Clinical and applied immunology reviews最新文献

{"title":"Review of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Influenza","authors":"Patrick J. Gavin,&nbsp;Richard B. Thomson Jr.","doi":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00064-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00064-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Influenza is unique among viral infections because of its propensity for seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics, and because of the morbidity and mortality that result from its pulmonary complications. In contrast to the majority of viruses, effective well-tolerated influenza vaccines, antivirals and </span>chemoprophylaxis are available. The need for a timely diagnosis, which allows for optimal use of these treatments, led to the introduction of numerous </span>rapid diagnostic tests<span><span> (with turnaround times of less than 30 minutes). However, during influenza season, clinical diagnosis (based on cough and high fever of acute onset) can be highly predictive of influenza. Thus diagnostic tests are not required for all patients with suspected influenza but may be of value if the clinical diagnosis is unclear and if antiviral or antibiotic treatment is a consideration. When evaluating performance of various rapid diagnostic tests for influenza, it is important to consider the type and quality of specimen and type of patient to be tested. Specimen-type drives performance of the rapid diagnostic tests. Swab specimens, particularly throat swabs are the most frequently submitted but least desirable specimen-type. Thus, although current rapid diagnostic tests are specific for influenza, sensitivity is highly variable. To improve diagnostic accuracy, a nasal/nasopharyngeal aspirate or </span>sputum specimen should be obtained. Because of their highly variable sensitivity and negative predictive value, it is our opinion, that rapid diagnostic tests should only be used in influenza season and that results should be confirmed with virus culture. Despite these reservations, during influenza-season, detection of influenza by rapid diagnostic test may, potentially, be of great benefit to the patient and public health.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":89340,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and applied immunology reviews","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 151-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00064-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56630778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Summary of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the AMLI, Vancouver, B.C. August 10–13, 2003","authors":"Dr. Maurice (Mo) R.G. O'Gorman (Immediate Past-President AMLI)","doi":"10.1016/j.cair.2004.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cair.2004.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89340,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and applied immunology reviews","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 147-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cair.2004.01.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136900980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis in children","authors":"Rajesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Timothy Sentongo ,&nbsp;Suzanne P. Nelson ,&nbsp;Hector Melin-Aldana ,&nbsp;B.U.K. Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cair.2003.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cair.2003.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Eosinophilic esophagitis is a newly described clinicopathologic entity that is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. Although accepted diagnostic criteria have not been established, the presence of dense </span>eosinophilic<span><span><span><span> inflammation of esophageal mucosa are key. Because of the reflux-type symptomatology, it is commonly misdiagnosed and treated as severe </span>gastroesophageal reflux disease before an appropriate diagnosis is made. The role of </span>food allergens in this disorder is well accepted but the task of identifying </span>specific antigens<span><span> remains a clinical challenge. Based on animal studies, the pathophysiology<span> appears to involve inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 5 (IL-5) and </span></span>eotaxin. Therapy remains problematic because of steroid side effects, the unpalatability of the </span></span></span>elemental diet, and lack of rigorously designed trials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89340,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and applied immunology reviews","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 173-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cair.2003.05.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136900981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host defense against pulmonary infection in neonates","authors":"Beth A. Garvy Ph.D.","doi":"10.1016/j.cair.2003.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cair.2003.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It is well known that neonatal immune function is immature compared to adults and that ontogeny<span><span> of the immune system continues for some time postnatally. This renders infants particularly susceptible to pulmonary bacterial and viral infections often associated with childhood. Innate immune responses are less intense and delayed compared to adults. </span>Antigen presentation<span><span> is immature in that antigen presenting cells<span> are slow in upregulating costimulatory molecules. This results in reduced T-cell responses including T-cell help and cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) function. B-cell responses suffer from the lack of T-cell help. The maturation process of immune mediators in newborns corresponds with </span></span>postnatal development of the lungs and may be a mechanism that keeps inflammation from causing damage to developing lungs.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":89340,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and applied immunology reviews","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 205-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cair.2003.10.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136900983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome","authors":"Michael C Nimmo M.D., BSc.(Hon), Llb, FRCPC,&nbsp;Cedric J Carter MB, BS, FRCP(UK), FRCPC","doi":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00047-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00047-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The antiphospholipid antibody<span> syndrome (APS) is the association of certain clinical features with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) in the serum or plasma of affected individuals. APS may be primary or secondary to another disease, typically autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).</span></p><p><span><span>The prototypic clinical features are thrombotic events (venous and arterial) and pregnancy morbidity (recurrent fetal loss<span>, severe preeclampsia, eclampsia<span>, and multiple spontaneous abortions). The term antiphospholipid antibody is a misnomer since it now appears that APA are actually directed against protein phospholipid complexes. APA may also occur secondary to infections however these APA seem to be directed at phopsholipid only and are transient. Particular phospholipid-binding proteins associated with APS include beta 2-glycoprotein I (B2GPI), </span></span></span>prothrombin<span>, and annexin V. A recent International Consensus Statement defines Definite APS as the presence of certain clinical findings (either a thrombotic event and/or pregnancy morbidity) and the presence and persistence of laboratory evidence of APA [either the </span></span>lupus anticoagulant<span> (LA) and/or anticardiolipin antibodies (ACL)]. Other clinical features associated with APS include thrombocytopenia, various skin conditions, cardiac valvular diseases, and diverse neurological conditions as outlined in the main text. These other features may be part of APS but require further evidence to establish their pathological and clinical validity. Other laboratory tests of interest include anti-B2GPI, antiprothrombin, and antiphosphatidylserine antibodies. The diagnostic and clinical importance of these additional laboratory tests remains to be determined.