Medicare & medicaid research review最新文献

Monitoring and reporting hospital-acquired conditions: a federalist approach. 监测和报告医院获得性疾病:联邦主义方法。

Medicare & medicaid research review Pub Date : 2015-01-06 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a04

Nathan West, Terry Eng

{"title":"Monitoring and reporting hospital-acquired conditions: a federalist approach.","authors":"Nathan West, Terry Eng","doi":"10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a04","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Serious adverse events that occur in hospitals rank as a leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Many states operate reporting systems to monitor and publicly report serious adverse events, a subset that falls under Medicare's Hospital-Acquired Conditions (HACs).Purposes: Identify and describe state efforts, and the supporting role of federal initiatives, to track and report HACs and other serious adverse events.Data sources: Document review of state and federal reports, databases, and policies for HACs and other serious adverse events; conduct semi-structured telephone interviews with state health department officials and directors of patient safety organizations.Results: Thirty-two states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) track at least one Medicare HAC. Five states collect nearly all ten Medicare HACs (9-10). Eighteen states and D.C. track events through both a state-based reporting system and the Centers for Disease Control National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) for health-care associated infections (HAI). For serious adverse events, most states either partially or fully adopted the National Quality Forum's Serious Reportable Events. For HAIs, thirty states and D.C. mandate reporting through NHSN. States interviewed reported that Medicare's choice of HACs for nonpayment had at least a partial influence on which serious adverse events required reporting.Conclusions: Many states use the collected data on HACs and other events for quality improvement initiatives and to provide greater transparency through public reporting. More work and research is needed to develop a national reporting system template that has standard definitions, methodology, and reporting.","PeriodicalId":89601,"journal":{"name":"Medicare & medicaid research review","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288371/pdf/mmrr2014-004-04-a04.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32970816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Corrigendum. 勘误表。

Medicare & medicaid research review Pub Date : 2014-12-23 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01

引用次数: 0

Trends in complicated newborn hospital stays & costs, 2002-2009: implications for the future. 2002-2009年复杂新生儿住院和费用趋势:对未来的影响。

Medicare & medicaid research review Pub Date : 2014-12-02 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a03

Tara Trudnak Fowler, Gerry Fairbrother, Pamela Owens, Nicole Garro, Cynthia Pellegrini, Lisa Simpson

{"title":"Trends in complicated newborn hospital stays & costs, 2002-2009: implications for the future.","authors":"Tara Trudnak Fowler, Gerry Fairbrother, Pamela Owens, Nicole Garro, Cynthia Pellegrini, Lisa Simpson","doi":"10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a03","DOIUrl":"10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a03","url":null,"abstract":"Background: With the steady growth in Medicaid enrollment since the recent recession, concerns have been raised about care for newborns with complications. This paper uses all-payer administrative data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), to examine trends from 2002 through 2009 in complicated newborn hospital stays, and explores the relationship between expected sources of payment and reasons for hospitalizations.Methods: Trends in complicated newborn stays, expected sources of payment, costs, and length of stay were examined. A logistic regression was conducted to explore likely payer source for the most prevalent diagnoses in 2009.Results: Complicated births and hospital discharges within 30 days of birth remained relatively constant between 2002 and 2009, but average costs per discharge increased substantially (p<.001 for trend). Most strikingly, over time, the proportion of complicated births billed to Medicaid increased, while the proportion paid by private payers decreased. Among complicated births, the most prevalent diagnoses were preterm birth/low birth weight (23%), respiratory distress (18%), and jaundice (10%). The top two diagnoses (41% of newborns) accounted for 61% of the aggregate cost. For infants with complications, those with Medicaid were more likely to be complicated due to preterm birth/low birth weight and respiratory distress, while those with private insurance were more likely to be complicated due to jaundice.Conclusions: State Medicaid programs are paying for an increasing proportion of births and costly complicated births. Policies to prevent common birth complications have the potential to reduce costs for public programs and improve birth outcomes.","PeriodicalId":89601,"journal":{"name":"Medicare & medicaid research review","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4254335/pdf/mmrr2014-004-04-a03.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32889032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent policy decisions on off-label use in myelodysplastic syndromes. 红细胞生成刺激剂政策决定对骨髓增生异常综合征标示外使用的影响。

Medicare & medicaid research review Pub Date : 2014-11-26 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a02

