Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences)最新文献

{"title":"First Reported Occurrence of the Southern Sea Otter Enhydra lutris lutris at California's Santa Barbara Island Since 1940","authors":"Michael C. Couffer","doi":"10.3160/SOCA-116-01-46-50.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3160/SOCA-116-01-46-50.1","url":null,"abstract":"Sea otters once ranged along the North Pacific rim from the northern Japanese islands to mid-Baja California, Mexico. There are three recognized subspecies of sea otters: the Russian or Asian sea otter (Enhydra lutris lutris); the Alaskan or northern sea otter (E. 1. kenyoni); and the California or southern sea otter (E. 1. nereis) (Wilson et al. 1991). The southern sea otter occupies the most southerly range, with populations in only two areas of California: the mainland coastline from San Mateo County to Santa Barbara County and San Nicolas Island, Ventura County.1 Historically, 16,000-20,000 sea otters are believed to have resided in the area that is now California.2 The southern sea otter was afforded protection in California by the California Department of Fish and Game in 1913.3 In the 1970s, the California population of sea otters was restricted to the Central California coast.4 Primarily due to concerns about the vulnerability of this population to oil spills, the southern sea otter was listed as threatened by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (the Service) under the Endangered Species Act in 1977.5 The Service approved the first recovery plan for the southern sea otter in 19826 and released a final environmental impact statement in 1987. This EIS evaluated several options including translocating southern sea otters from California’s central coast in an attempt to form a discrete colony of animals at San Nicolas Island, located 111 km (60 nm) off the Southern California coastline.7,8 Through translocation, the Service hoped to establish a self-sustaining southern sea otter population at a location within their historic range, but well away from the central coast population to lessen the risk to the species should a natural or man-made catastrophe decimate the central coast population. To achieve project goals, the San Nicolas Island colony would","PeriodicalId":90803,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences)","volume":"28 1","pages":"46 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85135551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Oral Structure in Salmonema emphemeridarum (Nematoda: Spirurida: Cystidicolidae)","authors":"R. Appy","doi":"10.3160/soca-116-01-51-53.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3160/soca-116-01-51-53.1","url":null,"abstract":"The morphology of the oral region is important in the identification of adult and larval parasitic nematodes. This is nowhere more true than in the assignment of cystidicolid nematodes of fishes to one of approximately 23 genera. However, the small size of the anterior end of these worms has complicated identification of worms (Moravec 2007) and resulted in a poor understanding of the morphology of oral structures, including the oral structure of infective/third stage larvae/juveniles, which are found in crustacean and insects. The purpose of this study is to utilize Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to document the morphogenesis of oral structures of the cystidicolid nematode Salmonema emphemeridarum (Linstow 1872) and to provide information on the certainty of the identification of third stage larva to genus and species. Adult female worms were collected from brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell 1814), captured in Rocky Saugeen River, Ontario, Canada in June 1987. Larvated eggs were fed to larval mayflies (Ephemeroptera) collected from the Eramosa River where it passes under Stone Road, Guelph Ontario (43.547363, -80.1997499). Mayflies successfully infected included Stenonema ithaca, Stenonema sp. and Isonychia sp. No nematode larvae were found in 60 mayflies collected at this locality, and no salmonids are present in this portion of the Eramosa River (Osmond 1971). Mayflies were held in an aquarium at 21oC and examined for parasite larvae at intervals for 62 days. Adult worms used for SEM were from natural infection of the brook trout. Worms processed for SEM were cleaned in saline preserved in 1.25% gluteraldehyde, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in an ethanol series, critical point dried using CO2, mounted on stubs, coated with gold palladium alloy and viewed with a Jeol (Model JSM 35-C) scanning electron microscope. General terminology follows Anderson et al. (2009) and terminology of the oral morphology of third-stage and adult worms follows Appy (1981). First stage larvae, present one to five days post infection (dpi), possessed