Neural systems & circuits最新文献

{"title":"Identification and analysis of a glutamatergic local interneuron lineage in the adult Drosophila olfactory system.","authors":"Abhijit Das,&nbsp;Albert Chiang,&nbsp;Sejal Davla,&nbsp;Rashi Priya,&nbsp;Heinrich Reichert,&nbsp;K VijayRaghavan,&nbsp;Veronica Rodrigues","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The antennal lobe of Drosophila is perhaps one of the best understood neural circuits, because of its well-described anatomical and functional organization and ease of genetic manipulation. Olfactory lobe interneurons - key elements of information processing in this network - are thought to be generated by three identified central brain neuroblasts, all of which generate projection neurons. One of these neuroblasts, located lateral to the antennal lobe, also gives rise to a population of local interneurons, which can either be inhibitory (GABAergic) or excitatory (cholinergic). Recent studies of local interneuron number and diversity suggest that additional populations of this class of neurons exist in the antennal lobe. This implies that other, as yet unidentified, neuroblast lineages may contribute a substantial number of local interneurons to the olfactory circuitry of the antennal lobe.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified and characterized a novel glutamatergic local interneuron lineage in the Drosophila antennal lobe. We used MARCM (mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker) and dual-MARCM clonal analysis techniques to identify this novel lineage unambiguously, and to characterize interneurons contained in the lineage in terms of structure, neurotransmitter identity, and development. We demonstrated the glutamatergic nature of these interneurons by immunohistochemistry and use of an enhancer-trap strain, which reports the expression of the Drosophila vesicular glutamate transporter (DVGLUT). We also analyzed the neuroanatomical features of these local interneurons at single-cell resolution, and documented the marked diversity in their antennal lobe glomerular innervation patterns. Finally, we tracked the development of these dLim-1 and Cut positive interneurons during larval and pupal stages.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We have identified a novel neuroblast lineage that generates neurons in the antennal lobe of Drosophila. This lineage is remarkably homogeneous in three respects. All of the progeny are local interneurons, which are uniform in their glutamatergic neurotransmitter identity, and form oligoglomerular or multiglomerular innervations within the antennal lobe. The identification of this novel lineage and the elucidation of the innervation patterns of its local interneurons (at single cell resolution) provides a comprehensive cellular framework for emerging studies on the formation and function of potentially excitatory local interactions in the circuitry of the Drosophila antennal lobe.</p>","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2042-1001-1-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30456266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical structure of lateral connections in the primary visual cortex.","authors":"Jonathan J Hunt,&nbsp;William H Bosking,&nbsp;Geoffrey J Goodhill","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The statistical structure of the visual world offers many useful clues for understanding how biological visual systems may understand natural scenes. One particularly important early process in visual object recognition is that of grouping together edges which belong to the same contour. The layout of edges in natural scenes have strong statistical structure. One such statistical property is that edges tend to lie on a common circle, and this 'co-circularity' can predict human performance at contour grouping. We therefore tested the hypothesis that long-range excitatory lateral connections in the primary visual cortex, which are believed to be involved in contour grouping, display a similar co-circular structure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>By analyzing data from tree shrews, where information on both lateral connectivity and the overall structure of the orientation map was available, we found a surprising diversity in the relevant statistical structure of the connections. In particular, the extent to which co-circularity was displayed varied significantly.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, these data suggest the intriguing possibility that V1 may contain both co-circular and anti-cocircular connections.</p>","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2042-1001-1-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30456014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous two-photon activation of presynaptic cells and calcium imaging in postsynaptic dendritic spines.","authors":"Masanori Matsuzaki,&nbsp;Graham Cr Ellis-Davies,&nbsp;Yuya Kanemoto,&nbsp;Haruo Kasai","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons are distributed along the complicated structure of the dendritic branches and possess a variety of morphologies associated with synaptic strength. The location and structure of dendritic spines determine the extent of synaptic input integration in the postsynaptic neuron. However, how spine location or size relates to the position of innervating presynaptic cells is not yet known. This report describes a new method that represents a first step toward addressing this issue.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The technique combines two-photon uncaging of glutamate over a broad area (~500 × 250 × 100 μm) with two-photon calcium imaging in a narrow region (~50 × 10 × 1 μm). The former was used for systematic activation of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in the rat motor cortex, while the latter was used to detect the dendritic spines of layer 5 pyramidal cells that were innervated by some of the photoactivated cells. This technique allowed identification of various sizes of innervated spine located <140 μm laterally from the postsynaptic soma. Spines distal to their parent soma were preferentially innervated by cells on the ipsilateral side. No cluster of neurons innervating the same dendritic branch was detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This new method will be a powerful tool for clarifying the microarchitecture of synaptic connections, including the positional and structural characteristics of dendritic spines along the dendrites.</p>","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2042-1001-1-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30456960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Welcome to Neural Systems and Circuits: bridging the gap between theory and experiment.","authors":"Peter E Latham,&nbsp;Venkatesh N Murthy","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2042-1001-1-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30457520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}