Franklin Hendrick, Amy J Davidoff, Amer M Zeidan, Steven D Gore, Maria R Baer

{"title":"Effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent policy decisions on off-label use in myelodysplastic syndromes.","authors":"Franklin Hendrick, Amy J Davidoff, Amer M Zeidan, Steven D Gore, Maria R Baer","doi":"10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a02","DOIUrl":"10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a02","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are widely used to treat anemia associated with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) as an off-label indication. In early 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released safety alerts and mandated label changes, and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented a National Coverage Determination (NCD) in August 2007, dramatically restricting ESA coverage based on specific clinical parameters in non-MDS patients. We sought to determine the effect on ESA use in MDS, examining both treatment initiation and concordance with guidelines designed to target patients most likely to benefit from therapy.Methods: We determined receipt of ESA within 6 months of diagnosis. For ESA recipients, we operationalized three National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines: serum erythropoietin determination before ESA initiation, transfusion-independent at ESA initiation, and initial ESA treatment episode of >= 8 weeks. Logistic regression models tested the effect of time (half-year increments pre-post the August '07 CMS NCD implementation), controlling for demographics and health status.Results: 17,491 (61.1%) of 28,627 beneficiaries with MDS received ESAs. ESA use increased prior to the reference period (Jan.-July 2007), but declined beginning in August 2007, the date of NCD implementation (marginal probability =-0.05, p-value<0.01). Concordance with treatment guidelines changed during the observation period, with increased rates of serum erythropoietin levels, but declined in the other two guidelines.Conclusion: These results suggest a mixed pattern of change in the face of the FDA safety warnings and CMS NCD in MDS and highlight the importance of monitoring for unintended consequences of policy changes.","PeriodicalId":89601,"journal":{"name":"Medicare & medicaid research review","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4254334/pdf/mmrr2014-004-04-a02.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32889031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beneficiary activation in the Medicare population. 受益人激活的医疗保险人口。

Medicare & medicaid research review Pub Date : 2014-11-10 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.5600/mmrr.004.04.b02

Jessie L Parker, Joseph F Regan, Jason Petroski

{"title":"Beneficiary activation in the Medicare population.","authors":"Jessie L Parker, Joseph F Regan, Jason Petroski","doi":"10.5600/mmrr.004.04.b02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5600/mmrr.004.04.b02","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Patient activation questions from a major national Medicare survey are used to highlight characteristics of Medicare beneficiaries with low activation. We demonstrate that Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) data is an untapped resource for further research on patient activation within Medicare beneficiaries and programs.Data source: Data are from the 2012 MCBS Access to Care file and include 10,650 beneficiaries.Methods: Patient Activation levels were derived by taking the weighted average responses to the Patient Activation Supplement. Cut points for high, moderate, and low activation were assigned at +/- ½ standard deviation of the mean. Data were analyzed using SAS survey procedures. Within group comparisons were tested using chi-square tests with post hoc pairwise comparisons. Logistic regression identified predictors of low patient engagement.Results: In a multiple logistic regression, beneficiary characteristics associated with low activation included Hispanic origin, being widowed or never married, select age groups, male gender, fair or poor health, difficulty with an IADL or ADLs, and having no usual source of care, with failure to complete high school as the strongest predictor (OR=2.22, p<.001). Utilization and costs were also examined in descriptive analyses.Discussion: Overall, findings on the characteristics of low activation patients in the Medicare population resemble previous research. In a regression analysis, less education and no usual source of care are the strongest predictors of low activation levels in Medicare beneficiaries. The MCBS Patient Activation Supplement is a rich resource for examining patient activation in the Medicare population, and can be used for a wide range of analyses.","PeriodicalId":89601,"journal":{"name":"Medicare & medicaid research review","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230568/pdf/mmrr2014-004-04-b02.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32817444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

The impact of hospital-acquired conditions on Medicare program payments. 医院获得性疾病对医疗保险计划支付的影响。

Medicare & medicaid research review Pub Date : 2014-10-29 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a01

