnesium. Occurrence of Anopheline immatures was only associated, positively, with nitrates (r = 0.53; p < 0.05) while the presence of Culex immatures was associated, negatively with pH value (r = -0.56; p < 0.05) and positively, with sulphate (r = 0.56; p < 0.05). Correlations found between certain chemical parameters and larval abundance, perhaps, confirms the influence of these parameters on the abundance of two mosquito genera in their breeding habitats.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45555339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Meteorological Variables on Mosquitoes Breeding in Theni District, Tamilnadu, India","authors":"P. Selvan, A. Jebanesan, Jayapal Subramaniam, K. Murugan, S. Kanthammal, M. Vijay, G. Divya","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0018","url":null,"abstract":"The ecology, distribution and abundance of various mosquito vectors is important in the determination of disease prevalence in disease endemic areas. The present study is aimed to determine the distribution and abundance of mosquitoes in different habitats of Theni district, Tamilnadu, India. The influence of weather on mosquito populations was studied. All the possible permanent and temporary water bodies were surveyed in selected sites during dusk and dawn hours. Ten localities were randomly selected and sampled twice per month with 15 days interval for a period of six months, from July to December 2015. A total of 1226 individuals of 21 species belonging to 7 genera were identified. Among the collected specimens the Culex species were predominant in polluted water habitat followed by Aedes in fresh water. The high number of Shannon-Weiner diversity index was recorded for Culex (0.1596) and Aedes (0.1564) species, followed by Simpson’s dominance index (0.1270) for Culex . The findings of this study highlight the importance of improperly maintained drainages, containers and unused things in study sites are engaged to mosquito development. This will be essential for designing and implementing mosquito control.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44214253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meteorological Parameters and Mosquito Abundance in Pashan Area of Pune, India during South West Monsoon and Post-Monsoon Seasons in 2016","authors":"P. Shil, G. Sapkal, Avinash A. Patil, A. Sudeep","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0019","url":null,"abstract":"The resurgence of vector borne diseases over the last decade has raised concerns about the role of climatic factors. Rapid urbanization due to expansion of Indian cities like Pune over the last decade has altered local land-use and environment. The present study was undertaken to investigate the composition and seasonal abundance of mosquito population in Pashan area of urban Pune, which was urbanized rapidly during 2001-2005. Mosquitoes were trapped and identified to determine the species composition and abundance. Association of meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity and rainfall with mosquito abundance was also analyzed from June to November 2016. Raw meteorological data was obtained and analyzed mathematically to determine derived parameters like diurnal temperatures and fortnightly averages of all parameters. A total of 21 species of mosquitoes were observed across four genera viz. Aedes , Anopheles , Culex and Armigerus . Mosquito abundance (M) peaked during South West (SW) Monsoon and correlated positively with maximum and minimum relative humidity and rainfall. In post-monsoon season mosquito abundance decreased alongwith relative humidity. Interestingly, the mosquito abundance is modulated by diurnal temperature range (DTR). During SW monsoon, low DTR corresponded to high mosquito abundance. The trend was reversed in the post-monsoon season as DTR increased by ~4 folds in comparison to SW monsoon and mosquito abundance decreased sharply. Mosquito population in the study area showed diversity and seasonal variability, influenced by meteorological parameters. DTR seemed to be the major factor affecting seasonal variability in mosquito abundance.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43331947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Agro-chemical Inputs on Suitability of Physicochemical Conditions of Rice-Fields for Mosquito Breeding in Minna, Nigeria","authors":"I. Salihu, I. Olayemi, A. C. Ukubuiwe, Y. Garba, A. Gusau, Musa Nma-etsu, M. Usman","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of chemicals used in rice farming in Minna, on physicochemical properties of rice-field mosquito larval habitats was investigated during the rainy season of 2013. Standard water quality analyses techniques were followed in determining the concentrations of the different physicochemical parameters. The results showed that Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) did not vary significantly among the types of rice fields (range = 30.00±0.00 to 30.50±0.11oC, 6.00±0.00 to 7.00±1.41 mg/l, and 4.00±0.00 to 4.50±2.12 mg/l, respectively). Turbidity and Nitrates were significantly (p 0.05) between site B (rice field with chemical fertilizer only) and site C (rice field with chemical fertilizer and herbicide). Levels of Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium and Conductivity were highest in site B and least in Site C, with values ranging from 31.00±15.56 to 132.00±19.79 mg/l, 32.00±14.14 to 81.00±41.01 mg/l, 38.15±2.75 to 51.70±1.41 mg/l and 194.00±43.84 to 508.50±44.5 µs/cm, respectively. While the concentration of Potassium was significantly (p<0.05) lowest in site A (10.40±0.14 mg/l), the concentration of Chloride was significantly lowest in site C (23.41±15.03 mg/l) and highest in site A (31.45±4.03 mg/l). Significant positive and negative correlations between some of the parameters were also recorded. These results suggest differential suitability of rice field physicochemical condition for mosquito breeding in Minna and, thus, should provide baseline guide for mosquito vector control in relation to sustainable rice farming in the area.