Online journal of health ethics最新文献

{"title":"Childhood Obesity: Physiological and Psychological Implications and Ethical Responsibilities","authors":"C. Lewis","doi":"10.18785/OJHE.1301.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18785/OJHE.1301.05","url":null,"abstract":"Childhood obesity continues to be a health concern in the United States with physiological and psychological consequences. Research conducted in schools may address the physiological effects and exacerbate negative psychological effects, including weight bias and stigmatization. In the home, children are dependent on parents/caregivers to provide a healthy diet and exhibit a healthy lifestyle. The ethical theory, Ethics of Care, emphasizes dependence and interdependence on others, and ethical and moral responsibilities in the parent/child relationship. The assurance of ethical considerations involving children in research and parental provision for healthy dietary provision is of utmost importance. Any action or inaction that results in harm for this vulnerable population, whether perpetrated by the parents or researchers, is concerning.","PeriodicalId":89828,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of health ethics","volume":"13 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48415002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Right or Duty: A Kantian Argument for Universal Healthcare","authors":"Joseph Crisp","doi":"10.18785/OJHE.1301.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18785/OJHE.1301.07","url":null,"abstract":"Much of the political rhetoric about healthcare in the United States is couched in terms of healthcare as a right or entitlement. Healthcare as a right, like all welfare rights, carries with it the obligation to pay for it. This paper proposes that healthcare be considered, not a right, but rather a duty within the framework of a Kantian approach to ethics. The categorical imperatives of rational beings include the duties of self-preservation and self-development. As a precondition for these duties, health is essentially bound up with the nature and duties of physical, rational beings. The complexity of healthcare ensures that virtually all persons will need the services of others, and the expense of healthcare can exceed the resources even of those who are insured. Therefore, a just society has a moral duty to ensure access to healthcare to all of its members.","PeriodicalId":89828,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of health ethics","volume":"13 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47212242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legalization Of Euthanasia And Physician-Assisted Dying: Condemnation Of Physician Participation","authors":"S. Mazloom, A. H. Jahromi, B. Bastani","doi":"10.18785/OJHE.1301.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18785/OJHE.1301.08","url":null,"abstract":"The topic of physician-assisted dying has always been a controversial topic raising a strong ethical dilemma. Currently, six states in the USA (Oregon, Vermont, Washington, Montana, California, & Colorado) have developed regulations legalizing physician-assisted dying (medical euthanasia). We propose that physicians, because of their Hippocratic oath, should be exempted from participating in it. We suggest experts in professional assisted dying (Euthanasia Specialists) be ethically, and where possible, medically trained to perform such a task when deemed appropriate.","PeriodicalId":89828,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of health ethics","volume":"13 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67707789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Morality of Same Sex Marriage: How Not to Globalize a Cultural Anomie","authors":"Chris O. Akpan","doi":"10.18785/OJHE.1301.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18785/OJHE.1301.02","url":null,"abstract":"The question of the morality of same-sex marriage has become quite prevalent in the 21 century. Some western cultures believe that same-sex marriage is morally defensible and can be legalized. Using the human right fad and political might, they have engineered the globalization of this phenomenon. This move has been strongly opposed mostly by ‘developing’ nations and select religious denominations. The counter argument of these groups is that same-sex marriage is immoral, unnatural and ungodly. This paper defends the thesis that same-sex marriage cannot morally be defended successfully. It attempts to demonstrate that same-sex marriage is not exclusively a western phenomenon but has been in practice for a long time, even in some African cultures; though in more subtle ways. The author argues that in whatever way it is practiced, same-sex marriage is a cultural anomie, and more or less an elixir and alibi respectively, aimed at covering up immorality. The paper concludes that it is wrong for some cultures to attempt to globalize this cultural anomie, especially by hinging its morality on the human right’s doctrine. The paper is expository, speculative, critical, controversial, and thought provoking.","PeriodicalId":89828,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of health ethics","volume":"13 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67707743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legal and Ethical Issues in the Provision of Adolescent Reproductive Health in the United States","authors":"K. Fouquier","doi":"10.18785/OJHE.1301.