Amy M G Kandilov, Nicole M Coomer, Kathleen Dalton

{"title":"The impact of hospital-acquired conditions on Medicare program payments.","authors":"Amy M G Kandilov, Nicole M Coomer, Kathleen Dalton","doi":"10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5600/mmrr.004.04.a01","url":null,"abstract":"Research objective: Hospital-acquired conditions, or HACs, often result in additional Medicare payments, generated during the initial hospitalization and in subsequent health care encounters. The purpose of this article is to estimate the incremental cost to Medicare, as measured by Medicare program payments, of six HACs.Study design: The researchers used a matched case-control design to determine the incremental increase in Medicare payments attributable to each HAC. For each HAC patient, five comparison patients were matched on diagnosis group, sex, race, and age. Using the matched sample, we estimated a hospital fixed effects log-linear regression on total Medicare payments for the episode of care, further controlling for co-morbid conditions. Care episodes included the initial hospitalization and all inpatient, outpatient, physician, home health, and hospice care that occurred within 90 days of hospital discharge.Population studied: All Medicare fee-for-service patients discharged alive from a hospital between October 2008 and June 2010 with one of six HACs-severe pressure ulcer, fracture, catheter-associated urinary tract infection, vascular catheter-associated infection, surgical site infection following certain orthopedic procedures, or deep vein thrombosis/ pulmonary embolism following certain orthopedic procedures-were included in the sample and matched to five similar patients without the HACs.Principal findings: The multivariate analysis suggests that Medicare paid an additional $146 million per year across these HAC care episodes compared with what would have been paid without the HACs.Conclusions: HACs create a significant financial burden for the Medicare program. We compare the incremental Medicare payments for these six HACs to the current and upcoming Medicare HAC payment penalties.","PeriodicalId":89601,"journal":{"name":"Medicare & medicaid research review","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4225036/pdf/mmrr2014-004-04-a01.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32806009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 34

Insurance coverage & Whither Thou Goest for health information in 2012. 2012年的保险覆盖率和健康信息的去向。

Medicare & medicaid research review Pub Date : 2014-10-21 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.5600/mmrr.004.04.b01

Loren Saulsberry, Mary Price, John Hsu

{"title":"Insurance coverage & Whither Thou Goest for health information in 2012.","authors":"Loren Saulsberry, Mary Price, John Hsu","doi":"10.5600/mmrr.004.04.b01","DOIUrl":"10.5600/mmrr.004.04.b01","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Examine use of the Internet (eHealth) and mobile health (mHealth) technologies by privately insured, publicly insured (Medicare/Medicaid), or uninsured U.S. adults in 2012.Data source: Pew Charitable Trust telephone interviews of a nationally representative, random sample of 3,014 adult U.S. residents, age 18+.Methods: Estimate health information seeking behavior overall and by segment (i.e., insurance type), then, adjust estimates for individual traits, clinical need, and technology access using logistic regression.Results: Most respondents prefer offline to online (Internet) health information sources; over half across all segments use the Internet. More respondents communicate with providers offline compared with online. Most self-reported Internet users use online tools for health information, with privately insured respondents more likely to use new technologies. Unadjusted use rates differ across segments. Medicaid beneficiaries are more likely than the privately insured to share health information online, and Medicare beneficiaries are more likely than the privately insured to text with health professionals. After adjustment, these differences were minimal (e.g., Medicare beneficiaries had odds similar to the privately insured of online physician consultations), or the direction of the association reversed (e.g., Medicaid beneficiaries had greater odds than the privately insured of online physician consultations versus lower odds before adjustment).Discussion: Few adults report eHealth or mHealth use in 2012. Use levels appear unevenly distributed across insurance types, which could be mostly attributed to differences in individual traits and/or need. As out-of-pocket costs of medical care increases, consumers may increasingly turn to these generally free electronic health tools.","PeriodicalId":89601,"journal":{"name":"Medicare & medicaid research review","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222715/pdf/mmrr2014-004-04-b01.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32803513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

HAC-POA policy effects on hospitals, other payers, and patients. HAC-POA政策对医院、其他支付方和患者的影响。

Medicare & medicaid research review Pub Date : 2014-10-02 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.5600/mmrr.004.03.a07