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43767047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Level of DDT Resistance and Reduced Susceptibility to Deltamethrin in Anopheles gambiae , Anopheles coluzzi , and Anopheles arabiensis from Urban Communities in Oyo State, South-West Nigeria","authors":"A. Adeogun, K. Popoola, A. Oduola, A. Olakiigbe, S. Awolola","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2017.07.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Selection of vector populations capable of withstanding doses of insecticides is a major threat facing insecticide based vector control interventions. In view of the rapidly evolving insecticide resistance in the primary vector, Anopheles, there is need to provide information on the status of insecticide resistance in Oyo State where Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLIN) is the only intervention that has been deployed over the years. Morphologically identified Anopheles mosquito larva were collected from six localities (Ojoo, Iwo road, Bodija, Oluyole, Oyo town and Eruwa) in Oyo State. The larval samples were reared to adults and exposed to DDT (4%) and Deltamethrin (0.05%), according to WHO criteria. Knockdown was recorded every ten minutes and mortality scored at 24 hrs post exposure. The KDT 50 and KDT 95 were determined using probit regression analysis and species identification was by adult morphology and Polymerase Chain Reaction techniques. A total of 1,800 female anopheline mosquitoes were exposed to DDT and Deltamethrin insecticides. All the Anopheles mosquito populations from the six localities were resistant to DDT with 13-84% mortality. The anopheline mosquito populations from Iwo road and Oyo town were susceptible to Deltamethrin, while those from Ojoo and Eruwa showed reduced susceptibility to the insecticide. However,mosquito populations from Oluyole and Bodija were resistant to Deltamethrin. The knock down values for DDT and Deltamethrin across all sites was comparatively high indicative of some degree of selection within the populations. Of the 1,764 positively identified anophelines, 639 (36.2%), 1,034 (58.6%) and 91 (5.2%) were Anopheles coluzzi , Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae s.s. respectively. This data indicates the widespread resistance of Anopheles coluzzi , Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae s.s. to Dichlotrichloroethane (DDT) in Oyo State. It also showed an ongoing selection against pyrethroid which poses a major threat to the ongoing LLIN intervention in the State.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42445322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Larvicidal Activities of Leaf Extracts of Adansonia digitata L. (Malvales: Malvaceae) and Ficus sur Forssk (Rosales: Moraceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"I. Olayemi, O. M. Samuel, A. C. Ukubuiwe, A. Ande, K. Adeniyi, K. Shittu","doi":"10.5376/jmr.2017.07.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jmr.2017.07.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the ineffectiveness of synthetic insecticides for sustainable control of Mosquito vectors, whose transmitted diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world today, attention has been directed towards insecticide formulations of plant origin. This study was, therefore, carried out to evaluate the larvicidal potential of the methanolic and n-hexane crude extracts of leaves of Adansonia digitata and Ficus sur against fourth larval instar of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. The leaves of the plants were collected from Minna, Nigeria, pulverised, extracted and evaporated using Sohxlet apparatus, with methanol and n-hexane as solvents of extraction. The crude extracts of the leaves were screened for phytochemical constituents following standard methods. The larvae were obtained from a Laboratory colony of mosquitoes raised following standard protocols. Test concentrations of 0.0125, 0.025, and 0.05 mg/L of n-hexane and 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L of the methanolic extracts were prepared and tested for larvicidal activities against the mosquito following the WHO standard protocols. Larval Mortality was recorded after 24 hours of exposure and mean mortalities computed. Lethal concentration values (LC 50 and LC 90 ) of the extracts were determined using Probit regression analysis. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Flavanoids, Tannin, Saponin, Alkaloids, Steroids, Terpenoid, Cardiac glycosides and Anthraquinone, whose presence were solvent- and plant-species-dependent. There were significant differences in the recorded mortality between the various concentrations of each extracts, the solvents types and plant species. The n-hexane extracts of both plants showed significantly higher larvicidal efficacy against the larvae than their methanolic counterpart. While the n-hexane extract of A. digitata was more potent than its F. sur counterpart, the latter’s methanolic extract was more potent than the former. The median (LC 50 ) and upper (LC 90 ) Lethal concentration of methanolic and n-hexane crude extracts of A . digitata leaf were 0.15 and 0.008 mg/L, and 1.21 and 0.22 mg/L, respectively, while these values for methanolic and n-hexane crude extracts of F. sur were 0.13 and 0.015 mg/L, and 2.64 and 0.15 mg/L, respectively. The plants extracts also elicited dose dependent mortality. The findings of this study suggest that A. digitata and F. sur are promising sources of botanical lead agents in the development of sustainable potent larvicides, for integrated control programmes against mosquito-borne diseases.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42157433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}