BMC Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Characterisation of the expression of P2X7 receptor, cancer stem cell markers and immunological mediators in human high-grade gliomas.","authors":"Liyen K Kan, Matthew Drill, Andrea Muscat, Paul Sanfilippo, Richard P Sequeira, Padmakrishnan C Jayakrishnan, Anh Vo, Nicholas C Wong, Marian Todaro, Catriona McLean, Katherine J Drummond, Martin Hunn, David A Williams, Terence J O'Brien, Mastura Monif","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00973-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-025-00973-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain cancer. It is considered an 'immunologically cold' tumour where immune infiltrates are polarised to drive immunosuppression-and therefore tumour proliferation. An important driver of neuroinflammation in glioma is the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). While much of the complex glioma microenvironment has been characterised, studies expounding the associations between various cytokines/chemokines, immune cell markers, P2X7R expression and glioma stemness are lacking. Here we aimed to characterise the mRNA expression profiles of various tumour markers, and common 'pro-' and 'anti-tumour' inflammatory mediators, and correlate this to P2X7R expression in human high-grade glioma samples compared to 'healthy' non-tumour post-mortem brain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>High grade gliomas were collected from 34 patients undergoing routine tumour resection surgery and compared to 12 'healthy' post-mortem controls. High throughput qPCR was performed on extracted RNA converted to cDNA to examine a custom-made panel of 38 tumour and immune related genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Markers of innate immunity including CD68, S100A9, HLADR, NLPR3, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, TNFα and NF-κB were significantly increased in human derived glioblastoma samples compared to healthy control brain. P2X7R was also upregulated in the glioma microenvironment and its expression was linked to the expression of VEGFB, MMP9, PCNA, IL-4 and IL-8. The level of expression of P2X7R was not associated with overall survival in high grade gliomas.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Collectively, this study confirms the significant overexpression of P2X7R in human high-grade gliomas as well as highlights the presence of a multidirectional neuroinflammatory milieu in which both tumour-promoting and tumour-suppressive genes are overexpressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9031,"journal":{"name":"BMC Neuroscience","volume":"26 1","pages":"59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher Correction: Mir-199a-3p aggravates neuroinflammation in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model by promoting M1-polarization microglia.","authors":"Chenyang Wang, Xiaolu Bu, Mengyao Cao, Yunyu Lian, Haocong Ling, Mo You, Junfei Yi, Xiaoya Gao, Duobin Wu, Yang Li","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00974-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12868-025-00974-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9031,"journal":{"name":"BMC Neuroscience","volume":"26 1","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12439415/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145069014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating topological alterations in procedural memory network across neuropsychiatric disorders using rs-fMRI and graph theory.","authors":"Mahdi Mohammadkhanloo, Hamid Sharini, Mitra Yousefpour, Mohammad Pooyan","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00979-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12868-025-00979-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9031,"journal":{"name":"BMC Neuroscience","volume":"26 1","pages":"57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12403410/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144941883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SRT1720 ameliorates LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice and activates Parkin-mediated mitophagy.","authors":"Luna Sun, Chaoran Li, Jianli Shi, Wenfeng Zeng, Lingling Wu, Shunlun Wan, Yunxia Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00968-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-025-00968-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Emerging evidence suggests a connection between mitophagy-a key mitochondrial quality control mechanism-and depression. Furthermore, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD⁺-dependent deacetylase, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, though its precise role remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate how SIRT1 modulates depressive-like behaviors in mice and to determine whether mitophagy mediates this process.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male BALB/c mice were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic depressive-like behaviors. The treatment group received a pre-administration of SRT1720 (50 mg/kg, i.p.), a specific SIRT1 activator. Depressive-like behaviors were assessed by sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swimming test (FST). Additionally, hippocampal neuronal and mitochondrial ultrastructure was detected via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and mitophagy-related protein expression was examined by western blotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results demonstrated that activation of SIRT1 significantly mitigated LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice. Moreover, it was observed that SIRT1 activation protected against LPS-induced neuronal and mitochondrial damage in the hippocampus. TEM analysis revealed a marked increase in hippocampal autophagosomes following SIRT1 activation, accompanied by significantly elevated expression of LC3II and Parkin, suggesting enhanced mitophagy. In vitro experiment using HT-22 cells provided additional evidence that SIRT1 activation ameliorated LPS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and promoted mitophagy via Parkin-mediated pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggested that activation of SIRT1 could alleviate depressive-like behaviors in mice following LPS challenge, potentially through a Parkin-dependent mitophagy mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":9031,"journal":{"name":"BMC Neuroscience","volume":"26 1","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12398113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144941902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Threat context impairs cognitive control of neutral words processing in social anxiety individuals: evidence from ERP and theta oscillations.","authors":"Haiyan Zhao, Feng Si, Hui Meng, Haibo Yang, Dawei Sun, Longyan Peng, Jianqin Cao","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00976-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-025-00976-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Social