Journal of political & military sociology : JPMS最新文献

{"title":"The Role of Reciprocity in International Humanitarian Law Training: Examples from Historical and Contemporary US Practice","authors":"M. Zommer","doi":"10.5744/JPMS.2019.1002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/JPMS.2019.1002","url":null,"abstract":"While scholars assert that reciprocity is a force that influences international humanitarian law, the literature has yet to include a detailed analysis of its role in military training. This presents two limitations. First, a substantial quantity of primary source material pertaining to state practice goes underutilized. Second, the methods by which international humanitarian law are promulgated and disseminated to soldiers during training are overlooked. Thus, a potentially important factor in adherence remains under-examined. This article analyzes historical and contemporary military training material including manuals, pamphlets, circulars, and films. Research results suggest that reciprocity impacts international humanitarian law training in varied, nuanced, and dynamic ways. In particular, an emphasis on reciprocity remains a consistent message in post–Vietnam War training. Furthermore, positive reciprocity in the form of a golden rule rationale is often used to justify adherence and remains prevalent in post-9/11 training material.1","PeriodicalId":90618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of political & military sociology : JPMS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43352452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repoliticizing the Nicaraguan Army: Civil-Military Relations Under Daniel Ortega (2007–2017)","authors":"J. Ruhl","doi":"10.5744/JPMS.2019.1006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/JPMS.2019.1006","url":null,"abstract":"The Nicaraguan army grew out of leftist Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) guerrilla forces and served as the military arm of the Revolution until Sandinista President Daniel Ortega was defeated in the 1990 election. From 1990 to 2006, the army evolved into a non-partisan, professional force respected across the political spectrum. Since returning to the presidency in 2007, however, Ortega has built an authoritarian regime and has attempted to repoliticize the armed forces by reviving the army’s Sandinista sympathies, co-opting senior officers with material rewards, and expanding the military’s role and resources. This study describes the army’s evolution, analyzes President Ortega’s three-part strategy to regain control, and evaluates his relative success.","PeriodicalId":90618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of political & military sociology : JPMS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42568990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Civil War’s Demographic Impact on White Males in the Eleven Confederate States: An Analysis by State and Selected Age Groups","authors":"David A. Swanson, R. Verdugo","doi":"10.5744/JPMS.2019.1001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/JPMS.2019.1001","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research has put the likely number of Civil War male deaths on both sides of the conflict at 750,000, challenging the conventional number of approximately 620,000. Using similar data and a different methodology, this study supports the newer results in terms of the Confederate states, where we find approximately 346,000 male deaths, a number that far exceeds a long-accepted estimate of 126,000. In fact, our number is about 88,000 more deaths than estimated by even more recent research, putting the number at 258,000. In constructing our number, we estimate the demographic impact of the Civil War on white males who were aged 20–54 in 1870 in the eleven Confederate States. Our approach takes into account both mortality and migration, but it excludes fertility because the youngest age we examine is 20 years. We apply an impact analysis approach using extracts from the micro-level data from the 1850, 1860, and 1870 census counts assembled by the Minnesota Population Center. Using the 1850 and 1860 census counts, we constructed ten-year Cohort Change Ratios (CCRs) for white males by five-year age groups and applied them to 1860 white males aged 10–14, 15–19 . . . 40–44 by state to project the expected number of white males by five-year age groups, 20–24, 25–29 . . . 50–54 for 1870. The results were aggregated into a single age group of 20–54 and compared with the 1870 census numbers for this same age group by state and for all eleven states combined. The Civil War’s demographic impact on white males in all eleven states of the Confederacy due to the combined effects of mortality and migration is estimated by subtracting the 1870 expected number (1,393,125) for age group 20–54 generated by the CCR method from the 1870 actual (census) number (1,047,323). The difference is –345,802 (–24.8%). We also find substantial absolute and relative variation across the eleven states in regard to the war’s demographic impact and discuss these results. Our estimate of Confederate deaths brings the total number of dead on both sides to nearly 850,000, which exceeds the total number of US military deaths resulting from every war and military action in which the United States has participated since the Civil War’s end.","PeriodicalId":90618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of political & military sociology : JPMS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42944247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Institutionalization of Military Sociology: The Russian Path of Gains and Losses","authors":"I. Obraztsov","doi":"10.5744/JPMS.2019.1005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/JPMS.2019.1005","url":null,"abstract":"This article contends that the current view of military sociology is neither complete nor detailed (particularly at the early stages of its development). It maintains that the institutionalization of military sociology is dominated by one perspective, that is, by the American tradition. Its evolution in Europe, including Russia, is underrepresented. Without