BMC Genomics最新文献

{"title":"Chromosome-level genome assembly for Sichuan taimen (Hucho bleekeri) reveals the extraordinary tandem repeat proportions and its persistent population shrinkage.","authors":"Xinmiao Zhang, Dongmei Xiong, Shenglong Jian, Yu Jiang, Lixin Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12864-025-12057-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12864-025-12057-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Sichuan taimen (Hucho bleekeri Kimura) is a critically endangered fish species that has attracted significant attention and is classified as a national first-level protected species in China. Despite its ecological importance, genomic resources for the Sichuan taimen and its closely related species are limited, which hampers effective conservation efforts. A comprehensive understanding of the genomic characteristics of this species, particularly those related to its evolutionary adaptations and population dynamics, is essential for improving conservation strategies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We present the first chromosome-level genome of the Sichuan taimen, with a final genome size of approximately 3.45 Gb. Notably, tandem repetitive sequences constitute 44.47% of the genome and significantly influence its genomic architecture and functional organization. Among these, VNTRs account for the majority of the tandem repeats, which Likely contributes to the relatively large genome size. Positive selection analysis revealed genes associated with immune responses and neurobiological functions, potentially facilitating adaptation to the unique environmental conditions of mountain stream habitats. Additionally, the divergence time between the Siberian taimen and the Sichuan taimen was estimated to be approximately 2.34 Mya, with a notable decline in their effective population size occurring around 1 Mya.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The genome assembly of the Sichuan taimen provides insights into its evolutionary adaptations, highlighting the functional significance of tandem repeats and positively selected genes. These findings establish a genomic foundation for elucidating its survival mechanisms in a unique habitat, and emphasize the critical role of integrating genomic data into conservation strategies to enhance the management of Sichuan taimen populations and contribute to the conservation of other endangered salmonid species.</p>","PeriodicalId":9030,"journal":{"name":"BMC Genomics","volume":"26 1","pages":"839"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic analyses of Purpureocillium lilacinum reveal unique DNA regions for developing isolate-specific molecular markers.","authors":"Zhi-Yu Yeh, Kusum Mushyakhwo, Nian-Tong Ni, Pei-Hsin Lo, Chuen-Fu Lin, Yu-Shin Nai","doi":"10.1186/s12864-025-12018-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12864-025-12018-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Purpureocillium lilacinum NCHU-NPUST-175 (Pl-NCHU-NPUST-175) strain has been previously reported as an entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) with potential for controlling Forcipomyia taiwana (little black mosquito). In this study, genome sequencing of Pl-NCHU-NPUST-175 was performed via long-read sequencing (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, ONT). The comparative genomic analysis was conducted to identify isolate- and species-specific DNA regions for developing markers for rapid molecular identification, in order to detect the fungus in an environment and to confirm species identity before practical field applications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The genome assembly of Pl-NCHU-NPUST-175 is 36.55 Mb, consisting of 13 contigs with a GC content of 58.64%. The largest contig of the Pl-NCHU-NPUST-175 genome was 6.79 Mb, and the N50 value was 4.08 Mb. The genome contains 14,069 putative protein-coding genes, with a gene density of 384.90 genes per Mb and a median number of three exons per gene. Additionally, one mitogenome, Pl-NCHU-NPUST-175, was assembled with a size of 0.23 Mb and contained 16 protein-coding genes. In the Pl-NCHU-NPUST-175 genome, repeat regions accounted for 3.70% of the genome. Most repetitive sequences exhibit a nucleotide sequence divergence of less than 30%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Pl-NCHU-NPUST-175 is most closely related to other P. lilacinum strains. To identify distinctive genomic regions (DGRs), a comparative genomics analysis was conducted between Pl-NCHU-NPUST-175, P. takamizusanense and P. lilacinum. A total of 1,154 unaligned fragments were identified by genome-wide alignment, ten DGRs were randomly selected for specific primer design, and the specificity of the primer sets was tested. The results showed that all primer sets could serve as specific molecular markers for Pl-NCHU-NPUST-175. Among the ten primer sets, three primer sets were selected for the soil-sample detection test. The qualitative PCR results indicate that all three isolate-specific primer sets (pl_1, pl_8, and pl_10) detected 10⁵ conidia g^-1 soil in the natural soil samples for up to 14 days. However, qPCR improve the accuracy