anxiety (SA) is characterized by cognitive control impairments, particularly in the processing of threat, yet how threat-laden environments modulate cognitive control over neutral stimuli remains unclear. This study examined whether threat context impairs the processing of neutral words in individuals with high social anxiety (HSA) through electrophysiological and oscillatory dynamics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 151 participants (HSA vs. low social anxiety, LSA) completed a Stroop task in two conditions: (1) threat context (neutral words intermixed with social threat words), and (2) neutral-only (neutral words only). Behavioral responses (RTs), ERP (N2, N450, SP), and frontal-midline theta oscillations were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Threat context significantly prolonged RTs in HSA compared to LSA individuals. ERP data revealed that LSA individuals exhibited larger N450 and reduced SP under threat than under neutral-only conditions, indicating efficient conflict resolution. However, LSA individuals showed blunted N450 but amplified SP, suggesting prolonged attentional engagement with neutral stimuli in threat contexts. Time-frequency analyses further demonstrated that LSA participants increased frontal theta power in the threat context, whereas HSA individuals displayed suppressed theta activity, reflecting impaired top-down cognitive control. Threat contexts contaminate the processing of neutral stimuli in HSA individuals, marked by attenuated conflict detection (N450), increased attention engagement (SP), and deficient theta-mediated control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings indicate that threat context impairs cognitive control of neutral word processing in HSA individuals when threat is possible, bridging cognitive and clinical models of attentional dysregulation.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":9031,"journal":{"name":"BMC Neuroscience","volume":"26 1","pages":"54"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12392606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144941961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of ¹⁸F-labeled PET radiopharmaceuticals in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.","authors":"Bok-Nam Park, Su-Min Kim, Young-Sil An","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00978-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-025-00978-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is the leading cause of dementia, characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and significant social and economic burdens. Despite extensive research into amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals, the effectiveness of various ¹⁸F-labeled tracers for imaging amyloid plaques in AD mouse models remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of three radiopharmaceuticals-¹⁸F-florbetaben (FBB), ¹⁸F-flutemetamol (FMM), and ¹⁸F-florapronol (FPN)-in differentiating amyloid deposition in AD and control mice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>¹⁸F-FMM and ¹⁸F-FBB demonstrated significantly higher standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) in AD mice than in controls. For ¹⁸F-FBB, the mean SUVR in AD mice was 1.06, significantly higher than the 0.81 in controls (p < 0.001). Similarly, ¹⁸F-FMM showed a mean SUVR of 0.97 in AD mice compared to 0.94 in controls (p = 0.024). In contrast, ¹⁸F-FPN did not show significant SUVR differences between AD and control groups (p = 0.071). Comparative analysis revealed that ¹⁸F-FBB exhibited a significantly greater SUVR difference between AD and control groups compared to ¹⁸F-FMM (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>¹⁸F-FBB emerged as the most effective radiopharmaceutical for imaging amyloid deposition in AD mouse models, providing superior differentiation between AD and control groups. These findings support the optimization of amyloid PET tracers for preclinical studies, facilitating advancements in Alzheimer's research.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":9031,"journal":{"name":"BMC Neuroscience","volume":"26 1","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12392510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144941899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered theta oscillations in basolateral amygdala and ventral hippocampus related to social defeat.","authors":"Xinyu Wang, Yinglong Liu, Fengkai He, Dongyong Guo, Aili Liu, Wenwen Bai, Huiyun Yang, Xinyu Xu, Xuyuan Zheng, Xiaojun Xu, TiaoTiao Liu","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00972-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-025-00972-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression is a prevalent mental disorder, and prolonged exposure to social defeat is a major contributing factor in the onset of depression. Repeated social defeat stress (RSDS) is a commonly used animal model for depression, significantly impacting on the pathogenesis of depression-related to social disorders. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) are critical brain regions involved in RSDS-induced social behavioral disorders, but the specific neural oscillations occurring in these regions following social defeat remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using simultaneous multi-electrode recordings, we captured local field potentials (LFPs) from BLA and vHPC while the stressed mice underwent a social interaction test. Power spectral analysis and Amplitude transform entropy were respectively applied to assess social defeat-induced alterations in neural oscillatory activity and directional inter-regional communication.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study demonstrated that repeated social defeat induces social avoidance and depression-like behaviors. Notably, the power spectral analysis within the BLA and vHPC revealed statistically differences in the theta band (4-12 Hz) between control and RSDS groups, particularly during the With CD1 phase in the 0-3 s stage, when mice entered the social interaction zone, compared to the - 3 -0 s stage prior to enter the zone. Moreover, machine learning analysis successfully classified control and RSDS groups based on neural oscillatory activity in the BLA and vHPC. Finally, ketamine treatment was found to reduce social avoidance and depressive-like behaviors, as well as enhance theta oscillation in the BLA and vHPC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that social defeat alters theta oscillations in the BLA and vHPC, highlighting potential therapeutic avenues for addressing depression-related social dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":9031,"journal":{"name":"BMC Neuroscience","volume":"26 1","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12392519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144941952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct neural circuits processing pleasant and unpleasant sounds: an fMRI-based approach.","authors":"Faten Mana Aldhafeeri","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00975-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-025-00975-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Investigating how the human brain processes the emotional valance of sounds is critical for understanding sensory, emotional, and motor integration at the neurobiological level. The current study utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the differential brain activation patterns elicited by pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral sounds from the International Affective Digital Sounds (IADS-2) collection. Thirty healthy volunteers listened to these sounds under fMRI, followed by post-scan ratings of valence (pleasant versus unpleasant) and arousal (calm versus exciting).