Journal of pediatric biochemistry最新文献

{"title":"The Relationship of Gastrin Levels with Obesity Anthropometrics, Lipid, Glucose, and Insulin Levels in Children and Adolescents with Obesity","authors":"S. Kaba, M. Dogan, Keziban Aslı Bala, K. Karaman, S. Kocaman","doi":"10.1055/s-0036-1571832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1571832","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the gastrin levels in obese and healthy children and to investigate the relationship of gastrin with obesity anthropometrics, lipid, and baseline insulin levels, and oral glucose tolerance test scores. Gastrin was significantly lower in the obese group compared with the control group (p > 0.001). Gastrin level displayed a negative correlation with body weight, body weight standard deviation, and insulin levels in oral glucose tolerance test at 120 minutes, a positive correlation with glycohemoglobin A1c.The results revealed that there is a significant difference between the gastrin levels in obese and healthy children.","PeriodicalId":89425,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric biochemistry","volume":"05 1","pages":"098 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0036-1571832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58126360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asthma, Atopy, and Intestinal Microbiota","authors":"E. Dissanayake, N. Shimojo","doi":"10.1055/s-0035-1564578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564578","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Allergic diseases are on the rise and many studies have shown the differences in the gut microbiota among children with and without. The mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and antibiotic use during childhood have been strongly implicated as factors driving the early colonization and composition of the gut microbiome. It has been suggested that the reduced exposure to microbes during childhood causes an aberrance in the gut microbiome which prevents shift from T helper 2 cell (Th2) to T helper 1 cell (Th1)/regulatory T cell (Treg) response to maintain immune balance. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are being studied as prospective interventions that can be used during pregnancy and infancy to prevent the development of allergic diseases later on in life. This review looks at the current knowledge on the role of the aberrant microbiome in the development of allergic diseases and how it can be modified for their prevention and treatment.","PeriodicalId":89425,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric biochemistry","volume":"05 1","pages":"071 - 076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0035-1564578","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58096531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Intestinal Microbiota","authors":"A. Day","doi":"10.1055/s-0035-1564576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564576","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Not surprisingly given the close proximity of the intestinal microflora to the intestinal mucosa, members of the intestinal flora are implicated in the development of chronic intestinal conditions known as the inflammatory bowel diseases. This group of conditions is principally composed of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. While perturbations in the balance of the members of the intestinal microflora are well characterized, it remains unclear if this so-called dysbiosis is critical to the development and onset of the inflammatory bowel diseases. Other evidence indicates that specific organisms may trigger or initiate inflammation. The advent of new molecular tools has advanced our understanding, but here remain many important unanswered questions.","PeriodicalId":89425,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric biochemistry","volume":"05 1","pages":"060 - 064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0035-1564576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58096458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal Microbiota of Childhood: Dysbiosis and Diseases","authors":"K. Kaneko","doi":"10.1055/s-0035-1564572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564572","url":null,"abstract":"Adult humans harbor 10 bacteria in the gut, comprising >1,000 species, with 160 species per person per fecal sample,1 and this ecosystem plays an important role in human health. While the area of gutmicrobiology in relation to humandiseases is not new and has received medical interest for more than 100 years, technological advancements in the last decade have allowed us to investigate it in a more sophisticated manner. A novel approach is characterized by culture-independent techniques such as amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, which encodes several conserved regions that are exclusive to all bacteria.2 In parallel with the prevailing use of these techniques, the number of articles published in this field is growing rapidly. A search of PubMed for English-language articles using the key words “gut microbiota” found 6,000 articles, among whichmore than 95% were published after 2005. The infant gut undergoes important developmental stages that are entirely dependent on microbial colonization. This development of gut microbiota is considered to begin not at birth but in the fetal period, as meconium is not as sterile as previously assumed.3 The composition of the microbiota in childhood depends on numerous factors including sanitization, mode of delivery (cesarean section or vaginal delivery),maturity at birth (preterm or term birth), infant diet (breastfeeding or formula feeding, and introduction of solid foods), antibiotic usage during infancy, immunization, and geography.1,2 These factors that can alter the microbiota are being studied as potential drivers of the increasing trend in immune-mediated diseases. An ever-expanding number of studies have reported that changes in the composition and activities of gut microbiota can play a significant role in the development of many gastrointestinal as well as nonintestinal