Current neurobiology最新文献

{"title":"An accurate Alzheimer disease diagnosis approach based on samples balancedgenetic algorithm and extreme learning machine using MRI.","authors":"Vasily Sachnev","doi":"10.4172/0975-9042.000128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-9042.000128","url":null,"abstract":"A Samples Balanced Genetic Algorithm and Extreme Learning Machine (SBGA-ELM) designed for accurate Alzheimer Disease diagnosis and identifying biomarkers associated with AD is presented in this paper. Proposed Alzheimer Disease diagnosis approach uses set of MRI of OASIS public database to build an efficient AD classifier. Proposed Alzheimer Disease diagnosis approach contains 2 steps: 1) “voxels selection” based on Samples Balanced Genetic Algorithm (SBGA), and 2) “AD classification” based on Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). In a first step “voxels selection” step a subset of voxels with promising properties for AD diagnosis is selected from a complete set of 19879 voxels extracted from OASIS data base. A selection process is extremely complex and requires specifically designed technique. In this paper, we propose a Samples Balanced Genetic Algorithm (SBGA) for searching a subset of voxels among 19879 voxels from OASIS database. In a second “AD classification” step, a discovered subset of voxels is used to construct an efficient AD classifier based on Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). A discovered subset of voxels keeps high generalization performances of AD classification using ELM in various scenarios and highlights importance of the chosen voxels for AD research. AD classifier with maximum classification accuracy created using the best set of chosen voxels is our final AD diagnosis approach and the best set of chosen voxels is potential AD biomarkers. Experiments with proposed SBGA-ELM show an average testing accuracy 87%. Experiments clearly indicate the efficiency of the proposed SBGA-ELM for AD diagnosis and highlight improvement over existing techniques.","PeriodicalId":89670,"journal":{"name":"Current neurobiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"90-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70933870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olfactory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment and early stage ofalzheimer disease.","authors":"S. Mut","doi":"10.4172/0975-9042.000127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-9042.000127","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There is a rapidly increasing prevalence of dementia which requires simple and reliable tests to help diagnose the disease especially at an earlier stage. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the predictive value of testing olfactory functions for diagnosing the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and the early stage of Alzheimer Disease (AD) and to explore the correlations of olfactory functions with neuropsychological battery. Materials and methods: In current study the participants were separated in three distinct groups. The control group consisted of 19 healthy volunteering participants, the MCI group included 18 subjects and the AD group consisted of 11 selected subjects. Sniffin Sticks Test Battery (SSTB) was performed to assess the olfactory functions. For cognitive evaluation, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing test (CDT), three words three shapes (TWTS), enhanced cued recall test (ECRT) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was performed. Results: The scores for identifying and differentiating olfaction were significantly varied across the groups. Subjects in the MCI group performed better than the early AD group and healthy group performed better than the MCI group. Olfactory dysfunction also correlated with the cognitive decline which has been revealed in neuropsychological tests in the early AD group. Conclusion: We concluded that the Sniffin Sticks test has significant diagnostic and screening feature for MCI and early AD.","PeriodicalId":89670,"journal":{"name":"Current neurobiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"83-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70933863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural control of skin water content: The sebaceous gland, a neglected target.","authors":"P. Guertin","doi":"10.4172/0975-9042.000123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-9042.000123","url":null,"abstract":"Normally supple and moist, the skin is the largest organ and outermost structure of the body. It is composed of separate but interconnected layers, working as a whole but controlled distinctively by numerous modulatory signals arising from several areas of the central, peripheral and autonomous nervous systems (CNS, PNS, ANS, respectively). Almost all functions mediated by that organ depend significantly upon water content levels of its constitutive layers. There is increasing evidence suggesting that a pivotal mechanism involved in water content modulation is the sebaceous gland. Its dysfunction has also been associated with debilitating dry skin problems such as xerosis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and rosacea. Generally, sebum secretion levels are considered to be dependent upon sex hormone (e.g. testosterone, DHEA) release – attributed to neuroendocrine actions (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis-control) on various organs. However, clear evidence indicate that specific neuropeptides and peripheral nerves can also participate significantly to the regulation of sebum secretion and, hence, to skin moisture and functions. This editorial aims at summarizing some of the main findings in neural control mechanisms of normal skin functions – specifically those associated with sebaceous gland activity.","PeriodicalId":89670,"journal":{"name":"Current neurobiology","volume":"2016 1","pages":"74-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70934171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A brief comment on cerebrovascular innervation: Relevance to brain disease","authors":"A. Loesch","doi":"10.4172/0975-9042.000121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-9042.000121","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the recently published fascinating study of brain function and vascular abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease by Iturria-Medina, the current editorial discusses the possibility of contribution of autonomic cerebrovascular nerves to cerebral disease.","PeriodicalId":89670,"journal":{"name":"Current neurobiology","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70933672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal after-effects of transcranial direct current stimulation onsensory-evoked activity in rat S1: A pilot VSDI study","authors":"R. Chemla, Wing K L Witharana, B. McNaughton","doi":"10.4172/0975-9042.000115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-9042.000115","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used to manipulate cortical excitability and plasticity of the human brain. Promising therapeutic results, such as depression treatment, have emerged and are extensively studied today. However the underlying cortical mechanisms of this electrical stimulation remain unclear. Here, we propose to use voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) on rat primary somatosensory cortex to study the after-effects of tDCS on neuronal population activity. We found that after repetitive anodal tDCS, sensory-evoked VSD responses were significantly increased in amplitude and spatial extent of activation, counteracting the sensory adaptation process observed in control rats. Combining tDCS and VSDI, offers an excellent tool for observing in real-time subthreshold tDCS effects over a large cortical area, when applied to the animal brain.","PeriodicalId":89670,"journal":{"name":"Current neurobiology","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70933575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of functional hindbrain oculomotor circuitry independent of both vascularization and neuronal activity in larval zebrafish.","authors":"Florian Ulrich,&nbsp;Charlotte Grove,&nbsp;Jesús Torres-Vázquez,&nbsp;Robert Baker","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the contribution of blood vessel formation and neuronal excitability to the development of functional neural circuitry in larval zebrafish by analyzing oculomotor performance in response to visual and vestibular stimuli. To address the dependence of neuronal function on the presence of blood vessels, we compared wild type embryos to <i>reck</i> and <i>cloche</i> mutants that lacked intracerebral blood vessels. To test how neuronal excitability impacts neuronal development and intracerebral vascularization, we blocked neural activity using Tetraodotoxin (TTX) and Tricaine. In <i>reck</i> mutants, we found both slow phase horizontal tracking and fast phase resets with only a slightly reduced amplitude and bandwidth. Spontaneous saccades, eye position holding and vestibular gravitoinertial induced eye rotation were also present. All of these behaviors except for visual tracking were observed in <i>cloche</i> mutants that lacked any head vasculature. Thus, numerous oculomotor neuronal circuits spanning the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain compartments, ending in motor innervations of the eye muscles, were correctly formed and generated appropriate oculomotor behaviors without blood vessels. However, our observations indicate that beginning at approximately six days, circulation was required for sustained behavioral performance. We further found that blocking neuronal excitability with either TTX or Tricaine up to 4-5 days post fertilization did not noticeably interfere with intracerebral blood vessel formation in wild type larvae. After removal of drug treatments, the oculomotor behaviors returned within hours. Thus, development of neuronal circuits that drive oculomotor performance does not require neuronal spiking or activity. Together these findings demonstrate that neither vascularization nor neuronal excitability are essential for the formation of numerous oculomotor nuclei with intricately designed connectivity and signal processing. We conclude that a genetic blueprint specifies early larval structural and physiological features, and this developmental strategy may be viewed as a unique adaptation required for early survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":89670,"journal":{"name":"Current neurobiology","volume":"7 2","pages":"62-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6101672/pdf/nihms932649.