an oral opening, a pore, and a hooked tooth (Fig. 1A). Second stage larvae (11 to 17 dpi) possessed a smooth circular oral opening, with presumptive lateral amphids (Fig. 1B). Oral structures of the third stage larva (>17 dpi) are visible inside the oral opening of some molting second stage larvae. The oral structure of third stage larvae consisted of a dorsoventrally elongate oral opening with broad, relatively flat pseudolabia emanating from the cuticular lining of the buccal cavity (stoma) (Fig. 1C). The sublabia appear contiguous ventrally and dorsally and their apical surface appears smooth. Four cephalic papillae and amphidial openings are visible. The oral morphology of adult worms is similar to third stage larvae except that in adults the sublabia appear disconnected ventrally and dorsally and have an indentation forming two lobes (Fig. 1D). While SEM has become more common in the de","PeriodicalId":90803,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences)","volume":" 24","pages":"51 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3160/soca-116-01-51-53.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72497701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Species of Lepeophtheirus (Copepoda; Caligidae) Parasitic on Three Kelpfish Species (Clinidae) from the Southern California Coast","authors":"J. Passarelli, D. Tang","doi":"10.3160/soca-116-01-1-16.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3160/soca-116-01-1-16.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrac A new copepod species, Lepeophtheirus schaadti n. sp., is established based on female and male specimens obtained from the Giant Kelpfish, Heterostichus rostratus Girard, 1854, and Striped Kelpfish, Gibbonsia metzi Hubbs, 1927, captured at Inner Cabrillo Beach in southern California, U.S.A. In addition, comparisons with copepod specimens identified by Wilson (1935) as L. parviventris Wilson, 1905 from the Spotted Kelpfish, Gibbonsia elegans (Cooper, 1864), in Newport Bay, California, revealed they are conspecific with L. schaadti n. sp. The new species differs from its congeners by a combination of characters that include: female with a genital complex that is more than half the length of the cephalothoracic shield and with posterolateral lobes, an abdomen that is composed of one somite and is less than one-quarter the length of the genital complex, a maxillulary dentiform process bearing a thin ridge on the inner tine and lacking a basal knob, no myxal process on the maxilliped, apically rounded tines on the sternal furca, the spine on the first exopodal segment of leg 3 inserted distally on the basal swelling, a 3-segmented leg 4 exopod, and a broad inner lobe of leg 5 that does not extend beyond the posterior margin of the genital complex; and male with three accessory claws on the antennal endopod and no myxal process on the maxilliped. L. schaadti n. sp. represents the first account of an ectoparasitic species from the Striped Kelpfish and Spotted Kelpfish, as well as the fourth ectoparasitic species reported from the Giant Kelpfish.","PeriodicalId":90803,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences)","volume":"14 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82062951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abnormal Coloration in Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis)","authors":"V. Bleich","doi":"10.3160/soca-116-01-54-59.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3160/soca-116-01-54-59.1","url":null,"abstract":"Reports of abnormal coloration in wild vertebrates are encountered frequently in the literature. Abnormal white coloration manifests itself as albinism or leucism, and those terms are often used interchangeably, albeit erroneously (Curatolo 1979; McCardle 2012). Albinistic individuals are characterized by a complete lack of pigmentation in the skin and hair and have pink eyes; leucistic individuals (Fig. 1), however, are deficient in pigmentation and are white in color, but exhibit pigmented skin and eyes that are normally colored or blue (Abreu et al. 2013 for review). Leucism is a double-recessive trait (Cruickshank and Robinson 1997); hence, normally colored parents have the potential to produce leucistic offspring, but the genetics of albinism should not be confused with the genetics of leucism (Searle 1968). Piebaldism involves a lack of pigmentation (Abreu et al. 2013) in some parts of the body, and piebald individuals are characterized by normally colored eyes (Fertl and Rosel 2002; Acevedo and Aguayo 2008). Miller (2005) noted that piebaldism has been referred to as partial albinism by some investigators, whereas others have not considered the differences between piebaldism and leucism; thus, the terminology associated with reports of abnormally pigmented animals frequently