ICU management & practice最新文献

{"title":"Enabling Machine Learning in Critical Care.","authors":"Tom J Pollard,&nbsp;Leo Anthony Celi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Critical care units are home to some of the most sophisticated patient technology within hospitals. In parallel, the field of machine learning is advancing rapidly and increasingly touching our lives. To facilitate the adoption of machine learning approaches in critical care, we must become better at sharing and integrating data. Greater emphasis on collaboration- outside the traditional \"multidisciplinary\" realm and into the engineering, mathematical, and computer sciences-will help us to achieve this. Meanwhile, those at the forefront of the health data revolution must earn and maintain society's trust and demonstrate that data sharing and reuse is a necessary step to improve patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"17 3","pages":"198-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5679276/pdf/nihms913172.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35545964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical Tests of Audit Budget Dynamics","authors":"Michael L. Ettredge, J. Bedard, Karla M. Zehms","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.771004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.771004","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research in nonaudit contexts suggests that managers design budgets based on prior performance relative to budget targets, and that this “ratcheting” response can be asymmetrical (i.e., greater increase in target following good performance than the decrease in target following correspondingly bad performance). This implies a dynamic view of budgeting, in which the budget is an endogenous feature of the business environment, a perspective that is rare in the auditing literature. We hypothesize and find asymmetric budget ratcheting by audit firm supervisors in a sample of audit engagements. Further, we find that engagement teams' reported hours also vary asymmetrically with prior budget variance. Our results suggest temporal interdependence between audit firm supervisors and engagement teams as both parties act strategically to adapt budgeting and reporting behavior based on prior budget variances, with associated implications for audit quality.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88662859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Banknorth: Designing it Governance for a Growth-Oriented Business Enviornment","authors":"Francisco Gonzalez-Meza Hoffmann, P. Weill","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.664614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.664614","url":null,"abstract":"This case describes the challenges of implementation of IT Governance in a regional New England bank experiencing explosive and very profitable growth through mergers and acquisitions. Led by the CIO the new IT governance framework and implementation go well beyond the IT department to include; business processes, culture and strategies. Six months after implementation the CIO assess the effectiveness of the new IT governance framework and thinks about fine tuning.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84972770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How and Why Do Small Firms Manage Interest Rate Risk?","authors":"J. Vickery","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.782404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.782404","url":null,"abstract":"Although small firms are particularly sensitive to interest rates and other shocks, empirical work on corporate risk management has focused instead on large public companies. This paper studies fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans to see how small firms manage their exposure to interest rate risk. Credit-constrained firms are found to match significantly more often with fixed-rate loans, consistent with prior research that shows the supply of credit shrinks during periods of rising interest rates. Banks originate a higher share of adjustable-rate loans than other lenders, ameliorating maturity mismatch and exposure to the lending channel of monetary policy. Time-series patterns in the fixed-rate share are consistent with recent evidence on debt market timing.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85785034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Unit Cost Reductions on Gross Profit: Increasing or Decreasing Returns?","authors":"E. Dahan, V. Srinivasan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.776767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.776767","url":null,"abstract":"When asked about the impact of unit manufacturing cost reductions on gross profit, many managers and academics assume that returns will be diminishing, i.e., that the first cent of unit cost reduction will generate more incremental gross profit than the last cent of unit cost savings, consistent with the economic intuition about diminishing returns. (The product's appeal to the market is assumed to remain constant.) The present paper shows why gross profits actually increase in a convex fashion under typical demand assumptions, providing increasing returns with each additional cent of reduction in unit manufacturing cost. The intuition is that if q units are sold at the current price, the first cent of unit cost reduction increases the gross profits by q cents (keeping the price at the current level). But further cost reductions bring about greater pricing flexibility so that the optimal price decreases, thereby increasing the quantity to q'. Thus, the last cent of cost reduction produces an incremental profit of q' cents, where q' > q. The convex returns are captured graphically in the \"profit saddle,\" a simple plot of gross profit as a function of unit cost and unit price. Decreasing unit costs produce additional returns from learning curve effects, reduced per unit channel costs, quality improvements, and strategic considerations. Of course, the fixed investment entailed in reducing unit-manufacturing costs must be weighed against the returns from doing so, suggesting some optimal level of unit cost reduction efforts. Cost reduction has traditionally been the purview of the manufacturing function within the firm, and has been emphasized in the later phases of the product-process life cycle. Marketing managers, on the other hand, have focused on generating sales revenues through pricing, product positioning, promotion, and channel placement. The present paper suggests that the traditional view be questioned. The marketing function, and new product planning in particular, may want to consider unit manufacturing cost reduction a potent tool in pricing new products for marketing success.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82095991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Audit Qualifications of Income-Decreasing Accounting Choices","authors":"F. Hodge, R. Martin, J. Pratt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.574222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.574222","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we conduct a field experiment to examine how qualifying an income-decreasing accounting change in years of strong financial performance affects user assessments of strategic reporting, current financial performance, and financial performance over the next three years (future performance). We find that without the qualification, users viewed the income-decreasing accounting change as relatively non-strategic, and user assessments of current and future performance were not different. In the presence of the qualification, users believed that the accounting change was relatively strategic, they discounted the income effect of the accounting change, and their assessments of future performance were below their assessments of current performance but no different from the assessments of future performance in the absence of the qualification. While our findings suggest audit qualifications encourage users to be skeptical of income-decreasing accounting changes, we find no evidence that they impose negative consequences on management in terms of lower assessments of financial performance.