Biochemia Medica最新文献

{"title":"Detection of macroenzymes: establishing upper reference limits for eight enzymes after polyethylene glycol precipitation.","authors":"Lieselot Dedeene,&nbsp;Marie Stockman,&nbsp;Sophie Steels,&nbsp;Pieter Vermeersch,&nbsp;Glynis Frans","doi":"10.11613/BM.2023.010705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2023.010705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The presence of macroenzymes in blood can cause diagnostic confusion. Therefore, confirming the presence of macroenzymes is important to reduce unnecessary (non-)invasive investigations. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation is a simple and fast first-line method for the detection of macroenzymes. However, there is no consensus on the upper reference limit for the PEG-precipitable activity (%PPA) of monomeric enzymes. The aim of this study was to verify a PEG precipitation protocol for the detection of macroenzymes in our laboratory by establishing upper reference limits (URLs) and determining imprecision for eight enzymes after PEG precipitation. In addition, we aimed to clinically verify the URLs using samples containing macroenzymes as identified by electrophoresis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong><i>Per</i> enzyme, at least 40 leftover blood samples from adult patients with either normal or increased enzyme activities were diluted 1:1 with 25% PEG 6000 and 1:1 with 0.9% NaCl. Mixtures were incubated for 10 min at 37°C and centrifuged. Supernatant enzyme activity was measured on Cobas c702 and the %PPA was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The following URLs were obtained: 26% PPA for amylase, 29% PPA for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 61% PPA for alanine aminotransferase, 48% PPA for aspartate aminotransferase, 24% PPA for creatine kinase (CK), 55% PPA for gamma-glutamyltransferase, 65% PPA for lactate dehydrogenase, and 56% PPA for lipase. The within-lab imprecision was < 15%. Regarding the clinical verification, the two historical samples with proven macroCK showed a %PPA of 69% and 43%, respectively, and a sample with proven macroALP had a %PPA of 52%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, URLs for monomeric enzyme activities after PEG precipitation for eight different enzymes were established. The URLs are suitable for clinical use, but are only partially in line with other studies. Therefore, our data highlight the importance of establishing laboratory-specific upper reference limits for %PPA to allow a correct interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9021,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia Medica","volume":"33 1","pages":"010705"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9807236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10520550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of serum ADMA, SDMA and L-NMMA concentrations with disease progression in COVID-19 patients.","authors":"Adnan Haşimi,&nbsp;Özlem Doğan,&nbsp;Ceyhan Ceran Serdar,&nbsp;Muhittin A Serdar","doi":"10.11613/BM.2023.010701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2023.010701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study determines and compares the concentrations of arginine and methylated arginine products ((asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), n-monomethyl-1-arginine (L-NMMA) and homoarginine (HA)) for assessment of their association with disease severity in serum samples of COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Serum arginine and methylated arginine products of 57 mild-moderate and 29 severe (N = 86) COVID-19 patients and 21 controls were determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Moreover, the concentrations of some of the routine clinical laboratory parameters -neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein, ferritin, D-dimer, and fibrinogen measured during COVID-19 follow-up were also taken into consideration and compared with the concentrations of arginine and methylated arginine products.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum ADMA, SDMA and L-NMMA were found to be significantly higher in severe COVID-19 patients, than in both mild-moderate patients and the control group (P < 0.001 for each). In addition, multiple logistic regression analysis indicated L-NMMA (cut-off =120 nmol/L OR = 34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.5-302.0, P= 0.002), CRP (cut-off = 32 mg/L, OR = 37, 95% CI = 4.8-287.0, P < 0.001), and NLR (cut-off = 7, OR = 22, 95% CI = 1.4-335.0, P = 0.020) as independent risk factors for identification of severe patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The concentration of methylated arginine metabolites are significantly altered in COVID-19 disease. The results of this study indicate a significant correlation between the severity of COVID-19 disease and concentrations of CRP, NLR and L-NMMA.