is confounded (Abreu et al. 2013). Melanistic individuals exhibit dark or even black pelage or appendages resulting from the excessive deposition of melanin, and this condition occurs less frequently than does albinism (Sage 1963). Shackleton (1985) had reported an absence of records of abnormal coloration in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) despite published reports of white-colored individuals (Jonez 1958; Hansen 1965a; Cooper 1974; O’Connor 1974; Wilson et al. 1975; McQuivey 1975, 1978; Jones 1980). Individuals exhibiting piebaldism also had been previously described (Hansen 1965a, 1965b), as had melanistic bighorn sheep (O’Connor 1974) and others whose coloration was described by Bunch and Nguyen (1982) as “melanistic black”. Similar to Shackleton’s (1985) report, McCardle (2012) did not include any records of white, albinistic, or leucistic bighorn sheep in a much more recent review. My interest in this subject dates to 1976—when I learned that ≥2 white-colored individuals had been seen in the Clark Mountain Range, San Bernardino County, California—and I have since then recorded all records of abnormally colored bighorn sheep that I became aware of. I also used several web-based bibliographic databases (EBSCOhost, JSTOR, Google Scholar, Harzing’s Publish or Perish) and a web-based search engine (Google) to search for words or phrases (albinistic, leucistic, piebald, melanistic, pelage color, etc.) specific to abnormal coloration in bighorn sheep and reviewed results of those searches for references to abnormal coloration in that species. Additionally, I contacted numerous bighorn sheep biologists and other colleagues in the United States and Canada, as well as guid","PeriodicalId":90803,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences)","volume":"49 1","pages":"54 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73835631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Range Expansion of the Eastern Fox Squirrel within the Greater Los Angeles Metropolitan Area (2005 – 2014) and Projections for Continued Range Expansion","authors":"R. Garcia, A. Muchlinski","doi":"10.3160/soca-116-01-33-45.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3160/soca-116-01-33-45.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrac Monitoring the spread and distribution of introduced species in an area can be challenging due to a variety of issues. Range expansion may exceed expected rates if the area of introduction is more suitable than expected, and may be slowed by an area in which it is difficult to establish a population. The species of interest in this study is the Eastern Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger rufiventer) and the focus of the study is the spread of the species in Southern California. Previous studies have shown a steady and continuous spread from main points of introduction in Southern California and the species is now considered well established in the region. In this study, we collected and mapped new location data within Southern California. We discuss the spread of the Eastern Fox Squirrel in this area from 2005 through 2014 and include habitat suitability models to project the potential future distribution of the species. Results show that the Eastern Fox Squirrel has spread east into Rancho Cucamonga, into southern portions of Irvine, and has maintained isolated populations in places such as San Diego and Riverside. Our models suggest potential future paths of movement for contiguous range expansion.","PeriodicalId":90803,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences)","volume":"34 1","pages":"33 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89920653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Records of Wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri (Scombridae), from California","authors":"Richard F. Feeney, R. Lea","doi":"10.3160/soca-115-03-198-200.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3160/soca-115-03-198-200.1","url":null,"abstract":"The summers of 2014 and 2015 generated many tales of warm-water fishes being caught in the local southern California sport fishery, including Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), Blue Marlin (Makaira nigricans), Shortbill Spearfish (Tetrapturus angustirostris), Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares), and Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) among other tropical species. The news media (both print and television), sport fishing reports, and photographic records of Wahoo caught off California were numerous. For example, Phil Friedman (PFORadio.com) reported Wahoo being caught at 14-Mile Bank, off Orange County (33◦23.92′N, 118◦00.20′W) on October 4, 2015. Alex Dobuzinskis (Reuters, November 13, 2015) reported that in 2015 there were 256 catches of Wahoo by party boats from Southern California according to Chad Woods of the Sportfishingreport.com. Currently, Kells, Rocha, and Allen (2016) list the range as “recently recorded from Newport Beach and San Diego, CA. Historically south of the U.S.