GM crops最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Rice in Registered Cultivars and Farmers’ Fields in Burkina Faso","authors":"M. Barro, K. Konaté, I. Wonni, Abalo Itolou Kassankogno, F. Sabot, L. Albar, I. Somda, G. Béna, A. Ghesquière, Honoré Kam, M. Sié, P. Cubry, C. Tollenaere","doi":"10.3390/crops1030013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/crops1030013","url":null,"abstract":"The genetic diversity of cultivated rice in farmers’ fields remains understudied in West Africa despite the importance of rice for food security in this region. In this study, we genotyped rice samples from Burkina Faso using the C6AIR SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) array (IRRI), including 27 registered cultivars and 50 rice samples collected in rice fields from three geographical zones in western Burkina Faso. Most of the registered cultivars clustered with the indica genetic group, except seven assigned to japonica and one admix. All but one of the rice samples from farmers’ fields belonged to the indica group. The other field sample, which unexpectedly clustered with the Aus genetic group, originated from a rainfed lowland site known to differ in terms of agronomic practices, and which revealed to be highly differentiated from the five other sites. Apart from this peculiar site, the rice grown in irrigated areas did not differ from rice sampled in rainfed lowlands. Finally, obtained genetic data confirmed the high frequency of one cultivar, in congruence with farmers’ interviews. We argue on the importance to document and preserve the high agro-biodiversity observed in rice from Burkina Faso as a prerequisite to face the current challenges of growing rice demand and global change.","PeriodicalId":89376,"journal":{"name":"GM crops","volume":"222 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85891722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Impact the Morphophysiological Profile of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)","authors":"T. C. Barickman, Bikash Adhikari, Akanksha Sehgal, C. H. Walne, K. R. Reddy, Wei Gao","doi":"10.3390/crops1030012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/crops1030012","url":null,"abstract":"Treating plants with elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) can increase their drought tolerance. Increased atmospheric CO2, a fundamental factor in climate change, may compensate for the drought-induced reduction in crop growth and yield. Basil, being moderately sensitive to drought stress, experiences several morphological changes under drought conditions. Thus, we designed an experiment that addresses how drought stress and different levels of CO2 affect the overall morphological growth patterns during basil’s early and late-season growth. The experiment was conducted under four different growth conditions: two water treatments, (1) a full-strength Hoagland’s solution was added to the basil plants at 120% of the evapotranspiration each day, and (2) 50% of the full-strength Hoagland’s solution was added to basil plants for the drought treatment, alongside two levels of CO2 application [ambient 420 ppm (aCO2) and elevated 720 ppm (eCO2)]. The drought had a severe impact on the morphological traits of the shoot and root systems. Compared to control, the drought stress reduced the marketable fresh mass (FM) by 31.6% and 55.2% in the early and late stages of growth. FM was highest under control + eCO2 (94.4–613.7 g) and lowest under drought + aCO2 (67.9–275.5 g). Plant height under drought + aCO2 and drought + eCO2 reduced by 16.8 % and 10.6 % during the late season. On the other hand, dry mass (DM%) increased by 31.6% and 55.2% under DS + eCO2 compared to control in the early and late stages of growth, respectively. This study suggested that eCO2 during drought stress significantly impacts basil morphological traits compared to aCO2. Besides, anthocyanin (Antho) decreased by 10% in DS + aCO2 and increased by 12.6% in DS + aCO2 compared to control. Similarly, NBI, a ratio of chlorophyll (Lchl) and flavonoids (Flav), was recorded to be the highest in DS + aCO2 (40.8) compared to any other treatments. Overall, this study indicates that the suppression of basil’s morphophysiological traits by drought is more prominent in its later growth stage than in the earlier stages and eCO2 played an important role in alleviating the negative effect of drought by increasing the DM% by 55%.","PeriodicalId":89376,"journal":{"name":"GM crops","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87775040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Leaf Age, Leaf Segments and Surface Treatments on Pathogenicity Levels of Colletotrichum sublineola in Sorghum and Johnson Grass","authors":"E. Ahn, Farrell Fan, C. Magill","doi":"10.3390/crops1030011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/crops1030011","url":null,"abstract":"Colletotrichum sublineola is a casual pathogen of sorghum anthracnose. Sorghum pathologists often need to conduct evaluations for anthracnose resistance in large scale which are expensive and labor intensive. As a solution, an excised-leaf assay has been used, but whether or not leaf age, position or region affects pathogenicity scores has not previously been evaluated. Essentially, in an excised-leaf assay, is response to C. sublineola over all or part of a leaf blade identical? To get an answer, three sorghum and one Johnson grass cultivars were tested. The top five leaves were inoculated at the apex, mid-leaf and base of each leaf blade. Results show nearly no effect of leaf age to pathogenicity level within the top five leaves. Furthermore, in order to evaluate any protective role of leaf wax to C. sublineola, the wax was disrupted by simply wiping the leaf surface by a thumb, or as an alternative method, leaf surface tension was reduced by submerging leaves into 2% TWEEN 20 before inoculation. Compared to control, wiped leaves increased pathogenicity scores