The open toxinology journal最新文献

{"title":"Clostridium Botulinum C3 Exoenzyme: Rho-Inactivating Tool in Cell Biology and a Neurotrophic Agent~!2009-08-26~!2009-09-08~!2010-03-09~!","authors":"I. Just, Stefanie C. Huelsenbeck, H. Genth","doi":"10.2174/1875414701003020019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875414701003020019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90367,"journal":{"name":"The open toxinology journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68119306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Aerolysin-Like Toxin Family of Cytolytic, Pore-Forming Toxins~!2009-08-20~!2009-09-17~!2010-03-09~!","authors":"O. Knapp, B. Stiles, M. Popoff","doi":"10.2174/1875414701003020053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875414701003020053","url":null,"abstract":"Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) represent the largest known group of bacterial protein toxins to date. Membrane insertion and subsequent pore-formation occurs after initial binding to cell-surface receptor and oligomerization. Aerolysin, a toxin produced by the Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila and related species, belongs to the PFT group and shares a common mechanism of action involving -barrel structures resulting from the assembly of hairpins from individual toxin monomers into a heptamer. Aerolysin is also the name given to structurally and mechanistically related toxins called the aerolysin-like toxin family. A universal characteristic of this toxin family involves the diverse life forms that synthesize these proteins throughout Nature. Examples include: 1) epsilon-toxin and septicum-alpha-toxin produced by anaerobic, Gram-positive Clostridium species; 2) enterolobin by the Brazilian tree Enterolobium contortisiliquum; 3) a mushroom toxin Laetiporus sulphureus lectin (LSL); 4) mosquitocidal toxins (Mtxs) from the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus sphaericus and parasporine-2 from Bacillus thuringiensis; and 6) hydralysins from the tiny aquatic animal Chlorohydra viridis. The following review provides an overview of the different members within the aerolysin-like toxin family. keywords: Pore-forming toxins, aerolysin, septicum-alpha-toxin, enterolobin, epsilon-toxin, Laetiporus sulphureus lectin.","PeriodicalId":90367,"journal":{"name":"The open toxinology journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"53-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68119403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucosylation of Rho/Ras Proteins by Lethal Toxin - Implications of Actin Re-Organization and Apoptosis in C. Sordellii-Associated Disease~!2009-08-04~!2009-09-17~!2010-03-09~!","authors":"H. Genth, F. Schulz, I. Just","doi":"10.2174/1875414701003020013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875414701003020013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90367,"journal":{"name":"The open toxinology journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"13-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68119300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iota Toxin, S Toxin and CDT: Members of the Same Class of Clostridial Binary Toxins in Feces of Humans and Other Animals~!2009-09-15~!2009-09-18~!2010-03-09~!","authors":"R. Carman, A. Stevens, C. Genheimer, T. Wilkins","doi":"10.2174/1875414701003020043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875414701003020043","url":null,"abstract":"Some strains of Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium spiroforme and Clostridium difficile produce binary toxins known respectively as iota toxin, S toxin and CDT. Each toxin consists of two unlinked polypeptides (e.g. CDTa and CDTb) that only together have biological activity. Taking an historical perspective, we review the development and early use of assays employing the specific neutralization of a biological activity for the detection and quantification of binary toxin. The survey moves on to more recent immunological assays and culminates with a discussion of the relevance of binary toxin, especially CDT, in feces.","PeriodicalId":90367,"journal":{"name":"The open toxinology journal","volume":"161 6 1","pages":"43-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68119370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Intracellular Journey of Shiga Toxins~!2009-05-12~!2009-06-03~!2010-03-09~!","authors":"M. Torgersen, N. Engedal, J. Bergan, K. Sandvig","doi":"10.2174/1875414701003020003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875414701003020003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90367,"journal":{"name":"The open toxinology journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"3-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68119296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clostridium Perfringens Toxins Involved in Mammalian Veterinary Diseases~!2009-08-24~!2009-09-11~!2010-03-09~!","authors":"F. Uzal, J. Vidal, B. McClane, A. Gurjar","doi":"10.2174/1875414701003020024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875414701003020024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90367,"journal":{"name":"The open toxinology journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"24-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68119352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Bacterial Toxins","authors":"H. Barth, B. Stiles","doi":"10.2174/1875414701003020001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875414701003020001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90367,"journal":{"name":"The open toxinology journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68119290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Clostridium Perfringens</i> Toxins Involved in Mammalian Veterinary Diseases.","authors":"F A Uzal,&nbsp;J E Vidal,&nbsp;B A McClane,&nbsp;A A Gurjar","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Clostridium perfringens</i> is a gram-positive anaerobic rod that is classified into 5 toxinotypes (A, B, C, D, and E) according to the production of 4 major toxins, namely alpha (CPA), beta (CPB), epsilon (ETX) and iota (ITX). However, this microorganism can produce up to 16 toxins in various combinations, including