</p>","PeriodicalId":9021,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia Medica","volume":"33 1","pages":"010701"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9807234/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10525965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reference intervals for thyroid disorders calculated by indirect method and comparison with reference change values.","authors":"Zeynep Yildiz,&nbsp;Lale Köroğlu Dağdelen","doi":"10.11613/BM.2023.010704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2023.010704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of the study was to calculate reference intervals (RIs) for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) and evaluate the clinical significance of these intervals by use of reference change values (RCV) of the analytes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Laboratory patient data between August and December 2021 were evaluated for the study. A total of 188,912 patients with TSH, fT4, fT3, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (Anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (Anti-Tg) results were evaluated. All measurements were performed on Cobas c801 (Roche Diagnostics, Penzberg, Germany) using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay technology. Estimated RIs were compared with manufacturer's by means of RCVs of analytes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thyroid stimulating hormone values didn't differ significantly by gender and age. The combined RIs for whole group (N = 28,437) was found as 0.41-4.37 mIU/mL. Free T4 values (11.6-20.1 pmol/L, N = 13,479 in male; 10.5-19.5 pmol/L, N = 17,634 female) and fT3 values (3.38-6.35 pmol/L, N = 2,516 in male; 3.39-5.99 pmol/L, N = 3,348 pmol/L in female) significantly differed by gender (P < 0.050). Both fT4 and fT3 values also showed significant differences in age subgroups comparisons. So, male and female RIs were represented separately for age subgroups. When compared with manufacturer's RIs, TSH whole group and fT4 subgroups RIs didn't exceed the analytes' RCVs, but this difference was greater for fT3.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Reference interval estimation by use of indirect method out of laboratory data may be more accurate than manufacturer provided RIs. This population based RIs evaluated using RCV of analytes may provide useful information in clinical interpretation of laboratory results.</p>","PeriodicalId":9021,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia Medica","volume":"33 1","pages":"010704"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9807239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10520547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of serum indices in a particular case of serum protein electrophoresis.","authors":"Massimo Daves,&nbsp;Andrea Piccin,&nbsp;Cristina Vicidomini,&nbsp;Antonia De Luisi,&nbsp;Andrea Mega","doi":"10.11613/BM.2022.030802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2022.030802","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Screening and measurement of monoclonal (M) proteins are commonly performed using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The identification of M-protein or monoclonal component (CM) is an essential requirement for diagnosis and monitoring of monoclonal gammopathies. The detection of CM has been largely improved by CZE. Capillary electrophoresis estimates CM more accurately, because absence of variation due to different dye binding affinities of proteins as instead seen with agarose gel electrophoresis. However, interferences can be present in CZE. This occurs because all substances absorbing at 200 nm can be identified. Recognition and handling of specimens exhibiting such interferences is essential to ensure accurate diagnostic and patient safety. We herein report on an unusual case of serum protein electrophoresis, to highlight that laboratory staff must be aware of and familiarise with the information provided by laboratory instruments. For example, in the case of serum indices, about specimen quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":9021,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia Medica","volume":" ","pages":"030802"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9344864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40696906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A practical approach example to measurement uncertainty: Evaluation of 26 immunoassay parameters.","authors":"Rabia Tan,&nbsp;Mustafa Yilmaz,&nbsp;Yusuf Kurtulmuş","doi":"10.11613/BM.2022.030705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2022.030705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Measurement uncertainty is a non-negative parameter that characterizes the distribution of all values appropriate to the measured size and is associated with the measured result. In this study, we aimed to compare the results with various suggestions and produce more qualified results by calculating the measurement uncertainties of the immunoassays like fertility hormones, drug concentration tests, cardiac markers, thyroid function tests and tumour markers.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Uncertainty calculation was made in accordance with the top-down approach according to Nordtest guide. The 12-month study of internal and external quality assessment results were used. The parameters of drug concentration tests were performed on the Abbott Architect c8000, other hormones/markers on the i2000 of the same brand.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Factors that increased the measurement uncertainty of a test were due to external quality control data. The calculations showed that 13 of 26 parameters satisfied quality requirements. The highest uncertainty value, with 28% belonged to cancer antigen 19-9 test. The lowest value was calculated for prolactin with 8.3%. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and phenytoin performed poorly in terms of measurement uncertainty, although internal and external quality control assessment results were considered favourable for both.