Journal of pain & relief最新文献

{"title":"Phenotypic Identification of Spinal Cord-Infiltrating CD4⁺ T Lymphocytes in a Murine Model of Neuropathic Pain.","authors":"Ks Draleau,&nbsp;S Maddula,&nbsp;A Slaiby,&nbsp;N Nutile-McMenemy,&nbsp;Ja De Leo,&nbsp;L Cao","doi":"10.4172/2167-0846.S3-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0846.S3-003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neuropathic pain is one of the most devastating kinds of chronic pain. Neuroinflammation has been shown to contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. We have previously demonstrated that lumbar spinal cord-infiltrating CD4⁺ T lymphocytes contribute to the maintenance of mechanical hypersensitivity in spinal nerve L5 transection (L5Tx), a murine model of neuropathic pain. Here, we further examined the phenotype of the CD4⁺ T lymphocytes involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain-like behavior via intracellular flow cytometric analysis and explored potential interactions between infiltrating CD4⁺ T lymphocytes and spinal cord glial cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We consistently observed significantly higher numbers of T-Bet⁺, IFN-γ⁺, TNF-α⁺, and GM-CSF⁺, but not GATA3⁺ or IL-4⁺, lumbar spinal cord-infiltrating CD4⁺ T lymphocytes in the L5Tx group compared to the sham group at day 7 post-L5Tx. This suggests that the infiltrating CD4⁺ T lymphocytes expressed a pro-inflammatory type 1 phenotype (Th1). Despite the observation of CD4⁺ CD40 ligand (CD154)⁺ T lymphocytes in the lumbar spinal cord post-L5Tx, CD154 knockout (KO) mice did not display significant changes in L5Tx-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, indicating that T lymphocyte-microglial interaction through the CD154-CD40 pathway is not necessary for L5Tx-induced hypersensitivity. In addition, spinal cord astrocytic activation, represented by glial fibillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, was significantly lower in CD4 KO mice compared to wild type (WT) mice at day 14 post-L5Tx, suggesting the involvement of astrocytes in the pronociceptive effects mediated by infiltrating CD4⁺ T lymphocytes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In all, these data indicate that the maintenance of L5Tx-induced neuropathic pain is mostly mediated by Th1 cells in a CD154-independent manner via a mechanism that could involve multiple Th1 cytokines and astrocytic activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":90614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pain & relief","volume":"Suppl 3 ","pages":"003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2167-0846.S3-003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32601999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropathic Pain.","authors":"Niran Ngernyam,&nbsp;Mark P Jensen,&nbsp;Narong Auvichayapat,&nbsp;Wiyada Punjaruk,&nbsp;Paradee Auvichayapat","doi":"10.4172/2167-0846.S3-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0846.S3-001","url":null,"abstract":"Neuropathic pain (NP) is one of the most common problems contributing to suffering and disability worldwide. Unfortunately, NP is also largely refractory to treatments, with a large number of patients continuing to report significant pain even when they are receiving recommended medications and physical therapy. Thus, there remains an urgent need for additional effective treatments. In recent years, nonpharmacologic brain stimulation techniques have emerged as potential therapeutic options. Many of these techniques and procedures – such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and motor cortical stimulation – have very limited availability, particularly in developing countries. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation procedure that has shown promise for effectively treating NP, and also has the potential to be widely available. This review describes tDCS and the tDCS procedures and principles that may be helpful for treating NP. The findings indicate that the analgesic benefits of tDCS can occur both during stimulation and beyond the time of stimulation. The mechanisms of cortical modulation by tDCS may involve various activities in neuronal networks such as increasing glutamine and glutamate under the stimulating electrode, effects on the μ-opioid receptor, and restoration of the defective intracortical inhibition. Additional research is needed to determine (1) the factors that may moderate the efficacy of tDCS, (2) the dose (e.g. number and frequency of treatment sessions) that results in the largest benefits and (3) the long-term effects of tDCS treatment.","PeriodicalId":90614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pain & relief","volume":"Suppl 3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2167-0846.S3-001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32741609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Describe Pain Pathways in the 'Oldest Old': A Case Study of a Healthy 97-year-old Female.","authors":"Todd Monroe,&nbsp;Andrew Dornan,&nbsp;Michael A Carter,&nbsp;Ronald L Cowan","doi":"10.4172/2167-0846.1000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0846.1000111","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of painful medical conditions increases with age. Pain differences in older adulthood are of special concern because we do not know how brain changes in healthy aging may alter the sensory and affective response to pain. Over the last two decades, neuroimaging studies have described interconnected brain regions that mediate pain processing. In particular, imaging techniques have been used to describe brain activation in networks of structures comprising the lateral and medial pain systems. The lateral and medial pain networks are generally associated with the sensory-discriminative and affective-motivational dimensions of pain respectively. Key structures that are associated with the lateral pain network include specific nuclei in the thalamus and primary (S1) and secondary somatosensory (S2) cortex while different but specific nuclei in the thalamus, as well as regions in the insular and cingulate cortices are associated with the medial pain network","PeriodicalId":90614,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pain & relief","volume":"1 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37766175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}