{"title":"Choosing a health care provider.","authors":"Katherine M Harris, Melinda Beeuwkes Buntin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a consumer-driven health care model, consumers, armed with information, would select providers based on quality and cost, thus increasing competition. This synthesis examines the availability of quality information and the evidence of how consumers use such information to choose a provider. Key findings include: information is publicly available from multiple sources regarding hospitals, but not individual doctors. Hospital information is predominantly made available online; but this limits awareness and access. Awareness is low overall, but highest among well-educated, healthy people. Even when consumers are aware of the data available, they rarely use it because they do not find it relevant: they do not foresee needing a hospital soon; are happy with their current provider; or did not find information pertinent to their specific health condition or hospital. While there is some evidence that hospitals that do poorly on public quality scorecards lose market share, there is better evidence that the providers themselves react to the quality scores by addressing care problems. Studies consistently show that consumers value health care quality and want information, but instead they rely on input from friends, family and their personal physicians about the quality of providers.</p>","PeriodicalId":89508,"journal":{"name":"The Synthesis project. Research synthesis report","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40127642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia H Williams, Sheila Leatherman, Jon B Christianson, Kim Sutherland
{"title":"Paying for Quality: Understanding and Assessing Physician Pay-for-Performance Initiatives.","authors":"Claudia H Williams, Sheila Leatherman, Jon B Christianson, Kim Sutherland","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pay-for-performance (P4P) initiatives have been discussed since the early 1990s, but support for the concept has grown recently, fueled by experience with quality of care measures, endorsements by key players and research that underlines the need for quality improvements and reform to the physician payment system. This synthesis examines the evidence on P4P. Key findings include: About one-third of U.S. physicians already face quality-based incentives under their managed care contracts. These measures most often relate to clinical targets, efficiency, patient satisfaction and use of information technology, but apply to a limited set of specific diseases and preventive care services. While 80 percent of plans pay for meeting benchmarks, 20 percent pay for improvements in performance. Overall, incentive payments are small, averaging at most 5 percent of total payments. While large-scale, \"\"real-life\"\" research consistently shows improvement in quality indicators when P4P is in place, it is hard to disentangle the impact of P4P from that of other simultaneous quality initiatives. Evidence of P4P impact from small controlled studies has not been positive. Doctors are generally supportive of P4P but concerned about how well it can be implemented.</p>","PeriodicalId":89508,"journal":{"name":"The Synthesis project. Research synthesis report","volume":" 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40126795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Revisiting crowd-out update.","authors":"Kathleen T Call, Lynn A Blewett","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crowd-out occurs when the existence of public insurance causes people to shift from private to public coverage, thus stretching scarce government resources to insure those who could access private plans. This update looks at the research published since the 2004 synthesis was released. Key findings include: Some level of crowd-out will always occur with public program expansions. There is a wide range of estimates of crowd-out with lower estimates for low-income children (0 to 15%) and higher rates for higher-income children and longer-term enrollees (35% to 50%). Recent studies confirm the most common anti-crowd-out measures--waiting periods and increased public-plan premiums--discourage both the uninsured and the privately insured from enrolling in public coverage. Crowd-out is more likely when eligibility is expanded to include higher-incomes and entire families. Crowd out can occur based on employers', as well as employees' behaviors, but it appear the recent decline in ESI is more a result of employee take-up rather than employers dropping health benefits. Finally, there is limited research that suggests children with public coverage are better off than those with private insurance.</p>","PeriodicalId":89508,"journal":{"name":"The Synthesis project. Research synthesis report","volume":" 12 Suppl 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40128075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in access to and quality of health care.","authors":"Jose J Escarce, Sarah Goodell","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Racial and ethnic disparities in access to care and quality of care are pervasive but not universal. This Synthesis reviews the evidence on racial and ethnic disparities. Key findings include: disparities exist in many indicators of access, such as having a usual source of care, number of ambulatory visits, and receiving recommended preventive care, but some disparities are reduced or nearly eliminated after adjusting for factors such as income and insurance coverage. Hispanics have a large gap relative to Whites in many access factors. Spanish-speaking Hispanics have the greatest disparities relative to non-Hispanic whites, suggesting language is a barrier. Both Blacks and Hispanics are less likely than Whites to identify a doctor's office as their usual source of care, which can point to problems with continuity of care and less favorable outcomes. The most significant disparities in quality of care involve newer therapies and invasive procedures. Adjusting the data for insurance coverage demonstrates that expanding coverage will reduce but not eliminate disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":89508,"journal":{"name":"The Synthesis project. Research synthesis report","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40127126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The built environment and physical activity.","authors":"Claudia H Williams","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regular physical activity has many health benefits, but in spite of the benefits many Americans are not sufficiently active. There is increasing recognition of the importance of environmental factors-including the built environment-to help promote physical activity. The built environment describes physical or manmade features such as sidewalks, streetlights, traffic and parks that may promote or discourage activity. This synthesis examines the evidence on the built environment-proximity to destinations, sidewalks, aesthetics, access to parks and open spaces, and the walkability of the community-and the relationship to increased physical activity. Findings include: There is