American journal of public health research最新文献

{"title":"National Determinants of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Policy in Select Countries","authors":"Virginia C. Hughes","doi":"10.12691/ajphr-10-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-10-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"The policies which dictate the scope of embryonic stem cell research around the world are diverse reflecting primarily the country’s culture and posture on the status of a human embryo and beneficent duty in healing persons afflicted with disease. In this retrospective comparative study utilizing logistic regression six national factors were analyzed for their effect on permissive or restrictive human embryonic stem cell policies in fifty countries. These are literacy, age of citizens, type and size of government, religion, and funding. It was hypothesized that a high literacy rate, younger age of citizens, public funding, lower number of legislators, and unicameral government would favor a permissive policy whereas a higher percentage of Catholics, older age of citizens, private funding, greater number of legislators, bicameral government, and low literacy rate would favor a restrictive policy. The variables which were found to be statistically significant (P<.05) were funding and Catholicism. Results indicated public funding had a direct effect on permissive policies and percentage of Catholics in each country had an inverse effect on permissive policies surrounding embryonic stem cell research utilizing logistic regression. Culture will continue to influence the trajectory of embryonic stem cell policy navigating between the moral imperative of protection of the human embryo and curing those afflicted with disease.","PeriodicalId":90785,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health research","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87938818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accountability in Healthcare Organizations; A Survey-Based Study among Patients in Government Hospital, Makkah","authors":"Waad Alhothaly, Mohamed Alhanawi","doi":"10.12691/ajphr-10-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-10-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In recent years, accountability has become a key component of public service reform. Improving accountability has been cited as a factor in improving the health system's efficiency. In health care sector we need to identify the factors influencing accountability in health care organizations those that should be improved. Objective: The goal of this research is to identify the accountability in health care organization from patients’ perceptions. Subjects and Methods: The type of study was a Descriptive “Cross-Sectional Design”. Taken from a special hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. A sample was collected from the 440 patients who was visited in King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC) outpatient department by using online self-made survey questionnaires. Results: Considering the patients’ perceptions on health care organization's accountability, most of the participants agree each statement in all dimensions. When proving the hypothesis, the finding shows that there is significant relationship between accountability in healthcare and dimensions such as professionals in healthcare, Government actions, legal and ethical concerns, and administration and management actions. The correlation matrix and regression analysis show that all the four dimensions have strong correlation with accountability in healthcare settings. Conclusion and Recommendations: Health care leaders will be able to implement the findings of this study to new strategic plan to improve accountability of the patients in healthcare settings in Saudi Arabia. In order to institutionalize improvement of patient’s accountability, Policies, organizations, and procedures must be aligned and integrated. The study findings have important in policy makers to maximize their accountability by focusing on quality, processes, information, involvement, and communication to patients This study strongly recommending to for further multicenter comparative study level, which can include government hospitals and private hospitals.","PeriodicalId":90785,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health research","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83278899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor: Waning Vaccine Immunity and the Need for a Third (Booster) Vaccine to Prevent Breakthrough Infections against COVID-19","authors":"Cameron Y. S. Lee, Jon B. Suzuki","doi":"10.12691/ajphr-10-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-10-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90785,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health research","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81974542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study between ARIMA Model, Holt-Winters – No Seasonal and Fuzzy Time Series for New Cases of COVID-19 in Algeria","authors":"Abdelmounaim Hadjira, Hicham Salhi, Fadoua El Hafa","doi":"10.12691/ajphr-9-6-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-9-6-4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Coronavirus disease has become a worldwide threat affecting almost every country in the world. The spread of the virus is likely to continue unabated. The aim of this study is to compare between Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, Fuzzy time series and Holt-Winters - No seasonal for forecasting the COVID-19 new cases in Algeria.","PeriodicalId":90785,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90290048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of the Effectiveness of Adopted, Applied, and Recommended Malaria Control Techniques within the Southeast Region of Nigeria","authors":"I. Okwelogu, P. C. Amakiri, Gloria E Ahanonu, Odinakachukwu Ogechi Dimgba, Juliet Ogochukwu Ezeigwe, Chidera Gabriel Obi, Cherechi O Nwabueze","doi":"10.12691/AJPHR-9-6-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJPHR-9-6-3","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is a parasitic disease endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Nigeria accounts for about 51 million cases globally and 207000 deaths annually. Different control measures have been adopted to control malaria in the south Eastern region of Nigeria. These measures includes vector control, chemotherapy etc. The most recommended is vector control and it is achieved through the use of insecticide treated nets, pesticides etc. ITNs are effective vector control tools and positively reduces mosquito abundance and serves as barrier to contacts with human hosts but the set back with the ITN use is the difference