The open vaccine journal最新文献

{"title":"CpG ODN 1826 Enhances the Efficacy of Idiotype DNA Vaccine Administered Intrasplenically~!2009-12-24~!2010-05-07~!2010-06-18~!","authors":"Hongtao Li, S. Ghosh","doi":"10.2174/1875035401003010127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875035401003010127","url":null,"abstract":"Effectiveness of intrasplenic administration of plasmid vaccines has been of interest in vaccine research, because the spleen is strategically located to filter antigens in circulation and provides the milieu to mount vigorous immune responses against trapped antigens. Intrasplenic vaccination with the naked plasmid DNA and a Cytosine Phosphorothiolated Guanine (CpG) adjuvant is expected to engender lasting effects. Specific unmethylated CpG- containing Oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) can serve as a danger signal to the vertebrate immune system. This study was initiated to evaluate a single chain variable fragment (scFv) construct (Id-Th) which encodes the Id of a murine lymphoma 2C3-associated immunoglobulin (Ig) and a T helper epitope. Our previous studies show that scFv plasmid expressing 2C3 idiotype are processed and recognized by Id-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in vitro, but in vivo they evoke only moderate responses when administered by intramuscular or intradermal routes. In this report, we addressed the effectiveness of Id-Th, a new 2C3 Id DNA vaccine, delivered intrasplenically. We show here that, after intra-splenic immunization of Id-Th, the appearance of Id-antigen in sera of tumor-challenged mice is significantly delayed (52.4% decrease), 36.8% of mice survive a challenge of 1x10 3 live 2C3 tumor cells. Furthermore, inclusion of CpG ODN 1826 as adjuvant further improves vaccine efficiency and delays the appearance of Id-antigen (64.9% decrease), and enhances the survival rate by 53.8%. In summary, intrasplenic delivery of DNA vaccines with CpG adjuvant is a potentially useful immunotherapeutic modality and the mechanism remains to be investigated.","PeriodicalId":88763,"journal":{"name":"The open vaccine journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"127-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a Recombinant Rift Valley Fever Virus Subunit Nucleocapsid Protein as an Immunogen in Mice and Sheep","authors":"P. J. V. Vuren, C. Tiemessen, J. Pawęska","doi":"10.2174/1875035401003010114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875035401003010114","url":null,"abstract":"The possible role of the most abundant structural protein of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), the nucleocapsid protein (NP), in inducing protective immune responses has only been evaluated preliminarily in mice but not in any natu- ral host species. In this study we demonstrate that a soluble recombinant RVFV subunit NP in combination with adjuvants (ISA50, Alhydrogel, TiterMax Gold or SaponinQ) is highly immunogenic in mice and sheep but the level of clinical pro- tection and virus replication in mice after lethal challenge was dependent on the adjuvant used. Immunization with NP in combination with Alhydrogel conferred 100% protection against morbidity, mortality and viral replication in mice, but sterilizing immunity could not be achieved in sheep with any NP/adjuvant combinations used. Although this is the first study showing that sterilizing immunity can be elicited in mice immunized with a RVFV subunit nucleocapsid protein, our findings seem to suggest that mice might not be the best animal model for studying the protective ability of RVF subunit vaccines. The results of our study also emphasize the importance of adjuvant selection when evaluating subunit RVF vaccines.","PeriodicalId":88763,"journal":{"name":"The open vaccine journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"114-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety of a Virosomal Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Children Suffering from Chronic Disease","authors":"G. Zuccotti","doi":"10.2174/1875035401003010108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875035401003010108","url":null,"abstract":"Children suffering from chronic disease are at increased risk for complications and mortality caused by influenza. Influenza can be most effectively prevented by vaccination. Although recommended for children with chronic disease, vaccination rates remain low in this population. One possible explanation is the parents' concern that the child's underlying disease may worsen or that adverse events following influenza vaccination may be more severe than in healthy children. Data demonstrating the safety of influenza vaccination in this population are therefore crucial and may help to increase future vaccination rates in children suffering from chronic disease. The present review summarises published data on safety following vaccination with a virosomal adjuvanted influenza vaccine in children suffering from chronic disease compared with healthy children. The vaccine was shown to be immunogenic and safe in four particularly vulner- able