Brain disorders & therapy最新文献

{"title":"Pathophysiology of Brain Somatic Interactions in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - Review and Update","authors":"B. Lo, H. Fukuda","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000183","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary summarizes and updates current evidence regarding pathophysiologic mechanisms of brain somatic interactions in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. It discusses primary and secondary injurious processes after aneurysmal rupture. It reviews current state of knowledge of multi-organ involvement in this disease condition, including brain-cardiopulmonary, neuroendocrine and renal manifestations. Emerging evidence is also summarized regarding brain-gastrointestinal, immune and hematologic systems.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78728302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bleeding from an Aneurysm is not Arrested Immediately: Based on Findings on CT Angiography at an Acute Stage in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","authors":"H. Kasuya","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000182","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increasing number of articles of extravasation of contrast material from a ruptured aneurysm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) during CT angiography (CTA) [1-16]. Most of authors regard this phenomenon as rerupture of aneurysm, probably because they believe that bleeding from a ruptured aneurysm is arrested immediately when the intracranial pressure is increased to the level of the systolic blood pressure [17]. In our observation, all patients with active bleeding were severe grade of SAH and all CTA in patients with active bleeding were obtained within 2 hours after symptoms of SAH [15]. We could observe re-rupture from an aneurysm by the extravasation of contrast material from the aneurysm on intra-arterial angiography in patients with marked changes in vital and neurological signs. We have encountered many patients with extravasation of contrast material during CTA without marked neurological deterioration, which may reflect the inclusion of patients with continuous bleeding, as seen with other systematic injuries. It is time to recognize that extravasation from an aneurysm on CTA does not always mean re-rupture and that bleeding from an aneurysm is not arrested immediately [8]. We should take this in mind and it might be advisable to wait at least a few hours after the onset of symptoms for invasive examinations, treatments, and even transfer to a stroke center in severe grade SAH patients [15].","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75135349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superficial Siderosis Following Posterior Fossa Exploration","authors":"James Gauci, R. Grech, J. Aquilina","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000184","url":null,"abstract":"A 70 year old lady presented with symptoms and signs suggesting lesions in the vestibulocochlear nerve, the cerebellum and brainstem. Features on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain led to the diagnosis of superficial siderosis. This condition is a very rare neurodegenerative disorder characterised by deposition of haemosiderin in several areas of the nervous system. This occurs a result of recurrent bleeding in the subarachnoid space. Various sources of chronic bleeding have been implicated, including dural defects, neoplasms or arterio-venous malformations. Whilst presenting symptoms depend on the site of haemosiderin deposition, there is a predilection for the eight cranial nerve, the cerebellum and brainstem. The investigation of choice is magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, and linear hypointensity is pathognomonic. Early identification of this condition will obviate the need for further, extensive investigation of the patient’s symptoms. It will also enable the physician to search for an underlying, potentially treatable cause. Our patient gave a history of posterior fossa exploration half a century prior to her current presentation, suggesting the presence of a dural defect as the cause of this disorder.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77139760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nosology Lesions of the White Matter of the Brain in Newborns and Young Children","authors":"V. Vlasyuk","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000185","url":null,"abstract":"Important problem of children's neurology is development of a nosology of lesions of the white matter of the brain at newborn children. It is primarily about such diverse lesions as Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL), Diffuse Leukomalacia (DFL), Subcortical Leukomalacia (SL), Telentsefalic Gliosis (TG; synonyms: Perinatal Telentsefalic Leukoencephalopathy), Periventricular Hemorrhagic Infarction (PHI) and Multicystic Leukomalacia. All lesions have their own characteristics in the etiology, pathogenesis and clinic, which are not sufficiently developed [1].","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85305105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival after Total vs. Partial Removal of Low Grade Gliomas","authors":"Nikolaos Sakellaridis, George Bourzinos","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000186","url":null,"abstract":"We have collected a series of 102 operated oligodendrogliomas [2]. Our results confirm that total tumor vs. partial tumor or biopsy removal offered a statistically significant extended survival postoperatively. This survival advantage was lost when we measured survival after first symptoms of the disease: For statistical analysis life table analysis and logrank test have been performed. The results for total vs. partial tumor removal were 0,3049 after first symptoms and 0,0250 postoperatively. The second but not the first result is statistically significant.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73066445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Diagnostic Approach for Adult Oligodendroglioma and Oligoastrocytoma","authors":"J. Schittenhelm","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000187","url":null,"abstract":"Diffuse gliomas with clear cell morphology are represented in the 2007 WHO classification of brain tumors as oligoastrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas of grades II and III. Although preoperative neuroimaging of these brain tumors are often successful, histopathologic evaluation of neurosurgically removed tumor specimens is still required for a definite diagnosis and subsequent molecular analysis. Such CNS tumors show an extensive variety of histological and cytological appearance making diagnosis in clear cell gliomas somewhat difficult, especially as oligoastrocytomas are often less clearly defined. There is an ongoing debate whether these tumors indeed constitute an entity or whether they represent a mixed bag containing both astrocytomas and oligodendroglioma. Recent advances with molecular data on these tumors have a major impact on neuopathological typing, prognosis and therapy of the patients. This neuro-oncologic review focuses on neuropathological and molecular features of the different types of diffusely infiltrating gliomas. Core features and distinct patterns and variants are also introduced and illustrated. Recent advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular biology have contributed to an improved classification and are discussed. Different methodologies for molecular analysis of 1p/19q codeletion, ATRX loss, MGMT promoter methylation and isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations are presented in detail and their prognostic and predictive implications for therapy are discussed.