Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology最新文献

{"title":"Homogamy, Personality, and Mate Choice Among Heterosexual and Homosexual Men","authors":"Petra Gyuris, László Bernáth, T. Bereczkei","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.7","url":null,"abstract":"Several former studies have suggested that mates resemble each other in various personality traits. In the recent study Big Five Inventory was used to examine similarities and differences on fundamental dimensions of personality in heterosexual people. Additionally, we predict that homogamy also occurs in homosexual people, which was based on the recent evidence that gay men's mate preferences are hardly distinguishable from those of heterosexual men. However, our hypotheses were not supported by our data. No significant correlations have been found between mates in personality traits in neither heterosexuals, nor homosexuals. At the same time, an interesting result - more exactly, a lack of a significant relationship - was found: compared to heterosexuals, homosexuals, on average, did not show difference in any of the five subscales of Big Five Inventory. The measured similarities in personality traits correspond with some recent studies that concluded that homosexuals have the same set of psychological ...","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"23 1","pages":"311-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72742392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Evolutionary Interpretation of Humor and Laughter","authors":"Roland Tisljár, T. Bereczkei","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.6","url":null,"abstract":"In this study the most important theories of evolutionary approaches to humor and laughter are considered. Some aspects of humor can be interpreted as a product of natural selection for survival. Other features of humor could have evolved through sexual selection, and may function as courtship tools in the mating process. An attempt has been made to set up specific and testable hypotheses concerning the role of humor in the context of short-term and long-term relationships and the differences between sexes in this respect.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"15 1","pages":"301-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83721391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OBEYING SOCIAL RULES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DOGS AND HUMANS*","authors":"J. Topál, E. Kubinyi, M. Gácsi, Á. Miklósi","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.1","url":null,"abstract":"Here we suggest that subjects' performance in a traditional object permanence paradigm could be based on the contribution of different cognitive capacities such as (1) the ability to repre- sent an object mentally in case of invisible displacements; (2) the ability to use appropriate deduc- tive inferences; (3) the ability to use associative learning and local rules or cues; and (4) the pres- ence of appropriate motivation to solve the task. In addition to these, there is another factor that may contribute to the performance, at least in some social species: (5) the ability to identify and use social rules that are formed by the interaction with the experimenter during the consecutive object hiding and search tasks. Experiment 1 was designed to demonstrate that such social rules may have an independent influence on the performance of both human and dog subjects during consecutive object hiding and search tasks. The behaviours of adult and preschool humans and adult pet dogs were compared in a modified version of the successive invisible displacements task (no object condition) and in a similar task in which, however, the location of the target object was well known by the subjects (game condition). During the no object condition most of the humans and dogs performed a full and systematic search of all potential hiding places. However, results in game condition indicate that Piagetian object permanence tests may be interpreted by both dogs and humans not only as object hiding and finding tasks, but, alternatively, as social-behavioural games of different sorts that may contribute to the systematic search performance. It seems that successful performance on such tasks should not be interpreted exclusively as indicating a representational understanding of object permanence and an ability for deductive inferences. A second experiment was directly designed to demonstrate the influential effect of social rules in the object hiding and finding tasks. Results show that the functional 'opacity' of the HIDER's behaviour (i.e., performing both functionally relevant and irrelevant actions upon hiding) enhanced the emergence of 'obeying social rules' (i.e., dogs tended to perform search behaviour, although they knew the location of the target object). We suggest that during their domestication dogs may have been selected for certain human-like capacities such as recognising and following social rules in the context of interacting with humans.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"29 1","pages":"223-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82279107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Empirical Test of a Possible Solution to “the Central Theoretical Problem of Human Sociobiology”","authors":"S. Kanazawa","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.3","url":null,"abstract":"KANAZAWA (2004) suggests that there is a negative association between social class and reproduction because lower-class individuals, who tend to have lower general intelligence, have greater difficulty employing evolutionarily-novel modern contraception. I derive three hypotheses from KANAZAWA's theory: 1) There are no class differences in the number of desired children; 2) The effect of sexual activity on reproduction is weaker among the more intelligent; and 3) The interaction between sexual activity and intelligence is stronger among men. The analyses of the U.S. General Social Surveys support all three hypotheses. Modern evolutionary psychology predicts that, because women prefer to mate with men with greater resources and higher status, such men attain greater reproductive success (BUSS 1994). Throughout human history, wealthy and powerful men of high status have had a greater number of mates and produced more children than poor and powerless men of low status (BETZIG 1986). In ancient civilizations, kings, emperors and sultans maintained large harems, consisting of hundreds and thousands of virgins, and local chiefs and noblemen kept several wives or concubines, while countless poor men in the countryside died mateless and childless (BETZIG 1993). And these wealthy and powerful men of high status often left a large number of descendants. In contrast, a strong positive correlation between social class and reproduction does not exist in the contemporary society. Marriage and successful reproduction are no longer the privilege of the wealthy and powerful only, and men's reproductive success is not related to social class. If anything, the correlation appears negative; in contemporary industrial societies like the United States, poor families tend to have more children than wealthy families. This is in contradiction to the prediction of evolutionary psychology.