Journal of neuroinfectious diseases最新文献

{"title":"Alzheimers Disease: A Novel Hypothesis Integrating Spirochetes, Biofilm, and the Immune System","authors":"H. Allen, D. Morales, Krister Jonés, S. Joshi","doi":"10.4172/2314-7326.1000200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2314-7326.1000200","url":null,"abstract":"In the light of recent studies showing the presence of spirochetes in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, we have studied (post mortem) the hippocampus region in the brains of similarly affected AD patients utilizing both pathology and immunohistochemistry. Our findings demonstrate that the plaques, which are characteristically found in AD brains, reveal the presence of biofilms. These biofilms are undoubtedly made by the spirochetes present there; further, we have also found that the biofilms co-localize with the β amyloid that is a signature finding in the disease. Also, we have shown activation of Toll-like receptor 2 in the same areas. We postulate this is related to the disease because this innate immune system molecule cannot penetrate the biofilm to destroy the spirochetes present there, so, inasmuch as it is activated, it destroys the surrounding tissue instead. We compare this destruction to that which is caused by activation of the adaptive immune system, which leads to much more severe devastation, much more rapidly.","PeriodicalId":89982,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroinfectious diseases","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80400125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CMV Driven Immunosenescence and Alzheimers Disease","authors":"C. Dow","doi":"10.4172/2314-7326.1000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2314-7326.1000195","url":null,"abstract":"Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is well known for producing severe life-threatening infection in immunocompromised hosts (HIV, organ transplant). CMV latently infects immune competent individuals as well and has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Nearly all elderly carry the CMV virus and the immune consequence of CMV can be overwhelming. This article reviews Alzheimer’s and its pathology, CMV and immune risk and how the immune dysfunction can lead to Alzheimer’s. Early risk detection with new biomarker imaging technology for Alzheimer’s along with antiviral drugs and immune support with telomerase activation may all mitigate the expected epidemic of Alzheimer’s disease.","PeriodicalId":89982,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroinfectious diseases","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75826553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reversible Splenial Lesion Syndrome (RESLES) in a Patient with ClinicallyMild Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Hyponatremia","authors":"Thomas Grimm, Filip Barinka, Martin Uhl, Wilhelm Schulte-Mattler, B. Schalke, S. Gerhard, U. Bogdahn, G. Schuierer, S. Schwab-Malek, K. Angstwurm, Peter Hau, M. Hutterer","doi":"10.4172/2314-7326.1000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2314-7326.1000192","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES) is a clinicoradiological syndrome of varied etiology, characterized by transient lesions involving the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC). Clinical presentation is nonspecific and depends on etiology. In the case of infectious disease the syndrome is also called mild encephalitis with reversible splenial lesion (MERS). Hyponatremia is often described in patients with RESLES. Here we present a patient case of RESLES/MERS in a patient with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) accompanied by mild hyponatremia. Case Presentation: A 46-year-old man presented with malaise, fever, headache, discrete nuchal rigidity, brain stem symptoms (disturbance of ocular movements, gait ataxia) and mild cognitive and psychomotor impairment. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis at two different time points showed a lymphocytic pleocytosis and seroconversion for anti-TBEIgM/- IgG, serum biochemical analysis a mild hyponatremia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain on day four after admission revealed a distinct signal hyperintensity on T2/FLAIR sequences in the SCC associated with diffusion restriction and low apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values on diffusion-weighted sequences. On T1-weighted images no contrast enhancement was detectable. Until the diagnosis of TBE the patient was treated with intravenous ceftriaxone, ampicillin and acyclovir. The patient recovered completely within three weeks. The T2/FLAIR hyperintense and diffusion-restricted lesion of the SCC was completely resolved ten days after the first MRI. Conclusion: TBE accompanied by hyponatremia may lead to RESLES/MERS, a clinicoradiological syndrome with reversible non-enhancing lesion of the SCC and excellent prognosis. Neuroradiological findings in RESLES are very similar to findings described in patients with osmotic demyelination syndromes like central pontine myelinolysis or extrapontine myelinolysis.","PeriodicalId":89982,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroinfectious diseases","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81925018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sinogenic Complications Involving Orbit, Frontal Sinus, Anterior and MiddleCranial Fossa Treated Using Endoscopic Techniques","authors":"K. Oles, J. Skladzien, J. Leszczyńska, K. Bartus, J. Mika","doi":"10.4172/2314-7326.1000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2314-7326.1000189","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment modalities with sinogenic complications. We present a retrospective assessment of 11 patients who developed various types of