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18785/OJHE.1301.03","url":null,"abstract":"In providing comprehensive evidenced-based reproductive health care to adolescents, understanding the legal and ethical issues surrounding informed consent and confidentiality is one of the many challenges faced by care providers. Informed consent is an active process between the patient and health care provider but varying state and federal laws contribute to provider’s uncertainty and ambiguity around practice policies and management options. This article describes issues surrounding legal and ethical issues of informed consent and confidentiality for adolescents seeking reproductive health services.","PeriodicalId":89828,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of health ethics","volume":"13 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67707382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Social Activities on Seasonal Variation in Birth Rates in Makurdi Town, Benue State, Nigeria","authors":"Augustine Mogom Idom, M. M. Iorsamber","doi":"10.18785/OJHE.1301.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18785/OJHE.1301.04","url":null,"abstract":"To examine the influence of social activities on birth rates in Makurdi town of Benue State Nigeria, a total of 23,000 recorded births from the year 2006 to 2015 were collated from six renown hospitals purposively selected based on issuance of ethical clearance and availability of data. With the use of secondary data, descriptive analysis was implored using tables and graphs. The result shows that births in Makurdi are characterized with two major peaks and two troughs. There is the March to June peak and the September to October peak. Alternatively, there is also the July to August trough and the December to January trough. Males generally dominate March births while females dominate December births. More pregnancies are conceived in the cool dry season which marks wedding celebrations, Christmas and New Year festivities while the hot dry season marking the Easter festivity and farming activities records the least conceptions. The implication is that conception is higher during festive periods that fall within months of low temperature. Therefore, the Ministry of health and other stake holders in Makurdi town should carry out awareness campaign on effective family planning during periods of high social activities or festivities to address the issue of high birth rates and over population in our society; Schools managements in Makurdi town should educate the students during festive periods to avoid teenage pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":89828,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of health ethics","volume":"13 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67707489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leadership in the Health Sector: A Discourse of the Leadesrhip Model of Utilitarianism","authors":"C. Udofia","doi":"10.18785/OJHE.1301.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18785/OJHE.1301.06","url":null,"abstract":"Leadership in the Health Sector: A Discourse of the Leadership Model of Utilitarianism is concerned with examining the appropriateness of Utilitarianism as a leadership model that may be employed and utilized by leaders in the public health industry. The research is predicated on the proposition that leadership is as much a problem in the health industry as it is for all humanity. Most leaderships fail due to the employment of inappropriate leadership theories. The appropriateness of any leadership model can only be determined after the model has been subjected to adequate critical analysis. Hence, this research adopts the philosophical methods of exposition and criticism in unravelling its subject matter. This research is significant in exposing a leadership model with an underlying ethical content which can serve as a paradigm for leadership and decision making in the health industry. The paper identifies the control and management of HIV/AIDS as well as the enhancement of National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) coverage in third world countries as critical health issues that can be strengthened through the adoption of the leadership paradigm of utilitarianism. The paper concludes that the utilitarian normative axiom of the greatest happiness for the greatest number will ultimately lead to the engendering of democratic culture in the policy and decision making processes bordering on health issues. However, the work cautions that the majority principle enshrined in axiom of utilitarianism is all too vulnerable to abuse by any leader with a totalitarian bent. Hence a leader who adopts utilitarianism as a normative principle is advised against allowing the good of the majority to always supersede and dominate that of the minority.","PeriodicalId":89828,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of health ethics","volume":"13 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67707553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Ethics 2016","authors":"S. Davis","doi":"10.18785/ojhe.1202.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18785/ojhe.1202.