Brain disorders & therapy最新文献

{"title":"Additional Antidepressant Pharmacotherapies According to a Neural Network","authors":"F. Werner, R. Coveñas","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000203","url":null,"abstract":"Major depression, a frequent psychiatric disease, is associated with neurotransmitter alterations in the midbrain, hypothalamus and hippocampus. Deficiency of postsynaptic excitatory neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin and a surplus of presynaptic inhibitory neurotransmitters such as GABA and glutamate (mainly a postsynaptic excitatory and partly a presynaptic inhibitory neurotransmitter), can be found in the involved brain regions. However, neuropeptide alterations (galanin, neuropeptide Y, substance P) also play an important role in its pathogenesis. A neural network is described, including the alterations of neuroactive substances at specific subreceptors. Currently, major depression is treated with monoamine reuptake inhibitors. An additional therapeutic option could be the administration of antagonists of presynaptic inhibitory neurotransmitters or the administration of agonists/antagonists of neuropeptides.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88271602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Intracerebroventricular Sugammadex Administration on Central Nervous System in Rats","authors":"H. A. Erdost, Elvan Oçmen, S. Duru, Burc Aydın, A. N. Gokmen","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000206","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Sugammadex (Bridon ®) (SUG) is a recently developed neuromuscular block reversing agent. SUG can reverse also deep neuromuscular blockages in a short time period unlike other existing agents. SUG passes across blood brain barrier (BBB) in a very low ratio in normal patients. However SUG may pass the BBB in a higher ratio in patients whom BBB integrity is decreased. Since SUG passes BBB in a low ratio in normal patients there are only a small amount of studies investigating effects of this agent on central nervous system (CNS). In this study we aimed to assess the effects of SUG administered directly to intracerebroventricular space on CNS system of rats. \u0000Materials and Method: A total of 36 Wistar-Albino rats with normal motor activity weighting between 250-280 g were included in this study. Anesthesia was achieved with intraperitoneal 50 mg/kg sodium thiopental. The rats were divided into 6 equal groups randomly as one group being the control group. The experiment groups were received 2,4,8,16 and 32 mg/kg sugammadex via intracerebroventricular cannula. Effects of the SUG on CNS were assessed based on a 5 point scale. \u0000Results: Intracerebroventricular SUG administration did not result in any changes in behavioral status, locomotor activity or posture at any doses (2,4,8,16 and 32 mg/kg). There was no tonic clonic convulsion or seizure development following the sugammadex administration. \u0000Discussion: SUG barely passes the BBB in normal patients. However it was stated that this drug can pass BBB in higher ratios in certain patients. Therefore investigating the effects of SUG on CNS is an emerging subject of experiments. In our study we could not find any adverse effect of SUG on CNS even at high doses administered directly to intracerebroventricular space. However presence of a study indicating an increase in apoptotic cell death in cell cultures in presence of SUG makes it difficult to make a statement that SUG does not have any adverse effect on CNS. The authors of the aforementioned study stated a connection between decrease in cholesterol levels and apoptosis. It can be speculated that some mechanisms in live animals may restore this decrease in cholesterol levels occurring in presence of SUG therefore prevents the cells from apoptosis. \u0000Conclusion: In our study SUG did not cause any adverse effect on CNS in rats. Further studies assessing the relationship between SUG and cholesterol control mechanisms in neurons are necessary in order to make a certain statement.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72673342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebral microbleeds and cognitive decline in old age","authors":"P. Giannakopoulos","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.C1.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.C1.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89472736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Treatment Acceptance and Adherence Following the Diagnosisof Multiple Malformations of Cortical Development in a Patient withPsychosis","authors":"Rachit Patel, Kathleen M Stuarta, D. Nambudiri","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000192","url":null,"abstract":"The increased use of neuroimaging has revealed a variety of malformations of cortical development (MCDs) presenting with a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including psychotic illnesses. Non-adherence with antipsychotic medication is a common barrier to the effective treatment for psychosis. This case illustrates improved treatment acceptance and adherence following the diagnosis of two separate MCDs (bilateral periventricular heterotopia and focal cortical dysplasia) in a 48-year-old Caucasian male with psychosis. By incorporating the neuroimaging findings into a cognitive behavioral therapy approach, the patient was more amenable to accepting psychotropic medications including long-acting risperidone injection. This in turn led to an improvement in his overall functioning. Furthermore, this case adds to the literature by describing the first instance of psychotic symptoms occurring in the setting of both bilateral periventricular heterotopia and focal cortical dysplasia.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87844646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Melatonin for Sleep Disorders in Children with Cerebral Palsy","authors":"D. Romeo, G. Olivieri, C. Brogna","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000201","url":null,"abstract":"Sleep disorders are more frequent in in children with Cerebral Palsy than in typically developing children. Although no sleep interventions or trials specifically designed for sleep disorders in children with CP are reported in the literature, the use of melatonin has been proposed in improving sleep quality in these patients.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"5 1","pages":"201-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83324079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-target Therapy for Subcellular Incompatibility in Brain Disorders","authors":"Jin-Hui Wang, Shan Cui","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000200","url":null,"abstract":"Most brain disorders are caused by a number of pathogenic factors, which lead to the pathological impairment in subcellular organelles and compartments. Recent studies indicate that pathological changes in certain brain disorders include the incoordination among different nerve cells and the incompatibility among subcellular compartments. In this regard, therapeutic strategies for these brain disorders are better to act on multiple molecular and cellular targets in order to correct the neuron-specific incoordination and the subcellular incompatibility. The strategy of multi-target therapy is expected to be advanced to that of single-target therapy that leads to long-term drug-resistance or drugdependence. In this mini-review, we summarize the data about subcellular incompatibility in certain brain disorders (such as epilepsy, anxiety and depression) and propose the therapeutic principle of multiple targets for their treatments.