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Average ratings did not differ from IADS-2 norms. Pleasant sounds significantly activated brain regions implicated in reward and positive affect, including the mPFC, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus, compared to neutral sounds. Alternatively, unpleasant sounds elicited stronger and more widespread activation, particularly in the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, insula, and cerebellum, regions associated with negative affect and aversive learning.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results demonstrate the pivotal contributions of the amygdala in identifying unpleasant stimuli and of the mPFC in assessing pleasant auditory inputs, expand our current understanding of affective regulation at the neural circuit level, and provide a foundation for the development of sound-based interventions to treat auditory-emotional disorders such as misophonia and anxiety.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":9031,"journal":{"name":"BMC Neuroscience","volume":"26 1","pages":"52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12379371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144941891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid molecule SA-10 and its PLGA nanosuspension protect human and rodent retinal ganglion cells against neuronal injury.","authors":"Jennifer H Pham, Wei Zhang, Kim-Tuyen T Le, Bindu Kodati, Charles E Amankwa, Biddut DebNath, Gretchen A Johnson, Thien T Bui, Rachel Y Gitter, Jonah P Gutierrez, Brendon R Hatfield, Rojan Satyal, Ella R Sinnott, Raghu R Krishnamoorthy, Suchismita Acharya, Dorota L Stankowska","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00971-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-025-00971-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. SA-10, a dual-acting compound with ROS scavenging and NO-donating properties, was evaluated to enhance RGC survival and function in models of oxidative stress, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and neurotrophic factor (NF) deprivation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SA-10-loaded nanoparticles (SA-10-NP) with a size of 279.6 ± 20.9 nm, polydispersity index of 0.34, and encapsulation efficiency of 80.6% were synthesized and tested for sustained release over 28 days. I/R injury was induced by elevating intraocular pressure to 120 mmHg for 60 min in C57BL/6J mice, followed by SA-10-NP treatment (1% w/v). Retinal ganglion cell function and survival were evaluated using PERG and PVEP. Oxidative stress in primary RGCs and retinal explants was induced using endothelin-3 (ET-3), and the effects of SA-10 (10 µM) on ROS levels were assessed. In ex vivo human retinal explants (HREs), SA-10 treatment effects on oxidative stress markers NRF2 and HMOX1 were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SA-10-NP improved PERG amplitudes (112.96% in females, p < 0.01) and PVEP amplitudes (67.53% in females, p < 0.01), preserving RGC density in both central and mid-peripheral regions. Immunohistochemistry showed upregulation of Hmox1 and downregulation of TNF-α in the SA-10-NP-treated group. SA-10 significantly reduced ROS levels in primary RGCs and retinal explants exposed to endothelin-3 (ET-3), decreasing fluorescence intensity by 25.9% (p < 0.01) and 14.7% (p < 0.0001), respectively. SA-10 upregulated oxidative stress markers (NRF2 and HMOX1) and enhanced RGC survival in NF-deprived HREs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SA-10 demonstrated significant ROS reduction and preserved RGC survival and function in both I/R mouse models and HREs, with immunohistochemistry confirming upregulation of Hmox1 and downregulation of TNF-α in the SA-10-NP-treated group. SA-10-NP provided sustained drug delivery and bioavailability, showcasing strong neuroprotective effects and offering a potential therapeutic strategy for glaucomatous optic neuropathy and other neurodegenerative conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9031,"journal":{"name":"BMC Neuroscience","volume":"26 1","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144941946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual change-related brain potentials elicited by changes in doll hair color in school-aged children.","authors":"Mizuki Kozaki, Ryo Mizuno, Masaya Suzuki, Yasuyuki Koike, Natsuko Doi, Koji Inui","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00970-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12868-025-00970-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Change-related brain responses are specifically elicited when the regularity of a continuous sensory stimulus is disrupted and are recorded by electroencephalography or magnetoencephalography. These responses are one of the higher brain functions representing memory-based comparison processes between the current and previous sensory states. The present study aimed to record change-related visual evoked potentials in children aged 6-10 years. Pictures of a doll were presented for 1.5 s, and participants were given the task of quickly pressing a button when glasses appeared on the doll, which occurred in 5% of trials. In the remaining 95% of trials, one third used pictures with no change, while the others used a similar picture but with a hair color change, from rose to yellow or from brown to pink, 1000 ms after the stimulus onset. The results obtained showed that in all 37 children tested, the abrupt change in hair color elicited clear biphasic responses consisting of occipital positivity at approximately 130 ms (P130) followed by negativity at 250 ms. The P130 latency decreased linearly up to 92 months of age and remained stable thereafter, suggesting that this method may serve as an objective tool for assessing brain development in children. In addition, it could potentially be used to evaluate whether and how specific toys influence neural processing at different developmental stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":9031,"journal":{"name":"BMC Neuroscience","volume":"26 1","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12337465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144820511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}