between ownership and usage . Most people who own ITNs don’t use it. Diagnosis of malaria is vital in the control and treatment of malaria however, in the south eastern part of Nigeria, outcome of studies revealed gap in microscopy expertise and it has led to lots of false positive results. Chemotherapy using ACT is currently subdued due to counterfeit anti malaria drugs in the markets. There are emerging malaria control methods but they are yet to be adopted and applied in the southeastern part of Nigeria. Currently the malaria control methods adopted in Southeastern Nigeria are effective but may not adequately lead to malaria control. It is imperative to augment with emerging malaria control methods or optimize current methods to achieve the desired results.","PeriodicalId":90785,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82909417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and Preventive Practices Regarding Dengue Fever in Nepal","authors":"Raju Khanal, Rewash Thapa, Madhav Khanal","doi":"10.11648/J.AJHR.20210906.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJHR.20210906.12","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue is an acute infection disease caused by a flavi virus (species Dengue virus of the genus Flavi virus), transmitted by female mosquito aedes mosquito, infection has globally become a major public health concern since the incidence of the dengue fever has increased more than 30-fold over the last decades. The dengue fever has been a most important public health problems since many years and the various outbreak of the dengue cases has been seen time to time. One of the reasons for the increasing and time to time outbreak of the dengue may be the reason of climate change, global warming, lack of knowledge about signs, symptoms, transmission, preventive measure and lack of ignorance or lack of the preventive practice of the dengue fever. Descriptive, cross-sectional study on 192 head of household's was study population residing in Kanchan RM, Rupandehi District. Respondent was selected using Non probability judgmental sampling techniques by face-to-face interview was used. Result shows 58.3% good knowledge and 62% good practice. Knowledge was found to be associated with Age, Types of family, Size of family, educational level and Family suffered from dengue. Preventive practice was found to be associated with the Ever heard from health professional. Study will contribute towards development of appropriate policy strategies at local level that will tackle the problem associated with the knowledge and preventive practice of DF and provide a basis for future research on this area. Inferential analysis shows that there is significant association between the level of knowledge with age, types of family, size of family, educational level and family suffered from dengue and the level of preventive practice was associated with the ever heard from health professional.","PeriodicalId":90785,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80253120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decentralized Clinical Trial Case Study: Five-stage Process for Recruiting and Completing a Site-less Clinical Study in Less Time and Lower Cost than Traditional Methods","authors":"Alex Hilderbrand, Michael Zangrilli, M. Stinson","doi":"10.11648/J.AJHR.20210906.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJHR.20210906.11","url":null,"abstract":"Healthcare delivery models have been thrust towards virtual care delivery, including site-less virtual clinical trial recruitment. Digital health technologies give trial participants a choice of participating from the convenience of home rather than traveling to a trial site, which can increase participant engagement and retention. In this case study, a five-stage process is illustrated in which a 1,000-patient virtual clinical trial was completed in just seven months at a cost 30% lower than traditional site-based recruitment. Participants were located, educated, and navigated through a successful multi-step virtual clinical trial for an at-home colon screening test. The locating and screening of patients were conducted via paid social media ads. Next, respondents were contacted by telephone by patient education specialists for additional screening, education, and support. Per protocol, it was confirmed that participants were scheduled for a colonoscopy with their preferred local provider. Finally, sample collection kits were sent to participants home. Overall, the trial achieved a timeline of six months from the first participant to final analysis, followed by dataset review and analysis in just five days. Among the lessons learned was that the trial was more efficiently conducted with the 83bar virtual process than relying on third-party sites and remote investigators to help with the study. Additionally, social media is the best way to find the right patients in the least amount of time.","PeriodicalId":90785,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health research","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77221399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment Outcomes and Predictors of Outcome in Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Cohort of Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","authors":"Netsanet Aragaw, M. Teferi, Oumer Ali, E. Tesema, Samuel Ayele, Habtamu Jarso, K. Woldemichael","doi":"10.11648/J.AJHR.20210905.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJHR.20210905.19","url":null,"abstract":"Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major global public health crisis that needs great emphasis. Ethiopia is one of the 30 high TB, TB/HIV and drug resistant TB (DR-TB) burden countries globally and stands third among African countries. Treatment outcomes of MDR-TB are one of the essential performance indicators in evaluating the national TB control program. Such assessments however are limited at the facility and program level in Ethiopia. This study reported treatment outcomes and outcome predictors from a cohort of MDR-TB patients who were on WHO's longer treatment regimen at ALERT Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A retrospective assessment of patients’ records was made and data were collected for the period 2011-to 2016 using structured checklist. Data were double entered to Red Cap and exported to SPSS v20 for analysis. Descriptive statistics was computed to get summary results, bivariate and multivariate analysis was used to identify factors which affect the dependent variables. Therefore a total of 363 (53.7% males and 46.3% females) MDR-TB patients were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 29.6 years with the standard deviation of 11.2 years; the mean BMI was 18.5 with standard deviation of 3.0; and 78 (21.5%) were HIV positive. The