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"195 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76016497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auditory Processing of Speech and Non-Speech Stimuli in Children who Stutter: Electrophysiological Evidences","authors":"Isabela Crivellaro Gonçalves, C. R. Andrade, C. G. Matas","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000199","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Current scientific evidence supports the hypothesis that people who stutter have anomalous connections in auditory regions of the left hemisphere. Thus, it is reasonable to suppose that abnormal results in auditory evoked potentials may be related to this type of disorder. In the present study, Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR) using stimuli of different complexities were recorded in order to investigate possible neural synchrony deficits in children who stutter (CWS). \u0000Methods: Ten CWS aged between seven and 11 years and their non-stuttering peers (CWNS) underwent electrophysiological (speech- and click-evoked ABR) assessment. \u0000Results: CWS showed greater variability in latency values, as well as a statistical trend towards significance regarding differences between right and left ears for the interpeak I-III in the click-evoked ABR. In the speech-evoked ABR, the latency values of wave C and the amplitude of VA complex were significantly higher in CWS. \u0000Conclusions: The results suggest that CWS present differences in neural processes related to the processing of acoustic information, when compared to typically developing children, especially when more complex stimuli, such as speech, are considered.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75930408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination Treatment of Natural Compounds and Integrative Therapies for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","authors":"A. Olivera, Heather L. Rusch, J. Gill","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000198","url":null,"abstract":"Each year millions of Americans seek acute care for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), which is often associated with a range of debilitating sequelae including cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and motor deficits [1]. New evidence indicates that neuroinflammatory responses, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress may directly contribute to the emergence and maintenance of these chronic postconcussive symptoms (PCS) [2]. In instances of traumatic axonal injury, accumulations of tau and amyloid peptides can form, which may be an early sign of neurodegeneration linked to dementia and Alzheimer’s disease [3]. Given the multiple mechanisms underlying PCS, it is reasonable to suggest that successfully preventing or attenuating PCS cannot be accomplished via pharmacological agents with a single mode of action. Herein, we propose that a combination of natural compounds and intergrative therapies with systemic effect may provide a comprehensive treatment strategy for addressing the secondary injury following mTBI.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"141 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86257092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stem Cells: An Answer to Treat Neurodegeneration?","authors":"B. Saurabh, havkar","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000194","url":null,"abstract":"The demographic studies carried out in India reveal that approximately 10% of the population is over the age of 60. Statistics also reveal that by the year 2021, every seventh person will be a senior citizen. This pattern of ageing poses some serious health issues because with age comes age related disorders. The most pronounced amongst these are the neurodegenerative disorders, which are primarily characterized by neuronal loss /death in the brain or the spinal cord. In the brain, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD) result in loss of neurons, while specific and localized loss of dopaminergic neurons can be seen in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Loss and degeneration of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord is a characteristic feature of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). In India, approximately 6 million people are living with these disorders. Though it is known that these disorders have neural pathologies, the exact mechanism behind neuronal loss is not yet clearly understood. As a result deciphering efficacious treatment methods for such disorders remains elusive. This lack of treatment methods poses a global burden on the society. Research is extensively carried out to target these diseases at a cellular level. Increasing attention over the past few years has been given to the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders by the use of stem cells. This review will focus mainly on current stem cell research carried out for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in context to AD, PD, HD and ALS.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"437 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77347730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Concept of the Development of Brainstem Ischemia in the Setting of Occlusions of the Vertebral Arteries and Radicular and Medullary Arteries in the Presence of the Cervical Spinal Injury","authors":"M. Salkov, Natalia Zozylia, V. Tsymbaliuk, L. Dzyak, Sergey Kozlov, G. Titov, M. Salkova","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000193","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Investigation of the mechanisms of occlusion of the vertebral arteries, radicular medullary arteries and the formation of ischemic of the brainstem. \u0000Methods: We conducted two morphological examinations in the presence of spinal cord trauma in the cervical spine. In the first study we investigated the injured vertebral artery, and in the second study we examined the vertebral artery, spinal cord, basilar artery and brainstem. We conducted a magnetic resonance imaging examination and angiography of the cervical and vertebral arteries in a patient with a dislocation fracture of the cervical region of vertebral column. In the case with a dislocation fracture of the cervical region of vertebral column we conducted a CT and of the injured vertebral arteries, spinal cord and brainstem. A morphological examination indicated the presence of an injury of the vertebral artery wall at the site of the dislocation fracture and arterial thrombosis. \u0000Results: The patient with the dislocation fracture of Ði6-Ði7 one vertebral artery was injured, with no evidence of total occlusion. Morphological examination indicated the presence of an injury of the vertebral artery wall at the site of the dislocation fracture and arterial thrombosis. While investigating the vertebral arteries of the patient with the dislocation fracture of Ði5-Ði6, we revealed an endothelial injury and a thrombus formation in the vertebral, radicular and medullary arteries. In the basilar artery a thromboembolic was revealed. While investigating the brainstem, we revealed ischemia and edema of various degrees of severity. \u0000Conclusion: Thrombosis and occlusion occurs in the arteries in the setting of the trauma of vertebral arteries in consequence of a dislocation fracture. Thrombosis and thromboembolia can impair the condition of patients and to cause ischemia in the brainstem.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79885455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}