and sensitivity of detecting Low fungal concentrations 10³ conidia g^-1 soil in complex environmental matrices like soil. These findings suggest that these primers set have potential for future applications in monitoring specific fungal isolates in the field over period of time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The genome sequence of Pl-NCHU-NPUST-175 was decoded and compared with those of closely related isolates and species. Based on a developed comparative genomics approach, we highlight the feasibility of developing specific molecular markers of EPF, and this method could be further applied to commercialize EPF products to address sustainability in the natural environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9030,"journal":{"name":"BMC Genomics","volume":"26 1","pages":"843"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trehalose accumulation contributes to enhanced cold stress tolerance in Telenomus remus, a dominant egg parasitoid of Spodoptera frugiperda.","authors":"Wanbin Chen, Huan Liu, Yuyan Li, Mengqing Wang, Jianjun Mao, Zhijie Guo, Lisheng Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12864-025-12059-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12864-025-12059-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Telenomus remus is a highly efficient biological control agent against Spodoptera frugiperda, owing to its capacity to successfully locate and parasitize inner layer eggs of egg masses. However, our previous studies have revealed its limited cold tolerance, a critical bottleneck in mass rearing of this wasp species. Understanding the cold tolerance mechanism of T. remus is crucial for improving rearing techniques, optimizing storage protocols, and enhancing the overall effectiveness of biological control strategies. Therefore, the overarching objectives of this study were to investigate the dynamic changes in mortality and cryoprotectant levels under different cold stress conditions, identify candidate genes and metabolites associated with cold tolerance, and elucidate the cold tolerance mechanisms in T. remus through physiological measurements, integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, and qRT-PCR validation. The results revealed that the survival rates of T. remus declined significantly with decreasing temperature. Interestingly, substantial accumulation of trehalose was observed under cold stress. Integrated multi-omics analysis indicated that the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway was crucial for mediating cold tolerance in T. remus. In this metabolic pathway, the expression levels of GAA (α-glucosidase) and GYS (glycogen synthase) exhibited a pronounced temperature-dependent upregulation. Collectively, these findings suggest that T. remus employs a cold-tolerance strategy centered on trehalose accumulation. This research advances our understanding of the molecular and biochemical foundations of cold adaptation in T. remus, and provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the storage strategies of T. remus biocontrol products.</p>","PeriodicalId":9030,"journal":{"name":"BMC Genomics","volume":"26 1","pages":"825"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465949/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CircHOMER1 in mediating porcine skeletal muscle development.","authors":"Meng Li, Yuxuan Gong, Shuangji Ma, Jiayi Chen, Wanfeng Zhang, Yang Yang, Guoqing Cao, Xiaohong Guo, Bugao Li","doi":"10.1186/s12864-025-11991-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12864-025-11991-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Skeletal muscle serves as the principal source of high-quality protein in human nutrition. Recent studies indicate that circRNAs play key roles in myogenesis by acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). However, the specific roles of circRNAs in myogenesis are largely unknown. Here, we attempted to systematically explore the functional role of circHOMER1 in myogenesis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The present study first demonstrated that circHOMER1 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs). CircHOMER1 ceRNA regulatory network was constructed based on miRNA and mRNA sequencing. With immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase reporter gene, RIP, and rescue experiments, circHOMER1 was identified to promote porcine SMSCs differentiation by competitive binding miR-199b-5p to further inhibit MAP3K11 expression. Moreover, in vivo experiments revealed that circHOMER1 accelerates muscle regeneration and development.