diseases.1,2 Dysbiosis is defined as changes in the composition of the gut microbiota andmay be associatedwith several clinical conditions, including obesity and metabolic diseases,4 autoimmune diseases,5 allergy-related diseases,6 acute and chronic intestinal inflammation,7 irritable bowel syndrome,8 necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC),9 and autistic-spectrum disorders.10 Furthermore, a recent review correlates the possible role of dysbiosiswith sudden infant death syndrome.11 Although the precise mechanisms in the relationship between dysbiosis and disease development remain unknown, it has beenhypothesized that there is a “criticalwindow” early in life during which the microbiota can be disrupted in a way thatmay favor the developmentofdisease later in life, based on an early Japanese study.12 The aim of this special issue entitled “Intestinal Microbiota of Childhood: Dysbiosis and Diseases” is to summarize the latest studies of childhood intestinal microbiota. It also discusses the increasing evidence indicating that changes in microbiota during early life affect the development of intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. This speci","PeriodicalId":89425,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric biochemistry","volume":"05 1","pages":"039 - 040"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0035-1564572","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58095941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-Life Gut Microbial Composition","authors":"R. Nagpal, Y. Yamashiro","doi":"10.1055/s-0035-1564573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564573","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The human intestinal microbiota plays a significant role in host metabolism and physiology. The early-life microbiota undergoes subtle changes, mainly during the first 1,000 days, and can be affected by many factors such as mode of delivery and feeding, maternal diet, family structure, disease, medication, and environment. While acquisition of particular microbial arrays is associated with healthy infants and adults, an altered microbiota is linked with various illnesses. For instance, a disrupted neonatal microbiome due to cesarean or excessive antibiotic exposure may result in increased predisposition to allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases in later life. Although mechanisms underlying these correlations are not yet fully elucidated, emerging evidences are indicating that the early-life microbial composition is critical to health. Hence, its more comprehensive understanding can offer great avenues for health interventions.","PeriodicalId":89425,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric biochemistry","volume":"05 1","pages":"041 - 050"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0035-1564573","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58096425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic Disease: Obesity, Malnutrition, and Intestinal Microbiota","authors":"Y. Yamashiro, R. Nagpal, S. Nagata","doi":"10.1055/s-0035-1564577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564577","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Obesity is a worldwide epidemic that is accompanied by a dramatic increase in obesity-related disorders; it threatens both industrialized and developing countries. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbial community (microbiota) is an environmental factor of developmental origins of health and diseases (DOHaD) that regulates obesity by increasing energy harvest from the diet and regulating peripheral metabolism. Dysbiosis in neonates and infants is caused by a disrupted environment that influences the initial colonization of microbes in the gut; such disruptions include a C-section delivery, formula feeding, excessive use of antibiotics, or the introduction of inappropriate solid foods containing a high amount of saturated fat. Dysbiosis delays the development of mucosal host defense and immunity, leading to a high risk of obesity, metabolic disease, and immune-mediated disease later in life. Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides, which are found in human milk and are predominant mutualists in healthy microbiota, colonize the gut initially as “pioneer” bacteria; in this way, human milk and its oligosaccharides confer benefits, such as reducing the risks of obesity and metabolic syndrome, to the offspring. As the microbial exposure of neonates is provided mainly from the maternal microbiota, maternal obesity with dysbiosis has an impact on infant microbiota development that can lead to major shifts in the microbiota composition of the child in early life and may cause aberrant immune function and priming for harmful responses to postnatal triggers. Alterations in the gut microbiome have been strongly implicated in childhood malnutrition. This paper reviews the evidence linking gut microbiota, obesity, and malnutrition.","PeriodicalId":89425,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric biochemistry","volume":"05 1","pages":"065 - 070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0035-1564577","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58096513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Intestinal Microflora on Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants","authors":"Lijuan Wu, Hung-Chih Lin","doi":"10.1055/s-0035-1564575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564575","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains a devastating intestinal disease in preterm very low-birth-weight (VLBW: <1,500 g) infants. Though the pathogenesis of NEC in preterm VLBW infants is not fully explored, numerous clinical evidence and laboratory data have supported that the bacterial colonization is a critical factor for NEC development. Recent evidence has suggested that NEC is associated with both unusual intestinal microbial species and an overall reduction in the diversity of microbiota. Nonetheless, preterm infants have very unique microflora colonization in the intestinal tract because many preterm infants