Neural systems & circuits最新文献

{"title":"Wanted: opinionated neuroscientists.","authors":"Anna Webb, Peter Latham, Venkatesh Murthy","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-1-14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2042-1001-1-14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30456218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural circuits controlling behavior and autonomic functions in medicinal leeches.","authors":"Damon G Lamb, Ronald L Calabrese","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-13","DOIUrl":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p> In the study of the neural circuits underlying behavior and autonomic functions, the stereotyped and accessible nervous system of medicinal leeches, Hirudo sp., has been particularly informative. These leeches express well-defined behaviors and autonomic movements which are amenable to investigation at the circuit and neuronal levels. In this review, we discuss some of the best understood of these movements and the circuits which underlie them, focusing on swimming, crawling and heartbeat. We also discuss the rudiments of decision-making: the selection between generally mutually exclusive behaviors at the neuronal level.</p>","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30455336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning for neuroscience.","authors":"Geoffrey E Hinton","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-1-12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2042-1001-1-12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30456377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial to the thematic series 'Invertebrate Circuitry'.","authors":"George Kemenes","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-1-10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2042-1001-1-10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30456570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic remodelling of brain, body and behaviour during phase change in locusts.","authors":"Malcolm Burrows, Stephen M Rogers, Swidbert R Ott","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-11","DOIUrl":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p> The environment has a central role in shaping developmental trajectories and determining the phenotype so that animals are adapted to the specific conditions they encounter. Epigenetic mechanisms can have many effects, with changes in the nervous and musculoskeletal systems occurring at different rates. How is the function of an animal maintained whilst these transitions happen? Phenotypic plasticity can change the ways in which animals respond to the environment and even how they sense it, particularly in the context of social interactions between members of their own species. In the present article, we review the mechanisms and consequences of phenotypic plasticity by drawing upon the desert locust as an unparalleled model system. Locusts change reversibly between solitarious and gregarious phases that differ dramatically in appearance, general physiology, brain function and structure, and behaviour. Solitarious locusts actively avoid contact with other locusts, but gregarious locusts may live in vast, migrating swarms dominated by competition for scarce resources and interactions with other locusts. Different phase traits change at different rates: some behaviours take just a few hours, colouration takes a lifetime and the muscles and skeleton take several generations. The behavioural demands of group living are reflected in gregarious locusts having substantially larger brains with increased space devoted to higher processing. Phase differences are also apparent in the functioning of identified neurons and circuits. The whole transformation process of phase change pivots on the initial and rapid behavioural decision of whether or not to join with other locusts. The resulting positive feedback loops from the presence or absence of other locusts drives the process to completion. Phase change is accompanied by dramatic changes in neurochemistry, but only serotonin shows a substantial increase during the critical one- to four-hour window during which gregarious behaviour is established. Blocking the action of serotonin or its synthesis prevents the establishment of gregarious behaviour. Applying serotonin or its agonists promotes the acquisition of gregarious behaviour even in a locust that has never encountered another locust. The analysis of phase change in locusts provides insights into a feedback circuit between the environment and epigenetic mechanisms and more generally into the neurobiology of social interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3314403/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30457139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional connectivity in a rhythmic inhibitory circuit using Granger causality.","authors":"Tilman Kispersky, Gabrielle J Gutierrez, Eve Marder","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Understanding circuit function would be greatly facilitated by methods that allow the simultaneous estimation of the functional strengths of all of the synapses in the network during ongoing network activity. Towards that end, we used Granger causality analysis on electrical recordings from the pyloric network of the crab Cancer borealis, a small rhythmic circuit with known connectivity, and known neuronal intrinsic properties.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Granger causality analysis reported a causal relationship where there is no anatomical correlate because of the strong oscillatory behavior of the pyloric circuit. Additionally, we failed to find a direct relationship between synaptic strength and Granger causality in a set of pyloric circuit models.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We conclude that the lack of a relationship between synaptic strength and functional connectivity occurs because Granger causality essentially collapses the direct contribution of the synapse with the intrinsic properties of the postsynaptic neuron. We suggest that the richness of the dynamical properties of most biological neurons complicates the simple interpretation of the results of functional connectivity analyses using Granger causality.