on the leaf blade and midrib in two of three sorghum cultivars, but 2% TWEEN 20-treated leaves had only minimal changes in pathogenicity level compared to controls.","PeriodicalId":89376,"journal":{"name":"GM crops","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77341583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growing Tomato under Protected Cultivation Conditions: Overall Effects on Productivity, Nutritional Yield, and Pest Incidences","authors":"Paola Sotelo-Cardona, Mei-Ying Lin, R. Srinivasan","doi":"10.3390/crops1020010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/crops1020010","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato continues to be one of the most important crops worldwide, and protected cultivation is practiced to overcome the biotic and abiotic stresses to which the plant are exposed during growth. In this study we evaluated the effect of colored net houses on the growth, yield and nutritional values, as well as the incidence of common pests under three different light conditions: (1) colored (magenta), (2) conventional (white), and open field conditions. A colored net house led the plants to grow taller with higher lycopene content, but recorded a higher number of whiteflies, compared to the conventional net house and open field conditions. Furthermore, plants under protected structures recorded lower SPAD values, but larger terminal leaflets, lower damage by leaf miners, but more damage caused by spider mites compared to those plants grown under open field conditions. Overall, we found that the use of colored net houses provided a positive effect on tomato production in terms of improvement in morphometric parameters, however, to obtain higher yields under this production system, it is important to reduce the elevated temperature and increase the relative humidity inside the protective structures to be adapted for local growing conditions in Taiwan.","PeriodicalId":89376,"journal":{"name":"GM crops","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84553643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salicylic Acid Pretreatment Modulates Wheat Responses to Glyphosate","authors":"Elena Shopova, L. Brankova, Z. Katerova, L. Dimitrova, D. Todorova, I. Sergiev, N. B. Talaat","doi":"10.3390/crops1020009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/crops1020009","url":null,"abstract":"Glyphosate is an extensively used herbicide because of its non-selective action for weed control. Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound that has the potential to increase plant tolerance to diverse stresses. To test SA ability to modulate plant responses to glyphosate we used young wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings grown as a water culture. Plants were sprayed with 1 mM SA, and 24 h later with 0.5 mM glyphosate. All measurements were performed 14 days after herbicide treatment. Wheat growth was reduced by glyphosate. Stress markers (proline and malondialdehyde) were significantly increased by glyphosate showing oxidative damages. Incapacity of wheat to cope with the oxidative stress was evidenced by reduction in thiols and phenolics content, accompanied by slight induction of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Enhanced activities of peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase were expected to participate in glyphosate detoxification. SA applied alone had no important effects on measured parameters. SA pretreatment decreased stress markers and caused additional amplification of antioxidant defense systems in glyphosate-treated plants. Growth was partially restored in combine-treated plants due to SA application. SA probably triggered antioxidant defense to cope with the herbicide stress.","PeriodicalId":89376,"journal":{"name":"GM crops","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77655363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass Yield and Nutritive Value of Rye (Secale cereale L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Forages While Grazed by Cattle","authors":"H. Phillips, B. Heins, K. Delate, R. Turnbull","doi":"10.3390/CROPS1020006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/CROPS1020006","url":null,"abstract":"Management strategies that integrate crops and livestock may lengthen the productivity of seasonal pasture systems in agroecological zones with short growing seasons. The biomass yield and nutritive value of fall-planted rye (Secale cereale L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) forages were determined in an integrated crop–livestock system under rotational cattle (Bos taurus L.) grazing and organic conditions for seven weeks during the spring and summer in Minnesota, USA. Rye yielded greater forage biomass at the beginning of the grazing interval, while wheat yielded greater forage biomass in the latter part of the grazing interval. In general, wheat had greater crude protein and less neutral detergent fiber, compared to rye, throughout the grazing interval. The predicted total tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility of forages was ≥50 g 100 g−1 of neutral detergent fiber for at least the first four weeks of the grazing interval, indicating high forage digestibility in immature forages. Results from this study suggest that rye may provide more forage biomass for grazing earlier in the spring at the expense of lower nutritive quality, compared to wheat. Thus, the biomass yield and nutritional value of rye and wheat forages vary during the grazing interval, which informs producers of grazing schedule modifications in order to meet the nutritional demands of cattle.","PeriodicalId":89376,"journal":{"name":"GM crops","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82907774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can ‘On-Farm’ Seed Priming and Chitosan Seed Treatments Induce Host Defences in Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Field Conditions?","authors":"Javier Carrillo-Reche, A. Newton, Francesc Ferrando-Molina, R. Quilliam","doi":"10.3390/crops1020008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/crops1020008","url":null,"abstract":"Enhancing host defences through induced resistance, disease tolerance, and/or escape, in combination with current disease management regimes may be a valuable strategy to reduce pesticide use. Since both ‘on-farm’ seed priming (OSP) and chitosan priming (CHP) have been reported to confer varying levels of host defence, this study sought to investigate their potential to deliver disease control as a strategy for sustainable management of foliar pathogens in winter barley. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of OSP and CHP at two different field sites using three different cultivars under fungicide/non-fungicide regimes. Overall, no evidence was found to suggest that CHP or OSP can induce effective resistance in temperate field conditions. However, these field trials enabled the identification of candidate traits to deliver disease tolerance (and escape) for the primary and secondary spread of powdery mildew, i.e., large canopies and rapid stem elongation respectively. Thus, these seed treatments may deliver disease tolerance and escape traits, but these benefits are dependent upon successful establishment and vigour first. The integration of seed treatments into sustainable crop protection may be better undertaken with spring crops or in semi-arid agriculture where the added vigour at emergence can help compensate for negative environmental interactions.","PeriodicalId":89376,"journal":{"name":"GM crops","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79823925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and Adaptation of Currently Grown Wheat Landraces and Modern Germplasm in Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey","authors":"A. Morgounov, F. Özdemir, M. Keser, B. Akin, A. Dababat, S. Dreisigacker, S. Golkari, Emrah Koç, M. Küçükçongar, H. Muminjanov, A. Nehe, A. Rasheed, M. Roostaei, D. Sehgal, Rajiv Sharma","doi":"10.3390/CROPS1020007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/CROPS1020007","url":null,"abstract":"Collection of wheat landraces (WLR) was conducted in Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey in 2010–2014. A representative subset of this collection was used in the current study and included 45 bread wheat landraces from Turkey, 19 from Iran, and 20 from Afghanistan. This material was supplemented by 73 modern cultivars and breeding lines adapted to semiarid conditions and irrigated conditions. Overall, 157 genotypes were tested in Turkey in 2018 and 2019 and in Afghanistan and Iran in 2019 under rainfed conditions to compare performance of WLR and modern material. The germplasm was genotyped using a high density Illumina Infinium 25K wheat SNP array and KASP markers for agronomic traits. The average grain yield ranged between 2.2 and 4.0 t/ha depending on the site and year. Three groups of landraces demonstrated similar average grain yield, though Afghanistan material was slightly higher yielding not only in Afghanistan but also in Turkey. Modern material outyielded the landraces in two environments out of four. The highest yielding landraces were competitive with the best modern germplasm. Frequency of gene Sus2-2B affecting 1000 kernel weight was 64% in WLR and only 3% in modern material. Presence of positive allele of Sus2-2B increased 1000 kernel weight by nearly 4%. Breeding strategy to improved landraces and modern cultivars is discussed.","PeriodicalId":89376,"journal":{"name":"GM crops","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80672613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliable Methodologies and Impactful Tools to Control Fruit Tree Viruses","authors":"M. Ravelonandro","doi":"10.3390/crops1010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/crops1010005","url":null,"abstract":"Viruses are microbes that have high economic impacts on the ecosystem. Widely spread by humans, plant viruses infect not only crops but also wild species. There is neither a cure nor a treatment against viruses. While chemists have developed further research of inefficient curative products, the relevant concept based on sanitary measures is consistently valuable. In this context, two major strategies remain indisputable. First, there are control measures via diagnostics presently addressing the valuable technologies and tools developed in the last four decades. Second, there is the relevant use of modern biotechnology to improve the competitiveness of fruit-tree growers.","PeriodicalId":89376,"journal":{"name":"GM crops","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80770216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Halo Blight of Mungbean in Australia","authors":"Araz S. Abdullah, Col Douglas","doi":"10.3390/CROPS1010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/CROPS1010002","url":null,"abstract":"Halo blight, one of the major diseases of mungbean, is caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola. The pathogen infects the foliar parts of the plant, causing water-soaked spots that eventually develop surrounding yellow margins. The disease is particularly destructive under moderate temperature and high humidity, especially when it occurs during late vegetative through to early reproductive stage. In such conditions, severely infected crops could experience a yield loss up to 70%. Halo blight can be widespread on mungbeans grown in Southern Queensland and Northern New South Wales. However, due to its seedborne and cryptic nature of transmission, the disease is likely to be under-reported. This report addresses major aspects of halo blight symptomology, pathology and epidemiology.","PeriodicalId":89376,"journal":{"name":"GM crops","volume":"593 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77832878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}