populations: children suffering from asthma, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, or HIV infection. No changes in the course of the underlying diseases were observed after vaccination.","PeriodicalId":88763,"journal":{"name":"The open vaccine journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"108-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Environment for Introduction of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in India","authors":"M. Jacob, N. Mawar, L. Menezes, S. Kaipilyawar, S. Gandhi, Manoj B. Patki, A. Bingham, D. Lamontagne, R. Bagul, T. Katendra, N. Karandikar, V. Madge, K. Chaudhry, R. Paranjape, Anjali Nayyar","doi":"10.2174/1875035401003010096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875035401003010096","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents findings from a study conducted in 2007 and 2008 in two states in India: Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. The objectives of the study were to: (i) design effective and appropriate HPV vaccine delivery systems for 10- to 14-year-old girls; (ii) design a communication strategy for HPV vaccine delivery; and (iii) devise an HPV vaccine advocacy strategy. The study populations included girls, parents, and local-, district-, and national-level stakeholders. A mixture of group discussions, visual representation techniques, face-to-face interviews, desk and health facility record reviews, field obser- vations, and consultative workshops were used to collect the data. Study findings showed that the policymakers, health care providers, parents, and adolescents were aware and concerned about cervical cancer; would welcome vaccination if safe, effective, affordable, and accessible. Health systems did not re- quire large infrastructure investments to introduce HPV vaccine; basic cold chain and logistic equipment were available. New outreach systems for adolescent girls need to be tested through demonstration projects. No policies would compro- mise the introduction of HPV vaccination. An HPV vaccine program, requiring public education and provider training, could be delivered. Policymakers' safety and vaccine efficacy concerns can be addressed through targeted advocacy efforts. Three broad approaches were suggested: (i) merge HPV vaccination with already established immunization services; (ii) package HPV immunization with adolescent health services or as a part of a cancer control service; and (iii) deliver HPV vaccinations through either routine immuni- zation services or a campaign using schools as sites for school-going girls and anganwadi or village health centers for non-school-going girls.","PeriodicalId":88763,"journal":{"name":"The open vaccine journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"96-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of the Laboratory in the Diagnosis of Viral Exanthems~!2009-11-20~!2009-11-25~!2010-02-16~!","authors":"F. Ory, María del Mar Mosquera, Juan E. Echevarría","doi":"10.2174/1875035401003020069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875035401003020069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88763,"journal":{"name":"The open vaccine journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"69-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial - Measles, Rubella and Mumps in the Era of Elimination","authors":"Á. Domínguez, I. Peña-Rey","doi":"10.2174/1875035401003020018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875035401003020018","url":null,"abstract":"In May 2008, in Barcelona, the area of infectious diseases and international health organized a workshop aimed at reviewing the situation of measles, rubella and mumps in Spain and internationally. The workshop was directed at staff working in the surveillance of immunopreventable diseases from the Spanish Autonomous Regions and from the National Centers of Epidemiology and Microbiology, microbiologists, pediatricians, general practitioners and other professionals involved in the detection and control of these diseases.","PeriodicalId":88763,"journal":{"name":"The open vaccine journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"18-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measles Virus Genotyping and Circulating Genotypes~!2009-11-16~!2009-11-26~!2010-02-16~!","authors":"M. Mosquera, F. Ory, J. Echevarría","doi":"10.2174/1875035401003020076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875035401003020076","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88763,"journal":{"name":"The open vaccine journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"76-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rotavirus Hospital Surveillance in the Era of Immunization","authors":"A. Sanzone, R. Bégué","doi":"10.2174/1875035401003010089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875035401003010089","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In 2006 a rotavirus (RV) vaccine (Rota Teq ® ) was licensed for routine childhood immunization in the US. The aim of the present study was to track changes in RV hospital visits and to