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84937660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can a permanent damaged brain be repairable in the phase of chronic stroke","authors":"Zhao LiRu","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.S1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.S1.003","url":null,"abstract":"S and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are leading cause of human death and disability across the globe. Unfortunately, there are very few effective therapies for stroke and TBI patients. Most previous and current experimental treatments have focused on affecting one signaling pathway, regulating an individual membrane protein/channel/receptor (e.g. NMDA receptor) or targeting one type of cell death mechanism (e.g. apoptosis). The failure of many clinical trials that have used these approaches in recent years has generated the consensus that for a therapy to be effective against complicated CNS disorders such as cerebral ischemia and TBI, it requires overwhelming protective effects on multiple pathways and multiple cell types. So far, there has been no therapy that is truly multifaceted and clinically feasible for acute stroke/TBI patients. One potential therapy, however, stands out for its versatile protective effects on the brain, heart and other organs: Hypothermia therapy. Mild-to-moderate hypothermia has shown remarkable neuroprotective effects (up to 90% infarct reduction) against brain ischemia in animal and human studies. Some of the drawbacks to available cooling techniques of physical means are that they are slow (3 hrs) and not practical, which have hampered clinical applications of hypothermia therapy. Thus, chemical compounds that can be utilized for hypothermia therapy have long been sought after for clinical treatments. Using drug-induced hypothermia, it is expected that even a small drop in body temperature (1-2°C) is beneficial for preventing the detrimental post-injury hyperthermia, delay the evolution of the secondary injury, and thereafter extend the therapeutic window for other interventions. We have developed novel neurotensin derivatives such as ABS201, ABS601, and ABS363 that can pass through the blood-brain barrier to induce “regulated hypothermia”, reducing body and brain temperature by 3-5°C in around 30 min without causing shivering. Systemic studies, blood tests, and autopsy examinations showed no toxic or adverse effects of these compounds. Post-ischemic administration of these compounds markedly attenuates ischemiainduced neuronal cell death, blood-brain barrier damage and improved functional recovery. In a hemorrhagic stroke model of the mouse, ABS201 administration 24 hrs after the onset of stroke still showed significant neuroprotection and functional benefits. Our recent investigation also showed protective effects of drug-induced hypothermia against TBI. These compounds thus provide a novel therapy that takes full advantage of therapeutic hypothermia but with no obvious side effects. It is expected that drug-induced hypothermia can be developed as a new category of global brain protection drugs and help to translate the chemical/pharmacological hypothermic therapy into clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85491931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel strategy to improve stroke therapy","authors":"S. Ansar","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.S1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.S1.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82103358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Multi-Disciplinary Psycho-Education for Hospitalized Schizophrenia Patients: The Key Factors for Re-Hospitalization","authors":"T. Tsuneoka, K. Hori, Atsuko Inamoto, Satoru Sugisawa, Tomohiro Ikeda, A. Iwanami","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000181","url":null,"abstract":"Object: We discovered the relationship between any experience and discharge, readmitted. Psycho-education effect schizophrenia patients to discharge. Cognitive function is most important factor about re-admission. \u0000Backgrounds: Today, in Japanese psychiatric hospital, more and more patients are taking an early discharge. This trend has caused a major concern in the psychiatric hospitals because more number patients are being re-hospitalized within a few months after their first discharge. \u0000Methods: We have conducted an experiment in which we offered multi-disciplinary psycho-education to 160 schizophrenia patients. The experiment was conducted in the time span of nearly three years (Dec. 2009-Jul. 2013), with all the patients’ agreement. The patients showed significant improvement in all of the following when compared with prior to the psycho-education: GAF, SAI-J, DAI-10, and objective SCORS-J. Comparing the 137 patients who were able to discharge with 23 patients who were not. And we comparing the 22 patients who re-admitted within one year and the 77 who were not. \u0000Results: Comparing discharge or not, there was no significant difference in the amount of CP. However, there was a great improvement in PANSS, BPRS, GAF, SAI-J, and both objective and subjective SCORS-J. Comparing re-admitted or not, PANSS, BPRS and most of other indicators showed any noticeable difference, objective SCORS-J showed a trend that non-readmitted patients had higher scores. \u0000Conclusions: This research suggests the potential of psycho-education’s function for schizophrenia patients as a preventive measure of re-hospitalization, and the significance of cognitive function as a critical factor.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88272759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case of Retrocollis and Ophthalmoplegia Due to Progressive SupranuclearPalsy (PSP)","authors":"Aiesha Ahmed","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000i103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000i103","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88108378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}