Asta Sorensen, Nikki Jarrett, Elizabeth Tant, Shulamit Bernard, Nancy McCall

{"title":"HAC-POA policy effects on hospitals, other payers, and patients.","authors":"Asta Sorensen, Nikki Jarrett, Elizabeth Tant, Shulamit Bernard, Nancy McCall","doi":"10.5600/mmrr.004.03.a07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5600/mmrr.004.03.a07","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prior to the implementation of the Hospital-Acquired Condition-Present on Admission (HAC-POA) payment policy, concerns regarding its potential impact were raised by a number of organizations and individuals. The purpose of this study was to explore direct and indirect effects of the HAC-POA payment policy on hospitals, patients, and other payers during the policy's first 3 years of implementation.Methods: The study included semi-structured telephone interviews with representatives of national organizations, hospitals, patient advocacy organizations, and other payers. Interview notes were coded using QSR NVivo qualitative analysis software using inductive and deductive qualitative analysis techniques. We conducted interviews with 106 individuals representing 56 organizations. Hospital staff included physicians, nurses, patient safety officers, coders, and finance, senior management, and information management staff. Individuals from other organizations represented leadership positions.Results: Key changes to hospitals included: cultural shifts involving attention, commitment, and support from hospital leadership for patient safety; hiring new staff to assure the accuracy of clinical documentation and POA oversight structures; increased time burden for physicians, nurses, and coders; need to upgrade or purchase new software; and need to collaborate with hospital departments or staff that did not interface directly in the past. The policy was adopted by a majority of other payers, although the list of conditions and payment penalties varies. The HAC-POA policy is invisible to patients; therefore, the presence or lack of unintended consequences to patients cannot be fully assessed at this time. Understanding of policy effects to all stakeholders is important for maximizing its successful implementation and desired impact.","PeriodicalId":89601,"journal":{"name":"Medicare & medicaid research review","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205042/pdf/mmrr2014-004-03-a07.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32769339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

The HCBS taxonomy: a new language for classifying home- and community-based services. HCBS分类法:一种对家庭和社区服务进行分类的新语言。

Medicare & medicaid research review Pub Date : 2014-09-22 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.5600/mmrr.004.03.b01

Victoria Peebles, Alex Bohl

{"title":"The HCBS taxonomy: a new language for classifying home- and community-based services.","authors":"Victoria Peebles, Alex Bohl","doi":"10.5600/mmrr.004.03.b01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5600/mmrr.004.03.b01","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION As states make home- and community-based services (HCBS) more accessible, researchers have become more interested in understanding service use and spending. Because state Medicaid programs differ in the types of services they offer and in how they report these services, analyzing HCBS at the national level is challenging. OBJECTIVE Describe the HCBS taxonomy and present findings on HCBS waiver expenditures and users. DATA This brief analyzed fee-for-service claims from 28 approved states in 2010 Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) files. We summed all expenditures and counted the unique number of users across each HCBS taxonomy service and category. METHODS The taxonomy was developed jointly by Truven Health (at that time Thomson Reuters) and Mathematica Policy Research, with stakeholder input, and reviewed using procedure codes. Today, the taxonomy is organized by 18 categories and over 60 specific services. FINDINGS For calendar year 2010, 28 states spent almost $23.6 billion on HCBS, with 80 percent of expenditures categorized as round-the-clock, home-based, and day services. Other services, such as case management, or equipment, modifications, and technology were widely used, but are not particularly costly and do not account for a large proportion of expenditures in every state. CONCLUSIONS By providing a common language, the taxonomy presents detailed information on services and makes it easier to assess and identify state-level variation for HCBS.","PeriodicalId":89601,"journal":{"name":"Medicare & medicaid research review","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204915/pdf/mmrr2014-004-03-b01.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32769338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 27

Potential Medicaid cost savings from maternity care based at a freestanding birth center. 在独立的生育中心进行的产妇护理可能节省医疗补助费用。

Medicare & medicaid research review Pub Date : 2014-09-09 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.5600/mmrr.004.03.a06

Embry Howell, Ashley Palmer, Sarah Benatar, Bowen Garrett

{"title":"Potential Medicaid cost savings from maternity care based at a freestanding birth center.","authors":"Embry Howell, Ashley Palmer, Sarah Benatar, Bowen Garrett","doi":"10.5600/mmrr.004.03.a06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5600/mmrr.004.03.a06","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Medicaid pays for about half the births in the United States, at very high cost. Compared to usual obstetrical care, care by midwives at a birth center could reduce costs to the Medicaid program. This study draws on information from a previous study of the outcomes of birth center care to determine whether such care reduces Medicaid costs for low income women.Methods: The study uses results from a study of maternal and infant outcomes at the Family Health and Birth Center in Washington, D.C. Costs to Medicaid are derived from birth center data and from other national sources of the cost of obstetrical care.Results: We estimate that birth center care could save an average of $1,163 per birth (2008 constant dollars), or $11.6 million per 10,000 births per year.Conclusions: Medicaid is the leading payer for maternity services. As Medicaid faces continuing cost increases and budget constraints, policy makers should consider a larger role for midwives and birth centers in maternity care for low-risk Medicaid pregnant women.","PeriodicalId":89601,"journal":{"name":"Medicare & medicaid research review","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4167228/pdf/mmrr2014-004-03-a06.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32691875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22