complications, including an abscess within the temporal bone pyramid, frontal sinus and orbital mucocele, and a subperiosteal abscess with orbital apex syndrome. Three patients have suffered from decreased visual acuity of one eye during the course of chronic sinusitis. Six of the eleven patients had a history of earlier surgeries from external access sites. All patients were treated with Expanded Endonosal Approach at the Otolaryngology Clinic of the Jagiellonian University Medical College. Postoperative follow-up periods were 1 to 5 years. All patients were treated with empirical antibiotic therapy, glucocorticoids and antithrombotics during the peri- and postoperative periods. Postoperative improvement was observed in all patients. No orbital or neurological complications were observed due to the surgical procedure. Summing up, untreated chronic paranasal sinusitis may lead to severe orbital and intracranial complications. Transnasal endoscopy is the gold standard for the treatment of sinogenic complications.","PeriodicalId":89982,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroinfectious diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75522385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Mast Cells and Neuroglia in Neuroinfectious Diseases","authors":"Azize Yasemin Goksu Erol","doi":"10.4172/2314-7326.1000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2314-7326.1000190","url":null,"abstract":"The central nervous system may be infected by a wide range of microorganisms. However, immune response in the central nervous system is too limited and delayed, and penetration of antimicrobials from blood-brain barrier is also limited. As a result, morbidity and mortality rates of these infectious diseases are still high despite advanced antimicrobial therapies. Many of these infections are life threatening, and an important percentage of individuals who survive may experience severe and permanent neurological deficit. In the last decades, various experimental studies have provided some insight into the molecular and cellular basis of the human neuroinfectious diseases, including the host response to pathogens, pathobiology of neuroinflammation, and mast cell–microglia crosstalk. In this content, mast cells are multifunctional cells which are known as central players in classic IgE-associated allergic disorders. Actually, they have a critical and protective role in host defense against parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses in the context of both innate and adaptive immune responses through releasing a wide range of pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory molecules and their characteristic surface receptors for cytokines and chemokines. In this content, mast cells have an important role in protection against infections of the nervous sytem, as well. Recent studies show that mast cells form the major link between neurons and inflammation via neuropeptides. Namely, neuropeptides may induce human mast cell degranulation and chemokine production. This review will provide an overview of the innate and adaptive immune responses, neuroinflammation, the roles of neuroglia and mast cells, and mast cell-glia crosstalk. Development of novel therapies targeting neuroinflammation and an agent which is efficacious in acute and neurogenic inflammation called N-palmitoylethanolamine will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":89982,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroinfectious diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89508068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Stroke: Mitochondrial Mechanism.","authors":"Xuefang Ren, James W Simpkins","doi":"10.4172/2314-7326.S2-e002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2314-7326.S2-e002","url":null,"abstract":"Stroke is a complex vascular and neurological syndrome that can lead to death and disability. About 15 million people worldwide and 800,000 people in the United States suffer stroke each year . On average, in the U.S. every 40 seconds someone has a stroke and every 4 minutes someone dies from a stroke. This medical emergency has very limited treatments, and causes serious health and economic burdens in the United States and globally. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed of highly specialized cerebrovascular endothelial cells, seals brain tissue from the circulating blood, and prevents blood, bacteria or toxins from reaching the central nervous system (CNS). In acute ischemic stroke, BBB is disrupted, and blood solutes penetrate into the CNS parenchymal extracellular space then cause cerebral edema . Although much has been observed in this stroke-induced brain edema, such as inflammatory infiltration, releasing of chemokines and cytokines, much less has the mechanism of BBB disruption been understood.","PeriodicalId":89982,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroinfectious diseases","volume":"6 Suppl 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2314-7326.S2-e002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34509286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Envelope gene evolution and HIV-1 neuropathogenesis.","authors":"Fabián J Vázquez-Santiago,&nbsp;Vanessa Rivera-Amill","doi":"10.4172/2314-7326.S2-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2314-7326.S2-003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) account for 40 to 56% of all HIV⁺ cases. During the acute stage of HIV-1 infection (<6 months), the virus invades and replicates within the central nervous system (CNS). Compared to peripheral tissues, the local CNS cell population expresses distinct levels of chemokine receptors, which levels exert selective pressure on the invading virus. HIV-1 <i>envelope</i> (<i>env</i>) sequences recovered from the brains and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neurocognitively