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Collectively, circHOMER1 promotes the differentiation of SMSCs, muscle regeneration, and muscle development. In addition, a novel circHOMER1/miR-199b-5p/MAP3K11 regulatory network in porcine myogenesis was constructed. Our results provided a basis for in-depth analysis of the role of circRNAs in myogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9030,"journal":{"name":"BMC Genomics","volume":"26 1","pages":"824"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic analysis reveals broad adaptability of coral-killing sponge (Terpios hoshinota) under environmental stress.","authors":"Po-Yu Liu, Wei-Chih Chiu, Sim Lin Lim, Hsing-Ju Chen, Yu-Hsiang Chen, Hsiang-Iu Wang, Cheng-Yu Yang, Chi-Chun Chen, Yoko Nozawa, Hideyuki Yamashiro, Kazuhiko Sakai, Sen-Lin Tang","doi":"10.1186/s12864-025-11962-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12864-025-11962-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The coral-killing sponge, Terpios hoshinota, poses a significant ecological threat to coral reefs, exhibiting rapid expansion and competitive overgrowth. Despite its invasiveness, the genomic basis underlying its adaptability and resilience remains largely unexplored. Here, we present a high-quality genome assembly of T. hoshinota, comprising 169.4 Mb with 40,945 predicted genes. Phylogenomic analysis estimated its divergence from other demosponges during the Ordovician (~ 471 million years ago), even though its simple morphology suggests a more ancient evolutionary origin. Comparative genomic analyses revealed enrichment of genes related to substrate adhesion, innate immunity, and developmental pathways, including expansions of Wnt signaling, homeobox genes, and cell migration gene ontologies which may contribute to its aggressive growth and resilience. Transcriptomic responses under simulated climate stress conditions (heat stress at 31 °C and acidification at 700 ppm pCO₂) indicated dynamic gene regulation, with upregulation of neurotransmitter metabolism, cellular maintenance, and ion homeostasis responses. Despite these stressors, it remained stable. This suggests that T. hoshinota exhibits strong adaptability and resilience through rapid gene regulation. In conclusion, these findings provide molecular insights into T. hoshinota's ecological success, its potential expansion under climate change, and its broader impact on coral reef ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":9030,"journal":{"name":"BMC Genomics","volume":"26 1","pages":"830"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of JmjC domain-containing family in Vitis vinifera L.","authors":"Mengqi Wang, Jie Wang, Wangsheng Zhu, Xin Sun","doi":"10.1186/s12864-025-11995-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12864-025-11995-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9030,"journal":{"name":"BMC Genomics","volume":"26 1","pages":"816"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The duplicated cytochrome P450 CYP6P9a/b confers cross-resistance to a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor in the African malaria vector Anopheles funestus.","authors":"Theofelix A Tekoh, Leon M J Mugenzi, Benjamin Menze, Williams Tchapga, Murielle Wondji, Magellan Tchouakui, Graham Small, Charles S Wondji","doi":"10.1186/s12864-025-11984-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12864-025-11984-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic resistance to pyrethroids driven by cytochrome P450s is threatening malaria control interventions and may provide cross-resistance to insecticides with unrelated modes of action. Here, we show that cytochrome P450 genes CYP6P9a/b associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles funestus also confer cross-resistance to a novel mitochondrial complex I inhibitor insecticide, code-named Sherlock. Using standard bioassays (CDC bottle bioassays, WHO cone bioassays, and WHO tunnel tests), the Sherlock and pyrethroid insecticides were tested against pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae s.s. (Nkolondom, Cameroon) and An. funestus s.s. (Mibellon, Cameroon) and FUMOZ-R). Molecular assays (genotyping of P450 markers and qRT-PCR expression) were performed to investigate the underlying resistance mechanisms and cross-resistance in An. funestus. Field sampled strains of An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus s.s. from Cameroon were fully susceptible to Sherlock, whereas moderate resistance was observed in the FUMOZ-R An. funestus strain. Genotypic analysis of hybrid mosquitoes demonstrated a correlation between pyrethroid-resistance markers and reduced susceptibility to Sherlock. Individuals carrying one CYP6P9a_R allele had significantly higher odds of surviving exposure to Sherlock compared to those lacking this allele, as evidenced by CDC bottle bioassays (1xDC: OR = 5.3, CI = 2.7-9.8, p < 0.0001; 5xDC: OR = 18.6, CI = 7.8-46.4, p < 0.0001)), cone bioassays (OR = 5.1, CI = 2.7-9.8, p < 0.0001), and tunnel tests (OR = 6.6, CI = 3.4-12.6 p < 0.0001). qRT-PCR analysis revealed elevated expression of CYP6P9a in surviving hybrid mosquitoes exposed to Sherlock and permethrin, as observed in CDC bottle bioassays (1xDC: FC = 24.7; 5xDC: FC = 45.6; permethrin: FC = 35.4) and cone bioassays (FC = 9.8; FC = 4.8, respectively). These findings were consistent with the patterns of CYP6P9b and the 6.5 kb insertion. The L119F_GSTe2 pyrethroid resistance marker did not confer cross-resistance to Sherlock. These findings highlight the importance of considering cross-resistance patterns in the development and deployment of new insecticides for malaria vector control.