-Mexican border to Peru, including southern Gulf of California and Galápagos Islands.” There have been unsubstantiated reports from previous years. Pete Thomas writes of a Wahoo being snagged in Alamitos Bay in 20101, but, it may have been transported there by longrange fishing vessel and released. In the period of 1997-99 while compiling records of tropical fishes occurring off California during the 1997-1998 El Niño event, Lea and Rosenblatt (2000) received several reports of Wahoo being caught off southern California. However, without photo documentation or a substantiating specimen, these reports were not included. A search of all the museum online databases revealed no preserved museum specimens from north of the United States – Mexico boundary. There is one LACM specimen (37950-1) from the San Pedro Fish Market, California, recorded in 1966 (a year of normal sea surface temperature) but with no specific locality data. This specimen could have reached the market from anywhere in the eastern tropical Pacific. To date, there have been no museum specimens preserved from California waters, this being the first. The first Wahoo documented from California was caught on August 30, 2014 and weighed in at the Balboa Angling Club in Newport Beach (Western Outdoor News, Sept. 5, 2014). The fish was caught by Eric Kim about 32 km (20 mi.) off Newport near the 267 spot (approx. 33◦18′N, 117◦50′W). It measured 152.4 cm (60 in.) in length and weighed 22.7 kg (50.1 lbs.). Following this catch there were at least eight additional Wahoo landed in September. These came from three areas: off San Diego (9 Mile Bank and Hidden Bank), San Clemente Island, and the waters outside Dana Point. Weights for these fish were from 15.9 to 21.5 kg (35 to 47.3 lbs.). In late October, a 38.2 kg (84.3 lbs.) fish was caught out of Dana Point Harbor; the water was 22.7◦ C (72.8◦ F)2. In October there were several reports of Wahoo, in the 18-22 kg (40-48 lbs.) range that were landed by spear fishermen3.","PeriodicalId":90803,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences)","volume":"8 1","pages":"198 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78271571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Factors Influencing Reproduction in a Temperate Marine Reef Goby, Rhinogobiops nicholsii, and Associated Behaviors","authors":"Michael J. Schram, M. Steele","doi":"10.3160/0038-3872-115.3.176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3160/0038-3872-115.3.176","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The blackeye goby is a protogynous reef fish common to the northeastern Pacific Ocean. While this ubiquitous species has been the focus of numerous studies, there are several aspects of its reproductive ecology that are unknown. By directly quantifying reproduction from digital photographs of blackeye goby nests in the field, this study aimed to determine whether reproductive patterns were linked to 1) lunar phase or 2) ambient water temperature; and 3) whether the behavior of gobies changed when a nearby conspecific had eggs in his nest. At Santa Catalina Island, California, twenty 2.25-m2 artificial reefs were established and stocked with similar numbers and size-distributions of blackeye gobies during the summers of 2012 and 2013. Photographs of nests were taken weekly for ∼3 months each summer. Through analysis of photographs, incubation time was found to be more than 7 days but less than 14 days. Nests, each guarded by one male, contained an average of 8664 eggs, in an area of 43.8 cm2, with 215 eggs cm−2. Blackeye gobies laid eggs during all lunar phases and the number of eggs produced was not related to lunar phase. Reproductive output, however, was negatively correlated with water temperature, with populations on reefs that experienced cooler temperatures producing more eggs. The presence of eggs in a nest had little effect on behavior of blackeye gobies on that reef. Additional observations made outside of summer months indicated that blackeye gobies can reproduce year-round in southern California. These results suggest a reproductive strategy aimed at maximizing total reproductive output by spreading the risk of reproductive failure throughout the year rather than optimizing the timing of reproduction.","PeriodicalId":90803,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences)","volume":"1 1","pages":"176 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73178161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Largemouth Blenny, Labrisomus xanti, New to the California Marine Fauna with a List of and Key to the Species of Labrisomidae, Clinidae, and Chaenopsidae found in California Waters","authors":"M. Love, J. Passarelli, Ben Cantrell, P. Hastings","doi":"10.3160/0038-3872-115.3.