impaired HIV⁺ subjects often display higher nucleotide variability as compared to non-impaired HIV⁺ subjects. Specifically, <i>env</i> evolution provides HIV-1 with the strategies to evade host immune response, to reduce chemokine receptor dependence, to increase co-receptor binding efficiency, and to potentiate neurotoxicity. The evolution of <i>env</i> within the CNS leads to changes that may result in the emergence of novel isolates with neurotoxic and neurovirulent features. However, whether specific factors of HIV-1 evolution lead to the emergence of neurovirulent and neurotropic isolates remains ill-defined. HIV-1 <i>env</i> evolution is an ongoing phenomenon that occurs independently of neurological and neurocognitive disease severity; thus HIV <i>env</i> evolution may play a pivotal and reciprocal role in the etiology of HAND. Despite the use of cART, the reactivation of latent viral reservoirs represents a clinical challenge because of the replenishment of the viral pool that may subsequently lead to persistent infection. Therefore, gaining a more complete understanding of how HIV-1 <i>env</i> evolves over the course of the disease should be considered for the development of future therapies aimed at controlling CNS burden, diminishing persistent viremia, and eradicating viral reservoirs. Here we review the current literature on the role of HIV-1 <i>env</i> evolution in the setting of HAND disease progression and on the impact of cART on the dynamics of viral evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":89982,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroinfectious diseases","volume":"6 Suppl 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2314-7326.S2-003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34509685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Asymmetric Onset of Neurological Signs Does Not Rule Out the Botulism","authors":"M. Trivisano, G. d’Orsi, Adele Gianmario, M. Ciarallo, Maria Eusapia Liuni, Giovanna D’Addiego, A. Lepore, T. Santantonio, L. Specchio","doi":"10.4172/2314-7326.1000188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2314-7326.1000188","url":null,"abstract":"Foodborne Botulism is clinically characterized by a symmetric flaccid paralysis of the cranial nerves with a descending involvement of voluntary and breathing muscles leading to respiratory arrest. Asymmetric neurological signs are unusual and in these cases diagnosis could be delayed or frequently missed. We described a 63-year-old man with a clinical picture related to type A botulism characterized by an asymmetric and left lateralized onset of neurological signs associated with a monolateral parotitis. Physicians must be aware that lateralized onset of neurological signs does not rule out the botulism, and it should be considered even in cases of atypical clinical picture.","PeriodicalId":89982,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroinfectious diseases","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82102117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parechovirus Sepsis and Meningitis in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit","authors":"Katie A. Fritz, Vijender Karody, Susan Cohen","doi":"10.4172/2314-7326.1000187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2314-7326.1000187","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of febrile neonates have negative bacterial cultures and presumed viral infections. During November 2014, four febrile neonates in southeastern Wisconsin required intensive care admission for human parechovirus (HPeV) infection in the blood and/or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Both vertical and horizontal transmission led to disease, and a variety of signs and symptoms, including tachycardia, hypotension, neutropenia, rash and irritability accompanied fever. All neonates recovered clinically, although concern for neurodevelopmental delay remains for those with meningoencephalitis. This case series describes the presentation and short-term outcomes of neonates requiring intensive care for HPeV infections.","PeriodicalId":89982,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroinfectious diseases","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82204938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis Meningitis, still Misunderstood","authors":"Y. P. Sánchez, Dannys Rivero Rodraguez","doi":"10.4172/2314-7326.S2-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2314-7326.S2-005","url":null,"abstract":"World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 9 millions of people developed tuberculosis in 2013, and 1.5 million died, including 360 000 people who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) . 133 years after Robert Koch discovered the bacillus that cause the disease, tuberculosis remains a major global health problem. Tuberculosis meningitis (TM) represents nearly 2% of all the cases. In HIV-infected patients the rate increases roughly 10%. This form of presentation is particularly important because of the significant high rate of mortality and disability (about half of the people affected) . Reason why it is considers the most severe mode of tuberculosis in children, adult and particularly in HIV diseased patient´s. The vaccination (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) offers protection against disseminated forms of childhood tuberculosis, especially meningitis, but is not available worldwide. Scholars and guidelines recommend early initiation of empiric therapy in patients with suspected TM. Despite it has been recognize as the main factor determining outcome","PeriodicalId":89982,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroinfectious diseases","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90542722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}