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89828,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of health ethics","volume":"12 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67706974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The meaning of evidence and nonmaleficence: cases from nursing","authors":"Chenit Ong-Flaherty Dnp, A. Banks, Martha Doyle Msn, Claire Sharifi","doi":"10.18785/OJHE.1202.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18785/OJHE.1202.02","url":null,"abstract":"In our increasingly diverse environment, nurses are obligated to question the meaning of “evidence” when history has shown that our emphasis on the empirical and quantitative data has shaped our biases against knowledge unknown to us. This bias has limited our ability to provide patient or person-centered care, and can be harmful to patients. Nurses are encouraged to reflect on what evidence means in their practice and to make sure harm is not caused to patients by dismissing evidence yet unknown to us or accepting “truths” not fully understood by us. The authors use composite case studies to share experiences from their clinical practice on how “evidence,” or lack of, can challenge our obligation to “do no harm.” Curiosity and skepticism should guide nursing practice, and every nurse should strive to contribute to questioning accepted practice and finding answers to the unknown to meet the needs of our diverse patients. The Meaning of Evidence and Nonmaleficence: Cases from Nursing Chenit Ong-Flaherty, DNP – University of San Francisco; Angela Banks, PhD – University of San Francisco; Martha Doyle – Kaiser Permanente; Claire Olivia SharifiUniversity of San Francisco","PeriodicalId":89828,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of health ethics","volume":"12 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67707224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics in community nursing","authors":"B. Pope, M. Hough, S. Chase","doi":"10.18785/OJHE.1202.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18785/OJHE.1202.03","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this theoretical paper is to explore the ethics in community nursing. Nursing, a practice discipline recognizes caring, morals, and values as integral to the practice of all nurses. The ethical principles of beneficence, autonomy, advocacy, and social justice will be discussed from the lens of caring. Caring nursing theorists, such as Jean Watson, Ann Boykin, and Savina Schoenhofer, articulate the importance of understanding communities and individuals as whole and autonomous. These theorists and others challenge nursing to engage in a responsive, ethical and philosophical discourse when the community is viewed as autonomous. Ethics in Community Nursing Bonnie PopeUniversity of North Florida; M.C. Hough – University of North Florida; & Susan Chase – University of Central Florida The nursing profession encompasses a philosophical foundation of caring, ethics, morals, and values (Gadow, 2004). Theorists have examined the principles of nursing, caring, and ethics to a philosophical foundation that recognizes individuals as whole and autonomous (Boykin & Schoenhofer, 2001; Newman, Smith, Pharris & Jones, 2008; Watson, 1990). The challenge to nursing is to engage in a responsive, ethical and philosophical discourse when the community is also understood to be whole and autonomous. The purpose of this theoretical paper is to explore ethics in community practice with the principles of caring, beneficence, autonomy, advocacy, and social justice. The Tradition of Nursing Ethics The ability of our health system to deliver consistent quality health care continues to be debated on a national level, and nursing’s moral obligation is not only to be a part of the debate (Watson, 1990) but also to advocate for communities, not as statistical populations, but as individuals deserving quality health care. It is imperative for the profession to clearly articulate an ethical perspective grounded in responsive relationships with individuals and communities. These relationships require a respect for diversity and the right of self-determination (Austin, 2007; Bouchet, 2007; Chase, 2004; Glaser, Soskin & Smith, 1996; Tarlier, 2004). Current existentialist ethics value the inherent uniqueness of individuals and groups that require nurses to practice beyond a disconnected view of individual autonomy (Gadow, 2004). In order to achieve this level of practice, nursing must expand the scope of current ethical principles, beneficence, autonomy, and advocacy (Benner, Tanner, & Chesla, 1996; Chase, 2004; Cody, 2003; Gadow, 1990, 1990; Shirley, 2007; Tarlier, 2004). Nursing’s engagement in early bioethical debates incorporated discussions on patient autonomy in health care decision-making (Shirley, 2007). Paternalistic practices that limit an individual’s right of self-determination have been and still are being challenged by nursing. Gadow’s concept of existential advocacy clarifies the role of nursing in circumstances that defends a patient’s authentic free will ","PeriodicalId":89828,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of health ethics","volume":"12 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67707735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}