reasonably strong evidence of an association between many factors of the built environment and increased physical activity, but the evidence on whether or not the built environment promotes activity is weak. Most research shows that individual and societal factors are stronger drivers of activity than the built environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":89508,"journal":{"name":"The Synthesis project. Research synthesis report","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40127233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Medical malpractice: impact of the crisis and effect of state tort reforms.","authors":"Michelle M Mello, Claudia H Williams","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a result of rapidly rising medical malpractice insurance premiums, reduced availability of coverage, and financially distressed liability insurers, many states have passed tort reforms. This synthesis examines the medical malpractice \"\"crisis\"\" and the effect of state tort reforms. Evidence shows that caps on non-economic damages reduce the average size of malpractice awards by 20 to 30 percent and have a modest impact on malpractice insurance premium growth There is also evidence that the most severely injured patients are disproportionately affected by caps, however. Other state reforms such as changes to joint-and-several liability, statutes of limitations, or attorney contingency fees have had little impact. Studies do not support the notion that overall physician supply has decreased, nor that there is a relationship between malpractice cost and physician supply. There is \"\"good evidence\"\" that doctors \"\"often\"\" engage in defensive medicine, ordering referrals, medications and tests to protect themselves from liability, but the impact of this practice is difficult to quantify.</p>","PeriodicalId":89508,"journal":{"name":"The Synthesis project. Research synthesis report","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40127569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How has hospital consolidation affected the price and quality of hospital care?","authors":"William B Vogt, Robert Town, Claudia H Williams","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the 1990s, the hospital industry was transformed by mergers and acquisitions. This synthesis looks at why this rapid consolidation occurred and what impact it had on the price and quality for patients, and the cost of care for hospitals. Key findings include: Managed care was not a main driver of consolidation, but fear of managed care may have played a part. Other factors, including technological advances that reduced inpatient demand, and an antitrust environment that was receptive to consolidation contributed to consolidation. Research suggests hospital prices increased by 5 percent or more as a result of consolidation. When two hospitals merge, not only does the surviving hospital raise prices but so do its competitors. Evidence of the impact of consolidation on quality of care is limited and mixed, but the strongest studies show a reduction in quality. Hospital consolidation does modestly reduce the cost to hospitals of providing care.</p>","PeriodicalId":89508,"journal":{"name":"The Synthesis project. Research synthesis report","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40126765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding medical malpractice insurance: a primer.","authors":"Michelle M Mello","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As the policy debate over the medical malpractice insurance crisis continues, dueling claims about its causes and suggestions for policy solutions have highlighted the need for a better understanding of how medical malpractice insurance works, why premiums change and what can be done about it. This primer on malpractice insurance discusses these issues and also analyzes the causes of and potential solutions to address malpractice crises. Key issues include: Rate regulation may have an important influence on insurance prices, but whether it raises or lowers them is not clear. Rising claims costs driven by an increase in average payments not claims frequency have contributed to rising premiums, but do not explain the sudden spike in premiums around 1999-2000. Along with claims costs, the insurance cycle has contributed to the current crisis.</p>","PeriodicalId":89508,"journal":{"name":"The Synthesis project. Research synthesis report","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40128564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claudia H Williams, Sherry Glied, Joshua Graff Zivin
{"title":"How will employers respond to coverage reforms.","authors":"Claudia H Williams, Sherry Glied, Joshua Graff Zivin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Any change in the health insurance market could prompt a reaction by employers in what kind and at what cost they offer coverage. This policy brief examines the research on employer decision-making. Key findings include: Firms are most likely to offer plans that respond to the preferences of their most valuable, hard-to-retain workers. Firms are more likely to offer health insurance if they employ high-wage workers; if they are unionized; or if they are in the manufacturing or public sectors. While theory suggests that employers will shift the cost of premiums to employees in the form of lower wages, this is not the case in practice. There are serious gaps in research, including: an absence of detailed data about individuals; little information about earnings distribution; ages and other characteristics within firms of different sizes; and little study of employer behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":89508,"journal":{"name":"The Synthesis project. Research synthesis report","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40127326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Geographic variation in medicare per capita spending.","authors":"Marsha Gold, Claudia H Williams","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Persistent, widespread variations in Medicare spending across the country are largely and well-documented. In 1996, Medicare per capita spending across the country ranged from $3,000 to $8,500. This synthesis examines the Medicare spending variation, underlying causes, possible solutions, and whether people in higher-spending areas receive better care. Key findings include: Only 10 percent of the Medicare regions had spending within 10 percent of the average. The variation is seen across all Medicare services. Most studies suggest that less than half of the spending variation is accounted for by differences in population characteristics and price. More than half of the spending variation is attributable to differences in use of services. Although research is limited, there is no evidence that areas spending more money have better outcomes or quality of care. Research suggests it is hard to determine why patterns of care and spending vary so much.</p>","PeriodicalId":89508,"journal":{"name":"The Synthesis project. Research synthesis report","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40128557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}