</p>","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3314404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30456052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 8th annual computational and systems neuroscience (Cosyne) meeting.","authors":"Mark H Histed,&nbsp;Jonathan W Pillow","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-1-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2042-1001-1-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30456994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robustness effect of gap junctions between Golgi cells on cerebellar cortex oscillations.","authors":"Fabio M Simões de Souza,&nbsp;Erik De Schutter","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-1-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous one-dimensional network modeling of the cerebellar granular layer has been successfully linked with a range of cerebellar cortex oscillations observed in vivo. However, the recent discovery of gap junctions between Golgi cells (GoCs), which may cause oscillations by themselves, has raised the question of how gap-junction coupling affects GoC and granular-layer oscillations. To investigate this question, we developed a novel two-dimensional computational model of the GoC-granule cell (GC) circuit with and without gap junctions between GoCs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Isolated GoCs coupled by gap junctions had a strong tendency to generate spontaneous oscillations without affecting their mean firing frequencies in response to distributed mossy fiber input. Conversely, when GoCs were synaptically connected in the granular layer, gap junctions increased the power of the oscillations, but the oscillations were primarily driven by the synaptic feedback loop between GoCs and GCs, and the gap junctions did not change oscillation frequency or the mean firing rate of either GoCs or GCs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our modeling results suggest that gap junctions between GoCs increase the robustness of cerebellar cortex oscillations that are primarily driven by the feedback loop between GoCs and GCs. The robustness effect of gap junctions on synaptically driven oscillations observed in our model may be a general mechanism, also present in other regions of the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2042-1001-1-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30456988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic visualization of the secondary olfactory pathway in Tbx21 transgenic mice.","authors":"Sachiko Mitsui,&nbsp;Kei M Igarashi,&nbsp;Kensaku Mori,&nbsp;Yoshihiro Yoshihara","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mitral and tufted cells are the projection neurons in the olfactory bulb, conveying odour information to various regions of the olfactory cortex. In spite of their functional importance, there are few molecular and genetic tools that can be used for selective labelling or manipulation of mitral and tufted cells. Tbx21 was first identified as a T-box family transcription factor regulating the differentiation and function of T lymphocytes. In the brain, Tbx21 is specifically expressed in mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, we performed a promoter/enhancer analysis of mouse Tbx21 gene by comparing nucleotide sequence similarity of Tbx21 genes among several mammalian species and generating transgenic mouse lines with various lengths of 5' upstream region fused to a fluorescent reporter gapVenus. We identified the cis-regulatory enhancer element (~300 nucleotides) at ~ 3.0 kb upstream of the transcription start site of Tbx21 gene, which is both necessary and sufficient for transgene expression in mitral and tufted cells. In contrast, the 2.6-kb 5'-flanking region of mouse Tbx21 gene induced transgene expression with variable patterns in restricted populations of neurons predominantly located along the olfactory pathway. Furthermore, we generated transgenic mice expressing the genetically-encoded fluorescent exocytosis indicator, synaptopHluorin, in mitral and tufted cells for visualization of presynaptic neural activities in the piriform cortex.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The transcriptional enhancer of Tbx21 gene provides a powerful tool for genetic manipulations of mitral and tufted cells in studying the development and function of the secondary olfactory pathways from the bulb to the cortex.</p>","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2042-1001-1-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30456492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic development of the first synapse impinging on adult-born neurons in the olfactory bulb circuit.","authors":"Hiroyuki Katagiri,&nbsp;Marta Pallotto,&nbsp;Antoine Nissant,&nbsp;Kerren Murray,&nbsp;Marco Sassoè-Pognetto,&nbsp;Pierre-Marie Lledo","doi":"10.1186/2042-1001-1-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2042-1001-1-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p> The olfactory bulb (OB) receives and integrates newborn interneurons throughout life. This process is important for the proper functioning of the OB circuit and consequently, for the sense of smell. Although we know how these new interneurons are produced, the way in which they integrate into the pre-existing ongoing circuits remains poorly documented. Bearing in mind that glutamatergic inputs onto local OB interneurons are crucial for adjusting the level of bulbar inhibition, it is important to characterize when and how these inputs from excitatory synapses develop on newborn OB interneurons. We studied early synaptic events that lead to the formation and maturation of the first glutamatergic synapses on adult-born granule cells (GCs), the most abundant subtype of OB interneuron. Patch-clamp recordings and electron microscopy (EM) analysis were performed on adult-born interneurons shortly after their arrival in the adult OB circuits. We found that both the ratio of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), and the number of functional release sites at proximal inputs reached a maximum during the critical period for the sensory-dependent survival of newborn cells, well before the completion of dendritic arborization. EM analysis showed an accompanying change in postsynaptic density shape during the same period of time. Interestingly, the latter morphological changes disappeared in more mature newly-formed neurons, when the NMDAR to AMPAR ratio had decreased and functional presynaptic terminals expressed only single release sites. Together, these findings show that the first glutamatergic inputs to adult-generated OB interneurons undergo a unique sequence of maturation stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":89606,"journal":{"name":"Neural systems & circuits","volume":"1 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/2042-1001-1-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30455691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}