claiming to be all encompassing, this article attempts to critically reconsider the Russian approach to the institutionalization of military sociology under the challenging conditions of an autocratic and totalitarian political regime. One of the most characteristic particularities of the Russian approach was the establishment and growth of the subfield primarily within the military itself—that is, the emergence and formation of “a science in uniform.” The article maintains that it would be useful to consider the Russian experience in order to reconstruct a global, multifaceted institutionalization of military sociology. In turn, this may lead to a more robust scholarly debate about the past, present and future prospects of this field of sociological study.","PeriodicalId":90618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of political & military sociology : JPMS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48820602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How (Not) to Sell a Military Memoir in Britain","authors":"Esmeralda Kleinreesink, Neil Jenkings, R. Woodward","doi":"10.4324/9781315126609-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315126609-1","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we look at all (n=15) military memoirs published between 2001 and 2010 in Britain about military participation in the Afghanistan conflict, to establish the factors which determine whether a military memoir becomes a better-seller (adjusted sales >15,000 copies), or not. We look at three aspects of the book: content (i.e. type of plot), cover (e.g. whether rank or the award of medals is mentioned) and author features (e.g. rank, sex, co-authorship by another established writer, foreword by well-known person), and analyse data on these aspects, compared to sales figures, using SPSS. We find only two factors that correlate with higher sales: rank and the award of a medal.","PeriodicalId":90618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of political & military sociology : JPMS","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70631919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spillovers of Veterans Hospice Care: The Economic and Social Impact of Palliative Care","authors":"M. Mendieta, Bruce D. McDonald","doi":"10.4324/9781315126586-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315126586-3","url":null,"abstract":"In exchange for military service in the United States, soldiers are promised a benefits package inclusive of health and education benefits after the completion of their service. While the economic effects of the defense-growth relationship have been studied extensively, this paper takes a unique approach to understanding the relationship between veterans and society by investigating the social and economic spillovers of veterans’ hospice care. The study shows that as an early adopter of hospice care, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs maximized its efficiency through sponsoring innovative research on geriatric care, introducing competition into the health sector, and legitimizing death and dying among aging populations.","PeriodicalId":90618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of political & military sociology : JPMS","volume":"41 1","pages":"41-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70632305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cold War and Modern Memory: Veterans Reflect on Military Service.","authors":"Alair MacLean","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper uses data from focused interviews to look at how veterans who served primarily during the peacetime Cold War portrayed the effects of military service. Most veterans described being a soldier, sailor, or airman as a neutral, transitional role. Veterans also described their service as having features that are consistent with views of such service as both a positive turning point and a negative disruption. However, only one veteran described military service as operating as a positive turning point in his own life, and just two described it has having been a disruption in their lives. In addition, veterans who served as officers described learning leadership and confidence in the armed forces, which may help explain an observed quantitative officer premium. This latter finding is consistent with a view of the armed forces as facilitating the accumulation of advantage.</p>","PeriodicalId":90618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of political & military sociology : JPMS","volume":"36 1","pages":"103-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201380/pdf/nihms588657.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32759000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A charismatic dimension of military leadership","authors":"J. Tritten, D. Keithly","doi":"10.21236/ada294982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21236/ada294982","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract : Charisma periodically surfaces in discussions of leadership, especially combat leadership, but the term is frequently used imprecisely, even ambiguously. Charisma is a subtype of leadership involving personal qualities and interpersonal relationships between the leader and the follower that are not found in the general population of leaders. A common premise of most theories of Charisma is that followers. Not leaders, are the chief determinants of Charismatic existence. Charismatic leadership is worthy of study, but one should bear in mind that the value of a truly Charismatic leader to an organization is mixed. Charismatic combat leaders have at times caused difficulties for the governments they served. Recent studies have indicated that a new model, transformational leadership, in which leaders also articulate a vision of the future and empower subordinated is expedient and far preferable to pure Charismatic leadership.","PeriodicalId":90618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of political & military sociology : JPMS","volume":"25 1","pages":"131-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67987207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}