monitor circulating RV genotypes as vaccination was introduced into New Orleans, Louisiana. Methods: From July 2005 to June 2009, RV-positive stool specimens were systematically collected, viral RNA was extracted and subjected to semi-nested multiplex Reverse-Transcription PCR with primers specific for the gene 9 (G) types G1, G2, G3, G4, G9, and the gene 4 (P) types P(4), P(6), P(8), P(9) and P(10). Clinical records of RV-positive children were reviewed. Results: As RV-vaccination was introduced, there was a decrease in the rate of RV-positive cases (per 1,000 hospital visits) from 3.82 to 0.73. A change was noted in the prevailing genotypes, from a predominance of G1P(8) strains to a predominance of G3P(8). Most affected children were unimmunized. Sequence analysis of gene 9 and gene 4 showed that the circulating strains remained relatively stable over the years studied in this project. Conclusion: In New Orleans, G3P(8) is becoming a predominant strain of RV. The cause of this change observed has not been determined. It is unclear whether this phenomenon represents natural variation or it is caused by introduction of vaccines.","PeriodicalId":88763,"journal":{"name":"The open vaccine journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"89-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Manifestations of Measles and Rubella","authors":"F. Moraga-Llop","doi":"10.2174/1875035401003020060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875035401003020060","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the incidence of measles and rubella has decreased and the diseases have been eliminated in some countries with high vaccination coverages. Awareness of the clinical manifestations of the two diseases is essential, as there is always the possibility of new cases, which should be suspected on the basis of the medical history and physical examination. The diagnosis is based on clinical features and epidemiology, but should always be confirmed by determina- tion of IgM or IgG. The clinical manifestations of measles are quite uniform and those of rubella less so. However, in both diseases, four periods of evolution are recognized: incubation; prodromal, (catarrhal, enanthem or pre-exanthem); exanthem (rash) period; and, convalescent period (recovery or desquamation). This work describes the clinical manifestations, presentation and complications of measles and rubella.","PeriodicalId":88763,"journal":{"name":"The open vaccine journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"60-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Diagnosis of Viral Exanthemas","authors":"G. García, J. José","doi":"10.2174/1875035401003020065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875035401003020065","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the differential diagnosis of maculopapular rashes, which can be divided into three large groups: classic rashes, nonspecific rashes and paraviral eruptions, the last two of which can be grouped together as atypical rashes. The differential diagnosis of maculopapular rash depends on the setting and the percentage of the population vaccinated. The diagnosis is broad and includes infectious processes and other etiologies. A correct diagnostic orientation requires the availability of the relevant epidemiological data which will aid the suspicion of a specific etiology. The six classic rashes are measles, rubella, scarlet fever, exanthem subitum, erythema infectiosum and varicella. All, except varicella, are maculopapular and can thus be consid- ered within the same differential diagnosis. They are named classic rashes due to a series of differential characteristics that allow them to be distinguished. However, on many oc- casions, the differences between them and their differentia- tion from other processes is not so clear. To a large extent, the differential diagnosis of maculopapular rash depends on the setting and the percentage of the population who are vac- cinated. In an English study between 1996 and 1998, with vaccination coverages for measles and rubella of > 90%, no case of measles or rubella was found in 195 children with morbilliform rash (1). The etiology was determined in 48% of cases, with the most-frequent agents being parvovirus B19 infection (17%), group A Streptococcus (15%), human her- pes virus (HHV)-6 (6%), enterovirus (5%), adenovirus (4%) and group C Streptococcus (3%). In 52% of cases there was no evidence of infection. In contrast, in a Brazilian study carried out between 1994 and 1998 after a mass vaccination programme carried out in 1992 in children aged 9 months to 14 years, the most-frequent cause of morbilliform rash was dengue fever (33%), rubella (20.2%), parvovirus B19 (9.2%), measles (6.7%) and HHV-6 (2.1%) (2). Most cases of measles were diagnosed in adults. With respect to atypical rashes, an Italian study of 112 patients (78 adults and 44 children) with rash not compatible","PeriodicalId":88763,"journal":{"name":"The open vaccine journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"65-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}