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82918974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association between the Uncertainty of Future Economic Benefits and Current R&D and Capital Expenditures: Industry and Intertemporal Analyses","authors":"E. Amir, Yanling Guan, G. Livne","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.755524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.755524","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1974, R&D expenditures have been fully expensed when incurred partly because R&D activities are claimed to be associated with a high degree of uncertainty in future economic benefits. In this study, we estimate the association between R&D expenditures and capital expenditures (CAPEX) and the variance of future earnings per share and operating income. We show that R&D expenditures lead to higher volatility of future earnings than capital expenditures only in R&D-intensive industries, where industry R&D intensity is measured as the R&D-to-CAPEX ratio. We also find that the stronger association of R&D with uncertainty in future earnings is a recent phenomenon. Finally, we show that in industries that are relatively less dependent on R&D activities, the probability of recovering R&D expenditures is similar to that of capital expenditures. Overall, our results suggest that while some industries engage in a more innovative and uncertain R&D activities, R&D in other industries is less uncertain. These results suggest that the impact of R&D on future performance considerably varies across industries and time periods.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88931608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Power of Law Firm Partnership: Why Dominant Rainmakers Will Impede the Immediate, Widespread Implementation of an Autocratic Management Structure","authors":"Matthew S. Winings","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.713881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.713881","url":null,"abstract":"Consultants and commentators have suggested that law firms would benefit from the implementation of effective business management practices. Specifically, a number of observers maintain that the partnership model by which virtually all law firms operate is outdated and inefficient. To alleviate this inefficiency, commentators claim that law firms could experience tremendous gains through the adoption of a corporate management model. Although the proposals advanced by observers differ slightly, the basic premise of the suggested solutions requires law firms to replace (or at least modify) their partnerships with a rational management structure in favor of a centralized leader who can best maximize efficient client service and lawyer satisfaction. Although sound in theory, this paper argues that such a transformation is likely to be extremely difficult, given the current distribution of power within the large law firm. More specifically, a structural conflict exists between the best interests of the firm and the firm's most powerful rainmaking partners because the dominant rainmakers are both mobile and the most powerful actors within law firms. Law firms rely heavily on their most productive star lawyers because these individuals generate a significant amount of revenue and service the firm's most important clients. Consequently, these partners wield a considerable amount of power within the firm. But because the new model requires that power shift from the rainmaking partners to a centralized leader, it is unlikely that the powerful partners will easily relinquish the authority and influence they currently enjoy. Consequently, those attempting to modify the firm's management structure, and therefore alter the distribution of power within the firm, have the arduous task of garnering the approval of the firm's rainmakers since these are the lawyers who are in a position to thwart any proposed transformation.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90738064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pfpc: Building an it Risk Management Competency","authors":"","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.757362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.757362","url":null,"abstract":"IT Risk management is becoming increasingly important for CIOs and their executive counterparts. Educators and managers have materials they can use to discuss specific IT risks in project management, security and other risk-related topics, but they have few resources they can use to have a holistic discussion of enterprise-level IT risk management. This case is intended to address the gap. It describes the IT risks facing a large financial services firm, PFPC, as a result of rapid growth, a large merger and distributed management of the IT function. The firm€U³ first enterprise-wide CIO, Martin Deere used risk management as a key pillar in a major revamp of the firm's applications and IT capabilities. The case is rich in detail on the firm's IT risks, the new risk management process, including examples of the firm's risk management tools. It also describes early lessons and outcomes in the implementation of risk management capabilities. The case has enough richness and potential controversy to engage students from the undergraduate through executive levels in an informative and interesting discussion of IT risk management.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83981884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Characteristics of Corporate Distress in an Emerging Market: The Case of China","authors":"Amy Kam, D. Citron, Y. Muradoğlu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.690181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.690181","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is one of the first studies to empirically examine the nature and cause of financial distress in an emerging market context. This is important given the impact of the recent global privatization phenomenon. These privatized firms have since been subject to a new competitive environment, redefined objectives and management incentives. In this context, we investigate the characteristics of a sample of 100 distressed firms in China between 1999 and 2003. Existing bankruptcy and distress literature cites two main causes of financial distress: debt overhang and economic distress. By comparing the distressed firms' financial and operating performance with that of their respective industries, we conclude that corporate distress in China is caused predominantly by firm level poor operating performance, not by leverage. Our evidence indirectly speaks to the debate that financial renegotiations between distressed firms and their creditors are inefficient. In addition, our sample provides a unique opportunity to study how (partial) government ownership affects firm performance and efficiency in the context of financial distress and soft budget constraints.","PeriodicalId":92040,"journal":{"name":"ICU management & practice","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84989379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}