are born via cesarean section and are mandated to develop intestinal microflora colorization within the complex neonatal intensive care unit. Furthermore, preterm infants show delayed colonization by “healthy commensal” organisms, especially bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. All these data suggest that low colonization of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in preterm VLBW infants may serve as a predisposing factor in microbial infection and NEC. Based on these findings, researchers have tried to use probiotics to prevent NEC in prematurity; there are 27 randomized controlled trials and 7 recent meta-analyses which enrolled a total of 6,655 preterm infants. All the evidence confirmed that oral probiotics effectively prevent NEC and death in preterm infants. Premature rat model and updated meta-analysis further showed that combined probiotics strains resulted in a marked reduction of the incidence of NEC. Future study should focus on the head-to-head control trial on different probiotics regimen and possible use of the microbiome of breast-fed preterm infants for total fecal transplantation to eradicate NEC.","PeriodicalId":89425,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric biochemistry","volume":"05 1","pages":"055 - 059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0035-1564575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58096444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotics Usage and Intestinal Microbiota","authors":"S. Tsuji, K. Kaneko","doi":"10.1055/s-0035-1564574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564574","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since the discovery of penicillin, antibiotics have made significant contributions to the treatment of infections in humans. However, as antibiotics are effective not only against pathogenic bacteria but also against all bacterial species that comprise the normal microbiota within the intestine, they can disrupt the balance in the composition of the intestinal microbiota, which causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). In particular, infections caused by Clostridium difficile, a pathogenic bacterium known to cause AAD, can lead to pseudomembranous colitis or, in severe cases, death. AAD is primarily treated by halting the administration of the antibiotic thought to be causing the symptoms. After a diagnosis of C. difficile infection is confirmed, if symptoms persist and the patient's condition worsens despite ceasing the administration of the causative antibiotic, the administration of metronidazole or vancomycin may be considered. Moreover, several probiotics have been considered effective in the prevention and treatment of AAD.","PeriodicalId":89425,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric biochemistry","volume":"05 1","pages":"051 - 054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0035-1564574","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58096433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain–Gut Axis and Gut Microbiota: Possible Role of Gut Microbiota in Childhood Mental Health and Diseases","authors":"N. Sudo","doi":"10.1055/s-0035-1564579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564579","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The role of gut bacteria in human health and diseases has gained significant research interest. The human intestine is inhabited by more than 1,000 bacterial species and an estimated 1011 to 1012 bacterial cells are present per gram of feces. In addition to their well-established role in postnatal maturation of the mammalian immune system, gut bacteria are also responsible for an enormous array of metabolic activities that include the digestion of food and the production of a host of biologically active substances. Moreover, our previous study on gnotobiotic mice demonstrated that gut microbiota is an environmental determinant that regulates the development of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis stress response and behavioral phenotypes. In this review, we focus on the signaling pathway between the gut microbiota and the brain in terms of the effects of commensal microbiota on the HPA axis response and behavioral characters, and further consider the possible link between gut microbiota and childhood mental health.","PeriodicalId":89425,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric biochemistry","volume":"05 1","pages":"077 - 080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0035-1564579","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58096592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Visfatin in Pregnancy, Complications and Procreation","authors":"L. Marseglia, S. Manti, G. D'angelo, C. Cuppari, V. Salpietro, M. Filippelli, V. Chirico, E. Gitto, C. Salpietro, T. Arrigo","doi":"10.1055/s-0035-1554783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1554783","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ secreting numerous neuroendocrine and peripheral peptides, also known as “adipokines.” Although, the role of adipokines, precisely visfatin, is still controversial, it was recently discovered their involvement in different mechanisms, including metabolism, inflammation, and endocrine-immunologic system. A literature search of electronic databases was undertaken for the major studies published from 1957 to present. The databases searched were: PubMed, EMBASE, Orphanet, Midline, and Cochrane Library. This review aims to emphasize the molecular and endocrine mechanisms of visfatin and its role in fetal development. This review also reviews the role of adipocytokine in the pathogenesis of inflammatory-endocrine disorders. Further research will bring new insight into linkage between visfatin and humans, during pregnancy and perinatal period.","PeriodicalId":89425,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pediatric biochemistry","volume":"66 1","pages":"002 - 007"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-0035-1554783","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58070535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}