lethal toxins such as perfringolysin O (PFO), enterotoxin (CPE), and beta2 toxin (CPB2). Most diseases caused by this microorganism are mediated by one or more of these toxins. The role of CPA in intestinal disease of mammals is controversial and poorly documented, but there is no doubt that this toxin is essential in the production of gas gangrene of humans and several animal species. CPB produced by <i>C. perfringens</i> types B and C is responsible for necrotizing enteritis and enterotoxemia mainly in neonatal individuals of several animal species. ETX produced by <i>C. perfringens</i> type D is responsible for clinical signs and lesions of enterotoxemia, a predominantly neurological disease of sheep and goats. The role of ITX in disease of animals is poorly understood, although it is usually assumed that the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases produced by <i>C. perfringens</i> type E is mediated by this toxin. CPB2, a necrotizing and lethal toxin that can be produced by all types of <i>C. perfringens</i>, has been blamed for disease in many animal species, but little information is currently available to sustain or rule out this claim. CPE is an important virulence factor for <i>C. perfringens</i> type A gastrointestinal disease in humans and dogs; however, the data implicating CPE in other animal diseases remains ambiguous. PFO does not seem to play a direct role as the main virulence factor for animal diseases, but it may have a synergistic role with CPA-mediated gangrene and ETX-mediated enterotoxemia. The recent improvement of animal models for <i>C. perfringens</i> infection and the use of toxin gene knock-out mutants have demonstrated the specific pathogenic role of several toxins of <i>C. perfringens</i> in animal disease. These research tools are helping us to establish the role of each <i>C. perfringens</i> toxin in animal disease, to investigate the <i>in vivo</i> mechanism of action of these toxins, and to develop more effective vaccines against diseases produced by these microorganisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":90367,"journal":{"name":"The open toxinology journal","volume":"2 ","pages":"24-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/dc/0c/nihms524751.PMC3917546.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32101878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxic Effect of Some Mycotoxins and their Combinations on Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as Measured by the MTT Assay","authors":"S. Stoev, S. Denev, M. Dutton, B. Nkosi","doi":"10.2174/1875414700902010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875414700902010001","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to assess cytotoxic effects of ochratoxin A (OTA), penicillic acid (PA), citrinin (CIT), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and their combinations (as naturally occur in real practice) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) using a simple and cheap \"in vitro\" cytotoxicity test as MTT assay. A stronger suppression on metabolic activity of phytohaemagglutinin-p (PHA)-stimulated PBM was found for a mixture of the following mycotoxins: OTA, CIT and FB1 as compared to any single mycotoxin. PA was found to increase significantly the metabolic activity of the same cells in concentrations above 111 mg/L. There is no \"in vitro\" synergistic effect between OTA and PA as measured by MTT assay, unlike the strong \"in vivo\" synergistic effect between the same mycotoxins. The MTT bioassay is not appropriate to measure cell viability and cell proliferation, especially if metabolic activity of the cells is increased as was observed in PA treated human blood mononuclear cells or if the same is decreased. The doses which exert approximately 50% suppression of metabolic activity of PHA-stimulated human blood mononuclear cells (LD50) are determined to be as follows: for OTA - 1.56 to 3.125 mg/L, CIT - 62.5 to 111 mg/L and FB1 - 62.5 to 500 mg/L. Cell viability (proliferation) of all mycotoxin treated blood mononuclear cells was significantly decreased at the highest concentrations of mycotoxins, but this decrease was significantly stronger for OTA-treated cells and especially for different mixtures of mycotoxins.","PeriodicalId":90367,"journal":{"name":"The open toxinology journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68118298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diazinon Toxicosis in Geese","authors":"Béla Fazekas, É. Ivanics, István Hajtós, R. Glávits","doi":"10.2174/1875414700801010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875414700801010005","url":null,"abstract":"On a goose farm with 7600 geese kept in 6 houses, 730 birds in 2 houses died within a single day. After drink- ing, a certain proportion of geese in the affected houses exhibited trembling, salivation, lachrymation and respiratory dis- tress followed by convulsions, dullness and prostration. The birds died soon after the onset of clinical signs. Postmortem examination revealed the presence of a large volume of watery content in the crop. The mucous membrane of the intesti- nal tract and the parenchymal organs were hyperaemic. Histopathological examination demonstrated the signs of circula- tory disturbances in the inner organs. Water samples showing milk-like whitish discolouration, taken from the watering troughs of the two affected houses, were assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and found to con- tain diazinon in concentrations of 807 and 582 mg/l, respectively. In the oesophageal content of the dead geese GC-MS demonstrated diazinon in concentrations of 22.1 and 9.3 mg/kg, respectively. On the basis of these results the diagnosis of poisoning caused by the organophosphate insecticide diazinon was established. The suspicion of accidental or intentional contamination of the drinking water with a diazinon-containing product has arisen, but attempts to identify the diazinon- containing product responsible for the toxicosis were unsuccessful.","PeriodicalId":90367,"journal":{"name":"The open toxinology journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"5-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68118284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}