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36417168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microglia: The new players in regulating the brain development","authors":"Fuminori Tsuruta","doi":"10.4172/0975-9042.000119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-9042.000119","url":null,"abstract":"Microglia are the immune cells in the central nervous system and control the brain homeostasis [1]. When microglia find either infected or dead cells in brain, they are activated and ingest debris to maintain the normal brain condition. Although microglia modulate brain environment via macrophage-like aspects, they also play important roles in the developing brain. In the past few years, several researchers found a novel property of microglia that underlie the development of brain. These findings possibly shed light on the novel mechanisms by which the higher brain functions are mediated by microglia.","PeriodicalId":89670,"journal":{"name":"Current neurobiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"54-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70933597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal disorders of metabolic origin - common roots, different manifestations and endogenous protective mechanisms","authors":"R. Gábriel","doi":"10.4172/0975-9042.000116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-9042.000116","url":null,"abstract":"The visual world is the most important environmental information source for humans. Approximately 70% of the sensory cues reach us through vision. None of the other sensory signals is processed by as many cortical areas as forms and colors. The first steps of visual processing happen in a thin sheath of neural tissue at the back of the eye, called retina. Photoreceptors transduce light into neural signals and these are further shaped by the retinal circuitry. There is only one source of visual signals to the brain: the retina. Therefore any damage to the retinal tissue may immediately result in vision loss and sometimes blindness. Sight-threatening neurodegenerative diseases of the retina may affect as many as 5-7% of the human population. They can be either of genetic origin, e.g. retinitis pigmentosa and microphthalmia [1] or metabolic disorders including glaucoma, ischemia, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy [2]. Age is also listed among the major risk factors affecting proper retinal function.","PeriodicalId":89670,"journal":{"name":"Current neurobiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"36-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70933753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rising importance of the periphery for regulating centrally mediated socialbehaviors.","authors":"K. J. Argue","doi":"10.4172/0975-9042.000125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-9042.000125","url":null,"abstract":"Deficits in social behaviors, including delayed onset and decreased intensity in play, and classification by peers as less socially desirable are observed in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders, early-onset schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder [1-5], social withdrawal is observed in people diagnosed with major depression [6] and persons diagnosed with personality disorder display abnormalities in social cognition [7]. Despite the neurobiological underpinnings of these disorders and the central mediation of social behaviors, several recent studies suggest that some of the deficits in social behaviors that are observed in animal models of psychiatric illness may begin outside of the brain and involve altered communication between peripheral and central systems.","PeriodicalId":89670,"journal":{"name":"Current neurobiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70933850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumefactive demyelinating lesions: spectrum of disease, diagnosis andtreatment","authors":"R. Totaro, C. D. Carmine, C. Marini, A. Carolei","doi":"10.4172/0975-9042.000113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-9042.000113","url":null,"abstract":"Demyelination in the central nervous system sometimes presents with large pseudotumoral lesions mimicking brain neoplasm. Whether tumefactive demyelination constitutes a disease variant within the broad spectrum of multiple sclerosis or rather depicts a different entity is still matter of debate. Thus far, no consensus exists about definition and management of tumefactive lesions since the only available evidence comes from small case series and hospital cohort studies. Pseudotumoral plaques may occur as first neurological event or in the course of well-established MS diagnosis making the distinguishing between demyelination and malignancy even more challenging. Extensive diagnostic work-up is mandatory for proper identification of tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs) to avoid unnecessary and potentially harmful interventions. Despite the lack of patognomonic features, several radiological hallmarks of TDLs can be outlined. Unfortunately in most of cases diagnosis is not straightforward and brain biopsy in eventually required. The aim of this paper is to review clinical findings, diagnostic procedures and treatment of this challenging pathological condition.","PeriodicalId":89670,"journal":{"name":"Current neurobiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70933351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}