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is recommended that the concept of measurement uncertainty, which plays an important role in the total quality performance of the laboratory, should be followed up by the clinical laboratory experts at certain time intervals and should be increased the awareness of clinicians about the subject.</p>","PeriodicalId":9021,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia Medica","volume":" ","pages":"030705"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9344870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40697868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor as noninvasive biomarkers of overactive bladder in children.","authors":"Merima Colic,&nbsp;Dunja Rogic,&nbsp;Jasna Lenicek Krleza,&nbsp;Ana Kozmar,&nbsp;Lorna Stemberger Maric,&nbsp;Slaven Abdovic","doi":"10.11613/BM.2022.030706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2022.030706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Overactive bladder (OAB) is the most common urinary disorder and the leading cause of functional daytime intermittent urinary incontinence in children. The aim of this study was to determine whether urinary brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) concentrations, normalized to urine creatinine, could be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of OAB in children.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Urine samples of 48 pediatric patients with OAB were collected at the start of anticholinergic therapy (baseline), at follow-up visits (3 and 6 months), and from 48 healthy controls. Urinary BDNF and NGF concentrations were determined by ELISA method (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and Luminex method (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA). Differences of frequency between quantifiable analyte concentrations between subject groups were determined using Fisher's exact test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no statistically significant difference between quantifiable analyte concentrations between patients at baseline and the control group for BDNF and NGF by either the ELISA or Luminex method (P = 1.000, P = 0.170, P = 1.000, and P = N/A, respectively). There was a statistically significant difference between quantifiable BDNF by the ELISA method between patients at baseline and complete success follow-up (P = 0.027), while BDNF by Luminex method and NGF by both methods were not statistically significant (P = 0.078, P = 0.519, and P = N/A, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study did not demonstrate that urinary BDNF and NGF concentrations, can be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy monitoring of OAB in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":9021,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia Medica","volume":"32 3","pages":"030706"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9562800/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9647504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-rater reliability assessment for the new-born screening quality assurance.","authors":"Leonor Guiñón,&nbsp;Anna Soler,&nbsp;Rosa María López,&nbsp;Sonia Pajares,&nbsp;José Manuel González de Aledo,&nbsp;Ana Argudo-Ramírez,&nbsp;José Luis Marín,&nbsp;Judit García-Villoria,&nbsp;Ángeles Sahuquillo,&nbsp;Luisa Alvarez","doi":"10.11613/BM.2022.030901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2022.030901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>To ensure the quality of the new-born screening (NBS), our laboratory reviewed the analytical procedure to detect subjective steps that may represent a risk to the patient. Two subjective activities were identified in the extra-analytical phases: the classification of dried blood spots (DBS) according to their quality and the assignment of haemoglobin patterns. To keep these activities under control, inter-rater studies were implemented. This study aimed to evaluate the inter-rater reliability and the effectiveness of the measures taken to improve the agreement between observers, to assure NBS results' quality.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Dried blood spots specimens were used for the inter-rater studies. Ten studies were performed to assess DBS quality classification, and four to assess the assignment of haemoglobin patterns. Krippendorff's alpha test was used to estimate inter-rater reliability. Causes were investigated when alpha values were below 0.80.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For both activities, the reliability obtained in the first studies was inadequate. After investigation, we detected that the criterion to classify a DBS as scant was not consolidated, and also a lack of consensus on whether or not to report Bart's haemoglobin depending on its percentage. Alpha estimates became higher once the training was reinforced and a consensus about the appropriate criteria to be applied was reached.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Inter-rater reliability assessment helped us to ensure the quality of subjective activities that could add variability to NBS results. Furthermore, the evolution of the alpha value over time allowed us to verify the effectiveness of the measures adopted.