most prevalent side effects were gastric disturbance which includes epigastric pain/discomfort, indigestion, bloating and nausea/vomiting (46.25%). Electrolyte abnormality occurred in (39.53%) of the patents. Among all assessed patients, 147 (40.5%) were cured, 132 (36.4%) completed their treatment, treatment failure occurred in three patients (0.8%), 46 (12.7%) patients died and 35 (9.6%) patients were lost to their follow-up. Overall, treatment success of 279 (76.9%) was observed in this cohort. Female and employed patients who can generate regular income had favorable treatment outcome with (AOR: 2.5; 95%CI: 1.4, 4.2), (AOR: 2.4; 95%CI: 1.4, 4.0) respectively Patients with HIV were 50% lower to have a favorable treatment outcome than HIV negative patients with (AOR: 0.5; 95%CI: 0.3, 0.9). So, it has been concluded that treatment success rate was generally encouraging. However, significant numbers of patients were lost to follow up and died. Thus, targeted interventions towards addressing factors that affected treatment outcome in MDR-TB patient management should be made. Strengthened follow up should also be in place to reduce number of lost to follow up and deaths in MDR-TB patients.","PeriodicalId":90785,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health research","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80546850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Risk Factors for Primary Fracture in Elderly Patients with Osteoporosis","authors":"Xiao Li, Jun Wu, Xiang Li, K. L. Leung, T. Wong, X. Fang","doi":"10.11648/J.AJHR.20210905.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJHR.20210905.18","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Osteoporosis is one of the major fundamental causes of fractures in individuals over 50 years old. Preventing the first fragility fracture is the most cost-effective strategy for addressing osteoporosis. Therefore, identifying individuals with a high risk of developing osteoporotic fractures is important to save limited medical resources. The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) has been used globally for assessing fracture risk. However, the accuracy of FRAX still needs to be improved partially because of the differences in race and socioeconomic status among nationalities. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of FRAX in Chinese people. The factors not involved in FRAX were also evaluated for a correlation with osteoporotic fracture risks. Results: Age, smoking status, alcohol intake, family history of osteoporotic fracture, diabetes mellitus type II, Charlson Index, vitamin D intake, calcium intake, muscle strength, modified Barthel Index, the 3-level version of EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire, and bone mineral density demonstrated significant differences between the fracture and control groups. Our results also demonstrated that dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)-diagnosed osteoporosis (T ≤ −2.5) was the independent fracture risk factor. The effects of age, muscle strength, and Charlson Index on DEXA were found to be statistically significant. People old over 60, muscle strength test supine leg lift less than 20 times per minute, aCCI scores greater than or equal to 2, had lower DEXA T values (T ≤ −2.5). Discussion: This work was a single-center study, showed social economic status bias, and featured a limited number of cases. Therefore, multi-center studies are necessary in the future. Conclusions: This study revealed that FRAX should be improved further in combination with other risk factors, including aCCI, calcium intake, and muscle strength.","PeriodicalId":90785,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health research","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86539559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perception of Regular Physical Activities and Factors Affecting Physical Activities Among Adult Government Office Worker in Adama Town, Ethiopia: Qualitative Study","authors":"Ebrahim Mohammed, M. Kaba","doi":"10.11648/J.AJHR.20210905.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJHR.20210905.17","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Physical activity has been traditionally defined as any bodily movement produced by contraction of skeletal muscle that substantially increases energy expenditure, although the intensity and duration can vary substantially. Physical activities prevent non communicable diseases. Objectives: To assess perception of regular physical activities and factors affecting physical activities among adult government office worker in Adama town, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: Phenomenological study design was employed. 10 Government office workers form four government offices and 1 Key informant from government office and 9 Physical exercise trainer from sport (Gyms) training center were interview using in-depth interview techniques. The sample selected purposefully and randomly. Questionnaires were prepared and modified using WHO Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) analysis Guide in English and then translated into two local languages (Amharic and Afan Oromo). Audio record was used and recoded the the interview of 20 sample populations. Data was reduced using the language the interviewee used and then translated into English. Data imported into Open code 4.02 softwares and categorized into summaries. Socio-demographic data were entered into SPSS version 21. Thematic area were identified and analyzed based on the themes. Result: a total 20 study participants (10 Government office worker and10 Key Informant) were interviewed. All participants have good perception of physical activities. 7 of workers have moderately physical active (fulfill globally recommended physical activity rate) with 150 minutes of physical activity performance per week. The rest 3 workers have insufficient physical activities which is less than 150 minutes of physical activity per week. Factor like laziness, overloaded by office work, lack of self-confidence in doing physical activity, lack of awareness about physical activity, place factor, poor time management, lack of communication and economic status of workers were found as behaviors or factors affecting doing of physical activities among government office workers. Conclusion and recommendations: there is high number of physical activity insufficiency among workers and there are large numbers of factors that affect physical activity doing of workers. Therefore, the government should work on these factors to make worker healthy and productive.","PeriodicalId":90785,"journal":{"name":"American journal of public health research","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85607091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}