Brain disorders & therapy最新文献

{"title":"White Matter and Disease: Does Brain have a Role in Initiating Diseases","authors":"Ahed J. Alkhatib","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000E124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000E124","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies reported that the lesions of white matter (WMLs) are considered as asymptomatic lesions [7,8]. There are two types of WMLs. The first type is deep subcortical white matter (DSWMH), while the second type is periventricular (PVH) hyper-intensities. From a clinical point of view, WMLs have the potential of escalating the risk of ischemic stroke, dementia, and death [9,10]. WMLs are associated with different risk factors such as age, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and carotid stenosis [11-13].","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88694416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric Definition of Alzheimer's Disease Stages by Means of The Tomography Dementia Rating Scale (TDR)","authors":"I. Maksimovich","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000238","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The research is dedicated to developing an objective method for determining dementia severity in patients with different AD stages. The method is based on morphometric analysis of specific atrophic changes in temporal lobes detected during cerebral CT and MRI and it allows differentiating these particular changes from those common for other cerebral neurodegenerative diseases. \u0000Materials and Methods: 1105 patients aged 28 years to 81 years (mean age 75) were examined: 786 men (71.13%), 319 women (28.61%), 93 had different AD stages-test group, 1012 had another neurodegenerative diseasescontrol group. \u0000Results: The scale of dementia stages during AD, Tomography Dementia Rating Scale (TDR), was developed, allowing to determine dementia severity with objective, morphometrically grounded data of atrophic changes in temporal lobes obtained during CT and MRI: \u00001. Preclinical AD stage-TDR-0: results from atrophic changes in temporal lobes with 4% to 8% tissue mass decrease and cognitive functions decline equal to 26 to 28 MMSE points. \u00002. Early AD stage-TDR-1: mild dementia resulting from atrophic changes in temporal lobes with 9% to 18% tissue mass decrease, corresponds to CDR-1, is accompanied by cognitive functions decline equal to 20 to 25 MMSE points. \u00003. Middle AD stage-TDR-2: moderate dementia resulting from atrophic changes in temporal lobes with 19% to 32% tissue mass decrease, corresponds to CDR-2, cognitive functions decline is equal to 12 to 19 MMSE points. \u00004. Late AD stage-TDR-3: severe dementia resulting from atrophic changes in temporal lobes with 33% to 62% tissue mass decrease, corresponds to CDR-3, cognitive functions decline is equal to MMSE 7 to 11 points. \u00005. Control group patients did not have any similar changes. \u0000Conclusion: The proposed objective, morphometrically validated TDR scale allows to identify preclinical and clinical AD stages; it is easy to use and is complementary to the clinical dementia rating scale. Besides, this scale makes it possible to differentiate AD from other neurodegenerative diseases.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87361544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can We Eradicate Brain Disorders or Is It Just Part of Our Society","authors":"N. FamoryCamara, Emmanuel Binyet","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000237","url":null,"abstract":"Anyone can be affected by brain disorders, but your risk factors are dissimilar for different types of brain disorders. Any of the diverse disorders linked with the human brain, including trauma, stroke, and tumors can be distinguished as brain disorder.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"84 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88109309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Impairments in Aphasic Stroke Patients: Clinical Implicationsfor Diagnosis and Rehabilitation: A Review Study","authors":"I. Salako, Gerald C. Imaezue","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000236","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to undertake a narrative review of qualitative studies on the operational mechanism of non-linguistic modalities connected to language. \u0000Introduction: Post-stroke aphasia has received much attention lately due to the debilitating effects it has on patient's communication skills. Research has shown that language plays a centralized role in human cognition and therefore, cognitive impairments usually co-occur with language disturbances due to the interrelatory and complementary function of higher cognitive skills. \u0000Methods: Keyword searches of Pubmed, manual searches of other relevant journals and reference lists of related articles. \u0000Results: Data gathered revealed that language is a complex cognitive skill which plays a central role in human cognition. Therefore, it is directly connected to other higher cognitive skills and as such should not be assessed in isolation. Deficits in cognitive skills like attention, memory and executive functions may impair language functions and if left untreated can hinder and slow down language recovery despite aphasia therapy. \u0000Conclusions: A cognitive-linguistic method of assessment for evaluating language abilities in post-stroke survivors with aphasia should be utilised. Also, emphasis should be laid on redeveloping the non-linguistic skill affected while aphasia therapy is been provided in other to achieve optimum restoration of linguistic skills.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"189 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80318925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Current Utilization of Cognitive Tests in the Research of Radiation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Rodent Models","authors":"X. Li, Lie-song Chen, Li Zhang, Ye Tian","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000235","url":null,"abstract":"Whole brain irradiation using low LET rays has remained the mainstay to treat some primary and metastatic brain tumors. Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction is a progressive and irreversible late side effect after whole brain irradiation and inevitably decreases the quality of life of cancer survivors. To address this negative issue, many studies have been performed to explore the mechanisms of radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction and to develop efficacious preventive and treating measures. The prerequisite and foundation of implementing a persuasive and profound study to investigate radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction is the utilization of widely acknowledged animal models and universally applied cognitive tests. In this review, articles studying radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction from 2011 to 2016 were collected. The establishment of animal models and detailed utilization of cognitive tests were analyzed and summarized. This review summarized the general range of irradiation doses and time intervals utilized and the effects of these two factors on the results of cognitive tests.