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"28 1","pages":"255-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88831566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrative Psychology as Cultural and Evolutionery Psychology","authors":"J. Laszlo","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.5","url":null,"abstract":"The essay presents an outline of narrative psychology, which draws on the scientific traditions of psychological study, but adds to the existing theories by pursuing the empirical study of psychological meaning construction. It is assumed that Psychological phenomena are expressed in narratives at a high complexity level, which enables meaningful diagnosis and predictions. Thereby scientific narrative psychology opens a new perspective on complex phenomena such as cultural and evolutionary dimensions of personality and personal or social identity.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"16 1","pages":"287-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87250157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who are the heroes? Characteristics of people who rescue others","authors":"M. Lyons","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.3-4.2","url":null,"abstract":"Heroic rescuing behaviour is a male-typical trait in humans, and it is possible that life risking acts represent a costly signal, showing that a rescuing male has good underlying genetic quality. Previous research has shown that males with low status occupations are more frequent rescuers than males who have higher socio-economic statuses. This study looked at news archives of local papers in the UK in order to discover what kind of characteristics rescuers possess. It was found that males were highly more likely to rescue than females were, and that a typical rescuer was a low status male rescuing another male. Males with low socio-economic status were more likely to rescue in all the contexts (fire, drowning, violence and traffic accidents). Socio-economic status and heroism are discussed in relation to the evolutionary theory. It is suggested that heroism could be a condition dependent life history strategy and could be related to steep future discounting.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"178 1","pages":"245-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90597265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impressions of Danger Influence Impressions of People: An Evolutionary Perspective on Individual and Collective Cognition.","authors":"Mark Schaller, Jason Faulkner, Justin H Park, Steven L Neuberg, Douglas T Kenrick","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.2.2004.3-4.4","DOIUrl":"10.1556/JCEP.2.2004.3-4.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An evolutionary approach to social cognition yields novel hypotheses about the perception of people belonging to specific kinds of social categories. These implications are illustrated by empirical results linking the perceived threat of physical injury to stereotypical impressions of outgroups. We review a set of studies revealing several ways in which threat-connoting cues influence perceptions of ethnic outgroups and the individuals who belong to those outgroups. We also present new results that suggest additional implications of evolved danger-avoidance mechanisms on interpersonal communication and the persistence of cultural-level stereotypes about ethnic outgroups. The conceptual utility of an evolutionary approach is further illustrated by a parallel line of research linking the threat of disease to additional kinds of social perceptions and behaviors. Evolved danger-avoidance mechanisms appear to contribute in diverse ways to individual-level cognitive processes, as well as to culturally-shared collective beliefs.</p>","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"2 3-4","pages":"231-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3161248/pdf/nihms310264.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30104746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE PARADOX OF NARRATIVE THINKING","authors":"Francis F. Steen","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Why do human beings show such a strong preference for thinking in narratives? From a computational perspective, this method of generating inferences appears to be exorbitantly waste- ful. Using students' responses to the fairy tale of Little Red Riding Hood, I argue that narrative comprehension requires the construction of idiosyncratic imagery, but that the cognitive yield is structural and shared. This peculiar method of information processing, I suggest, is the outcome of evolutionary path-dependence. The narrative mode of construal is an expert system taking its input from the display of conscious experience, but producing results that are largely unconscious. Drawing on examples from rhesus play, I argue that the core features of narrative thinking have biological roots in strategy formation. Finally, I return to the fairy tale to illustrate the operation of a series of peculiar design features characteristic of human narrative thinking.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"18 1","pages":"87-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79104021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WEAK LINKS AND SCENE CLIQUES WITHIN THE SMALL WORLD OF SHAKESPEARE","authors":"James Stiller, M. Hudson","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Forms of narrative such as drama allow for the transmission of information to large audiences. The drama therefore has to contain structural elements that are easily accessible to the viewer. The structures of 10 plays by William Shakespeare were studied and shown to exhibit small world properties, in that any node (character) in a network is connected to any other node by only a few intermediate steps. It is suggested that the number of characters that are present within each scene reflect similar numbers to those of observed human support cliques. This might reflect possible cognitive limits, as when there is an increase in the number of characters within a play rather than add new characters to a scene Shakespeare has instead created new scenes, thus main- taining the scene clique size. These scene cliques are connected by a series of weak links (keystone characters) that maintain the flow of information within a growing network of characters. It is sug- gested that this might provide a useful basis for further research into the structure, purpose and development of drama.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"39 1","pages":"57-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84036751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Wheel of Fire and the Mating Game: Explaining the Origins of Tragedy and Comedy","authors":"D. Nettle","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.3.2005.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Drama (on television, film or stage) is the most popular of all modes of fictional cogni- tion. Drama consists of direct representation of a fictional social network in which characters have conflicting desires. It is dominated by two main genres: tragedy, which generally concerns status competition, and comedy, which generally concerns the process of mate selection. I argue that the evolved mind is intrinsically interested in information about the attempts to maximise fitness by individuals in the surrounding group. This is because such information is useful for optimising the individual's own behaviour. In particular, the strategies of others with regard to status attainment and mate selection impinge directly on our fitness and so have strong attention-grabbing power. I argue from analyses of Twelfth Night and Richard III that comedies and tragedies appear well designed to exploit these informational biases of the mind. This may explain the enduring appeal of the genres.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"35 1","pages":"39-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76895239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}