</span></p><p><span>APA are estimated to be present in up to 5% of the general population, with the prevalence increasing with age. APA are estimated to be present in 12% or more of patients with thrombosis. ACL are present in 12 to 30% of patients with SLE and LA are present in 15 to 34% of patients with SLE. There is often concordance between LA and ACL however this is not always true. APA (both ACL and LA) are associated with thromboembolic events. </span>Venous thrombosis<span><span> is more common than arterial thrombosis and a minority of patients have both. LA is more strongly associated with thrombosis than ACL. The estimated yearly incidence of thrombosis in individuals with APA is 1% for those with no history of thrombosis, 4% for those with SLE, and 6% for those with high titer </span>immunoglobulin G (IgG) ACL. The presence of LA, and possibly of medium to high titers of IgG ACL, help identify patients at risk for thrombosis.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":89340,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and applied immunology reviews","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 125-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00047-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56629999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and Applied Immunology Reviews","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00074-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00074-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89340,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and applied immunology reviews","volume":"4 2","pages":"Page IFC"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00074-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137089808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of serological markers associated with rheumatoid arthritis","authors":"John F Marcelletti ,&nbsp;Robert M Nakamura","doi":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00048-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00048-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Progress in the detection and quantitation of autoantibodies associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) indicates an expanding role for </span>serology<span><span> in the diagnosis and predicting the prognosis of the disease. The advent of enzyme-linked immunoadsorbant assay (ELISA) methods for the quantitation of rheumatoid factor (RF) </span>isotypes<span><span><span> offers significant RA disease information substantially above that gained using traditional measurements of total RF. The ability to quantitate isotypes adds specificity for the diagnosis of RA and identifies those individuals that will tend to exhibit progressive, erosive disease. Other autoantibodies that are highly specific for RA recognize epitopes associated with proteins containing citrulline (e.g., antikeratin and antiperinuclear factor). A highly specific (92–98%) and relatively sensitive (∼80%) second-generation ELISA has been developed and marketed for the diagnosis of RA using cyclic citrullinated peptide as antigen (CCP). Population based studies indicate that finding multiple RF isotypes or antifilaggrin antibodies (synonymous with anti-CCP) in apparently normal individuals is highly predictive for the development of RA in subsequent years. More importantly, these markers are being recognized as indicative of disease course. Monitoring C-reactive protein and </span>erythrocyte sedimentation rate continue to be a mainstay for determining RA disease activity, although acute-serum amyloid A may be a more sensitive marker for </span>synovial inflammation.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":89340,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and applied immunology reviews","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 109-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00048-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56630049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing the immune modulatory effects of IL7 for immunotherapy","authors":"Fraia Melchionda,&nbsp;Terry J. Fry,&nbsp;Crystal L. Mackall","doi":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00046-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00046-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Immune-based therapies can be broadly divided into strategies aimed toward amplifying beneficial immune responses or attenuating harmful responses, which induce tissue damage to autologous tissues. Interleukin-7 (IL7) holds promise as an immunotherapeutic because of its potent capacity to amplify T-cell based immunity. Its requirement for thymopoiesis and evidence in murine models showing that thymic emigrants are increased when IL7 is administered following bone marrow transplant have led to the hypothesis that IL7 might be able to enhance </span>immune reconstitution following disease and/or therapy induced T-cell depletion. In addition, the </span>IL7 receptor<span> is expressed on most mature CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and signaling through this receptor can accentuate responses to cognate antigen and induce T-cell activation toward weak antigens. As a result, supraphysiologic levels of IL7 induce widespread peripheral T-cell cycling. Thus, IL7's effects on mature T-cells would be expected to improve overall immune competence<span> in T-cell depleted hosts and may allow IL7 to enhance the therapeutic benefit of antiviral and/or antitumor vaccines.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":89340,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and applied immunology reviews","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 71-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00046-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56629949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"P-glycoprotein expression in the cells of the immune system during aging","authors":"Sudhir Gupta M.D., Ph.D.","doi":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00003-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00003-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a member of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter superfamily that is expressed in a variety of hematopoietic cells. Although a role of P-gp in multidrug resistance<span><span> in cancer is well-established, its physiological role in immune cells remains unclear. A role for P-gp in the secretion of cytokines and in cytotoxic effector functions has been suggested; however, knock out experiments suggest that P-gp may not be required for cytokine secretion or effector functions. There is no linear correlation between the expression of P-gp and hyporesponsiveness to antigens in aging. A recently discovered role of P-gp in T-cell survival has been discussed in the context of the aging process. A functional role for P-gp in the context of aging of memory subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells remains to be investigated. The use of a combination of P-gp expression and efflux of substrate dyes in the presence or absence of modulators of P-gp function to determine the structure-functional relationship and some of the limitations in the use of efflux of </span>fluorescent dyes alone as a measure of the expression of P-gp have been reviewed.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":89340,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and applied immunology reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 59-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00003-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56630170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development, function and maintenance of T lymphocyte populations in P-glycoprotein-deficient mice","authors":"Michael D. Eisenbraun Ph.D.","doi":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00006-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00006-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>P-glycoproteins (P-gp) are widely known for their ability to pump drugs out of multidrug-resistant tumor cells, but are also normally expressed in a variety of nonmalignant tissues in mammals. In particular, lymphocytes and other hematopoietic cell lineages express P-gps during development and upon maturation in the periphery. However, the physiological significance of their expression in lymphocytes has been difficult to establish directly, although putative roles in cytotoxic function and cytokine release have previously been suggested. Progress toward resolving the actual nature of P-gp action in vivo has lately been aided by the production of P-gp-deficient mouse lines. Recent studies using these animals and data presented here indicate that P-gps are not required by peripheral T-lymphocytes for development or effector functions, but suggest they may have a role in the establishment or maintenance of certain T-cell population balances in the gut.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89340,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and applied immunology reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 49-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1529-1049(03)00006-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56630272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}