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"75 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82114751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Social Isolation as a Risk Factor in Development of AlzheimerâÂÂs Disease in Rats","authors":"A. Ali, M. Khalil, Hemat A. Elariny, Karema Abu-Elfotuh","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000230","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to memory loss. It is characterized by deposition of Beta-amyloid peptides (Aβ), accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and cell loss. Social isolation may exacerbate memory deficits. The risk of cognitive decline and the onset of AD may be lower by maintaining social connections and keeping mentally active. The relationship between frequent social activity and enhancing cognitive functions has been established. \u0000Objective: Study the influence of complete social isolation for a long period on biochemical and histopathological changes as well as DNA fragmentation in the brain of normal rats. In addition, investigate the possible interaction between social isolation and development of AD using isolation-associated AD rat model. \u0000Methods: Four groups of rats were used; 2 groups socialized and 2 isolated for four weeks. One of each socialized and isolated groups were served as control and the other served as AD groups and injected by ALCl3 (70 mg/kg, IP) every day during four weeks of isolation or socialization. Isolated rats were housed individually in cages covered with black plastic while socialized rats were randomly paired and housed in transparent covered cages. Biochemical changes in the brain as acetyl cholinesterase (ACHE), Aβ, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), monoamins (Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine), inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β), oxidative parameters (MDA, SOD, TAC) and DNA fragmentation were estimated for all groups. Histopathological changes in the brain were also evaluated. \u0000Results: Complete social isolation for a long period resulted in brain neurological damage indicated by significant increase in Aβ, ACHE, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β as well as decreases in SOD, TAC, BDNF, and monoamines and confirmed by histopathological changes in different brain regions. Brain neurological damage was more severe in isolation-associated AD than in socialized condition. Isolation also enhanced the DNA fragmentation induced by AD. \u0000Conclusion: Complete social isolation for a long period induces brain neuronal degenerations. It represents a risk factor especially when associated with AD; it increases DNA fragmentation and enhances the severity of AD development. Thus, socialization is advised especially with AD to avoid worsen or deterioration of the disease.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84221527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional and cerebral metabolites evaluation of single episode mTBI with MRS and DTI","authors":"Suresh Kumar","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X-C1-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X-C1-013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85706961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiological and Clinical Features of Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation in Newborn Infants and, the Results of Endovascular Interventional Treatment: 10-Years Experience","authors":"Sinan Tufekci, Z. Ince, B. Yaşa, Meltem Bor, M. Barburoglu, S. Sencer, A. Coban","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000234","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To assess the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of newborn infants with a diagnosis of Vein of Galen Malformation (VGAM)during a 10-year period. \u0000Method: Eight patients with a diagnosis of VGAM in the neonatal period were assessed retrospectively in terms of clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment strategies and follow-up. Three of four patients who survived had neurological assessment whereas one was lost to follow-up because of moving to another city. \u0000Results: Seven of 8 patients had an antenatal diagnosis. In all cases, severe heart failure and pulmonary hypertension were present from the first day of life and hypotension, multiorgan failure, hydrocephaly and seizures developed in the following days. VGAM and its feeder arteries were mapped by cranial magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography. Transarterial embolization therapy was performed on 7 patients, of whom four babies survived and three babies died, while one patient died before any intervention. \u0000Conclusion: The mortality and morbidity rates of VGAM is high because of its mixed anatomy, pathophysiology and characteristic features leading to severe neurological sequelae in the survivors. Prognosis in high risk neonates can be improved with aggressive medical support and early endovascular embolization therapy.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"25 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77832594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suvorexant as an Adjunctive Treatment for Insomnia Prior toDiscontinuation of Benzodiazepines: Prevention of Withdrawal Syndromeand Rebound Insomnia","authors":"S. Yokoyama, T. Tsuneoka, K. Hori, O. Takashio, Satoru Sugisawa, Sumiko Nakamura, Nobuyuki Saga, Eriko Ono, and Akira Iwanami","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000233","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To examine whether concurrent use of benzodiazepines (BZDs) affects continuation rates for suvorexant. \u0000Background: A wider range of different BZDs and similar drugs are available on prescription in Japan than in other countries, making prescribing more complicated. Safety has only been indicated for the use of suvorexant as monotherapy in primary insomnia. Understanding the safety of concurrent use of suvorexant with other drugs could simplify prescriptions for insomnia. \u0000Material and Methods: We obtained the prescription records of patients who were hospitalized or attended outpatient appointments, and were prescribed suvorexant, at Showa University Karasuyama Hospital between November 2014 and April 2016. \u0000Results: Patients prescribed suvorexant were retrospectively surveyed for drug discontinuation as indicated in their medical records. Among 326 patients who were prescribed suvorexant during the study period, use of the medication could not be confirmed in 20 patients, who were therefore excluded. This left a final study sample of 306 patients. We could track 289 patients up until day 90. There were no significant differences observed between patients treated with a BZD combination (54.0%) and those not treated with a combination (46.0%) in terms of medication continuation across the 90-day observation period (Exp(B)=1.304, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.827-2.057, P=0.253). The rates of side effect onset were also not significantly different. \u0000Conclusion: We observed that concurrent use of BZD was not related to withdrawal from suvorexant in patients being treated for insomnia.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"89 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86600126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sudden Unexpected Death in ParkinsonâÂÂs Disease and thePharmacological Modulation of the Ca2+/cAMP Signaling Interaction: AShot of Good News","authors":"A. Caricati‐Neto, Fulvio Alex, R. Scorza, Carla Aless, R. Scorza, R. Cysneiros, S. Francisco, Royce Rodrigues, Le, ro Bueno Bergantin","doi":"10.4172/2168-975X.1000231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-975X.1000231","url":null,"abstract":"This discusses how pharmacological modulation of the Ca2+/cAMP signaling interaction could be an important neuroprotective and cardioprotective strategy to protect the dopaminergic neurons from cell death related to Parkinson’s disease (PD) and at the same time to prevent the cardiac collapse in sudden unexpected death in PD.","PeriodicalId":9146,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders & therapy","volume":"605 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77448648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}