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3160/0038-3872-115.3.191","url":null,"abstract":"This Research Note is brought to you for free and open access by OxyScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences by an authorized editor of OxyScholar. For more information, please contact cdla@oxy.edu. Recommended Citation Love, Milton S.; Passarelli, Julianne Kalman; Cantrell, Ben; and Hastings, Phillip A. (2016) \"The Largemouth Blenny, Labrisomus xanti, New to the California Marine Fauna with a List of and Key to the Species of Labrisomidae, Clinidae, and Chaenopsidae found in California Waters,\" Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences: Vol. 115: Iss. 3. Available at: https://scholar.oxy.edu/scas/vol115/iss3/5 brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk","PeriodicalId":90803,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences)","volume":"20 1","pages":"191 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79194199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Status of the Endangered Chorro Creek Bog Thistle Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense (Asteraceae) in Coastal Central California","authors":"C. Kofron, N. Havlik","doi":"10.3160/0038-3872-115.3.156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3160/0038-3872-115.3.156","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Chorro Creek bog thistle Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense (Asteraceae) is a biennial or short-lived perennial plant up to 2 m tall that occurs only in San Luis Obispo County, west of the outer coast ranges. It was listed as endangered under the California Endangered Species Act in 1993 and the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1994. Chorro Creek bog thistle is a serpentine endemic, occupying perennial seeps and springs in serpentine soil and rock in western San Luis Obispo County from north of San Simeon Creek to south of the city of San Luis Obispo. At federal listing in 1994 Chorro Creek bog thistle was known from nine occurrences (one of these presumed extirpated) and with an estimate of <3,000 individuals. In 2016 the conservation status of Chorro Creek bog thistle is substantially improved because of an increased number of known occurrences along with an increased number of occurrences that are protected. Only two of nine known occurrences were protected in 1994, whereas 10 of 21 occurrences are protected in 2016. There are many other locations with habitat that have not been searched, in particular on private land. It is highly likely that additional unknown occurrences exist in San Luis Obispo County, and possibly also in Monterey County to the north and Santa Barbara County to the south. In consideration of the available information, we conclude that Chorro Creek bog thistle is still endangered. However, when using the international standards of IUCN, we assign the category data deficient because of the limitations of our data.","PeriodicalId":90803,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences)","volume":"54 1","pages":"156 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78803132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rodent Removal of Fallen Joshua Tree (Yucca brevifolia) Fruits","authors":"M. Borchert","doi":"10.3160/0038-3872-115.3.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3160/0038-3872-115.3.146","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) produce large, indehiscent fruits that contain numerous large seeds. Seed dispersal in this species depends on rodents to dismantle fruits and extract the seeds which they disperse tens of meters from the source. Using camera trapping and fruits tied to bobbins, I show that white-tailed antelope squirrels (Ammospermophilus leucurus) and kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) moved intact, fallen fruits 6 to 7 m from trees before opening them. Pocket mice (Chaetodipus fallax and Perognathus longimembris) and pinyon mice (Peromyscus trueii) dismantled fruits and harvested loose seeds but did not appear to move them although they readily harvested loose seeds. Mobilizing fruits may be an important, overlooked step in the seed dispersal process, especially if the fruits are indehiscent. Fruit-carrying behavior of rodents described in this study adds to the dispersal distance of Joshua tree seeds.","PeriodicalId":90803,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin (Southern California Academy of Sciences)","volume":"47 1","pages":"146 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80828230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}