</p>","PeriodicalId":9030,"journal":{"name":"BMC Genomics","volume":"26 1","pages":"837"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive analysis of Atlantic salmon gonad and pituitary transcriptomes identifies novel players in sexual maturation.","authors":"Xin-Di Huang, Morgane Frapin, Ehsan Pashay Ahi, Craig Robert Primmer, Jukka-Pekka Verta","doi":"10.1186/s12864-025-11954-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12864-025-11954-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9030,"journal":{"name":"BMC Genomics","volume":"26 1","pages":"818"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-scale screening of genes responsible for silique length and seed size in Brassica Napus via pooled CRISPR library.","authors":"Chenqi Zhao, Jie Xia, Baoling Liang, Shengzhe Lin, Yixian Song, Dengfeng Hong, Jianwei Gu","doi":"10.1186/s12864-025-11979-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12864-025-11979-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Enhancing rapeseed (Brassica napus, B. napus) yield is critical for ensuring global vegetable oil security. However, yield is heavily influenced by silique development and seed size, the enhancement of which is limited by scarce genetic resources. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as a powerful tool for constructing genome-wide mutant libraries, even in polyploid crops with complex genomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) data, tissue-specific expression profiles data and reported genes were integrated to identify candidate genes regulating silique development and seed size. We constructed a sgRNA library targeting these genes and generated a CRISPR/Cas9 editing mutant library through genetic transformation. Specifically, 6124 sgRNAs were designed for 1739 candidate genes with ≦ 4 orthologues. 681 T₀ plants were obtained through genetic transformation, which harbor 453 sgRNAs. Of 408 T₀ plants analyzed, 151 (37.00%) exhibited successful gene editing events, targeting 84 candidate genes. Ten homozygous mutant plants were isolated and preliminary phenotypic analysis was performed in mutants targeting the BnaHRDs. The results suggest that mutations in BnaHRD.A03 and BnaHRD.C03 may modulate plant height (PH), main inflorescence length (MIL), silique length (SL), effective silique number per plant (ENS), seed number per silique (SNPS), and thousand-seed weight (TSW).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study harnessed the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to establish a preliminary library of gene-edited mutants in B. napus, thereby laying a robust foundation for the future screening of candidate genes pertaining to silique development and seed size. Furthermore, this study provides a methodological framework for rapid functional gene discovery in B. napus through CRISPR-based approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":9030,"journal":{"name":"BMC Genomics","volume":"26 1","pages":"829"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-scale genome-wide association analysis reveals candidate genes in yak body size traits.","authors":"Jiahong Zhao, Zemin Li, Xinrui Liu, Yaxin Liu, Binglin Yue, Hui Wang, Ming Zhang, Wei Peng, Shi Shu, Guowen Wang, Jincheng Zhong, Yixi Kangzhu, Xinjia Yan, Daoliang Lan, Jiabo Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12864-025-12017-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12864-025-12017-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The yak is a unique livestock species bred on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We utilized genotypic data obtained from the yak sequencing chip \"Qingxin-1\" and phenotypic data measured from image photographs using conversion between pixel and distance. The primary objective of this study was to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using five models to analyze seven body size traits. Specifically, the goals were to (1) characterize the genetic structure of three major yak breeds: Maiwa, Yushu, and Huanhu; (2) identify candidate genes that significantly influence yak body size traits; and (3) compare the prediction accuracy of single-trait and multi-trait genomic selection(GS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 94 markers were significantly (P<1e-05) associated with yak body size traits. GWAS results revealed that PRKAA2 and SNX9 were important candidate genes affecting the body size traits of yaks. The GS results indicated that combining marker-assisted selection and best linear unbiased prediction significantly improved the accuracy of predicting body size traits, the average accuracy in multi-trait GS was higher than that in single-trait GS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings provide valuable insights into the genetic architecture underlying yaks, with implications for the development and selection of yak body size traits. The identification of key genes such as PRKAA2 and SNX9 offers promising targets for breeding programs aimed at optimizing body size traits, thereby supporting genetic improvements in yak populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9030,"journal":{"name":"BMC Genomics","volume":"26 1","pages":"844"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}