</p>","PeriodicalId":9021,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia Medica","volume":"32 3","pages":"030901"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9344869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9284079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing and validating an autoverification system of biochemical test results in Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, clinical laboratory.","authors":"Bahar Ünlü Gül,&nbsp;Oğuzhan Özcan,&nbsp;Serdar Doğan,&nbsp;Abdullah Arpaci","doi":"10.11613/BM.2022.030704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2022.030704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Autoverification (AV) is a postanalytical tool that uses algorithms to validate test results according to specified criteria. The Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) document for AV of clinical laboratory test result (AUTO-10A) includes recommendations for laboratories needing guidance on implementation of AV algorithms. The aim was to design and validate the AV algorithm for biochemical tests.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Criteria were defined according to AUTO-10A. Three different approaches for algorithm were used as result limit checks, which are reference range, reference range <b>±</b> total allowable error, and 2nd and 98th percentile values. To validate the algorithm, 720 cases in middleware were tested. For actual cases, 3,188,095 results and 194,520 reports in laboratory information system (LIS) were evaluated using the AV system. Cohen's kappa (κ) was calculated to determine the degree of agreement between seven independent reviewers and the AV system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The AV passing rate was found between 77% and 85%. The highest rates of AV were in alanine transaminase (ALT), direct bilirubin (DBIL), and magnesium (Mg), which all had AV rates exceeding 85%. The most common reason for non-validated results was the result limit check (41%). A total of 328 reports evaluated by reviewers were compared to AV system. The statistical analysis resulted in a κ value between 0.39 and 0.63 (P < 0.001) and an agreement rate between 79% and 88%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our improved model can help laboratories design, build, and validate AV systems and be used as starting point for different test groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":9021,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia Medica","volume":" ","pages":"030704"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9344865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40696905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bias, the unfinished symphony.","authors":"Abdurrahman Coşkun","doi":"10.11613/BM.2022.030402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2022.030402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In laboratory medicine, mathematical equations are frequently used to calculate various parameters including bias, imprecision, measurement uncertainty, sigma metric (SM), creatinine clearance, LDL-cholesterol concentration, <i>etc</i>. Mathematical equations have strict limitations and cannot be used in all situations and are not open to manipulations. Recently, a paper \"Bias estimation for Sigma metric calculation: Arithmetic mean <i>versus</i> quadratic mean\" was published in Biochemia Medica. In the paper, the author criticized the approach of taking the arithmetic mean of the multiple biases to obtain a single bias and proposed a quadratic method to estimate the overall bias using external quality assurance services (EQAS) data for SM calculation. This approach does not fit the purpose and it should be noted that using the correct equation in calculations is as important as using the correct reagent in the measurement of the analytes, therefore before using an equation, its suitability should be checked and confirmed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9021,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia Medica","volume":"32 3","pages":"030402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9562803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9795249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical importance of laboratory biomarkers in liver fibrosis.","authors":"Goda Aleknavičiūtė-Valienė,&nbsp;Valdas Banys","doi":"10.11613/BM.2022.030501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2022.030501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatic cirrhosis is a major health problem across the world, causing high morbidity and mortality. This disease has many etiologies, yet the result of chronic hepatic injury is hepatic fibrosis causing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, as the liver's architecture is progressively destroyed. While liver biopsy is currently the gold standard for fibrosis staging, it has significant disadvantages, leading to a growing interest in non-invasive markers. Direct biomarkers - hyaluronic acid, laminin, collagen type III N-peptide, type IV collagen and cholylglycine - are new and rarely applied in routine clinical practice. This is the case primarily because there is no general consensus regarding the clinical application and effectiveness of the individual biomarkers. The usage of these markers in routine clinical practice could be advantageous for patients with liver fibrosis, requiring a simple blood test instead of a biopsy. The former option would be especially attractive for patients who are contraindicated for the latter. This review summarizes recent findings on direct biomarkers of liver fibrosis and highlights their possible applications and potential benefit for liver fibrosis diagnostics and/or staging.</p>","PeriodicalId":9021,"journal":{"name":"Biochemia Medica","volume":" ","pages":"030501"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9562801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40655043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}