The open endocrinology journal最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and Patterns of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","authors":"H. Mosli, S. Attar","doi":"10.2174/1874216501407010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874216501407010001","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The relationship between Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Autoimmune Thyroid disturbance is one of the numerous examples of autoimmune comorbidities that are already established. This has been investigated in many countries and different populations, but data are still missing in some countries. We aimed to investigate comorbid RA and autoimmune thyroid disturbance in the Saudi population. Methods: We conducted this retrospective study at a tertiary-teaching center, in Saudi Arabia. We reviewed data of all RA patients, over the last 14 years, and selected all those who had thyroid function results recorded in their laboratory data (free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine and Thyroid-stimulating hormone). We examined all laboratory results of the sample, to assess prevalence of different thyroid disturbances, in regards to the laboratory standard results. We also analyzed the relationship between abnormal thyroid results and the usual inflammatory and autoimmune parameters: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C-Reactive Protein level (CRP), Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and Anti- Cycliccitrullinated Peptide (anti-CCP). We used both Chi-square testing and Pearson correlation test, whenever indicated, and P-value less than 0.05 to assess significance. Results: One hundred and fifty one (151) patients had their thyroid function tests recorded. We observed the following: high prevalence of thyroid function disturbances in our sample of RA patients, compared to non-RA patients). (26.3% and 7% respectively), with the patterns of thyroid dysfunction as follows: Subclinical hypothyroidism in 29 patients (19%), Hypothyroidism in 6 patients (4%), Subclinical hyperthyroidism in 4 patients (2.6%) and hyperthyroidism in 1 patient (0.7%). No patients were recorded as Euthyroid sick syndrome. Also there was a significant positive correlation between TSH and CRP (r=0.22, P=0.029). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of comorbid hypothyroidism in our RA patients, in a tertiary care hospital in Western Saudi Arabia. Physicians should be aware of screening RA patients for this comorbidity, especially when the specific symptoms may overlap between both diagnoses.","PeriodicalId":88751,"journal":{"name":"The open endocrinology journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68057230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GH in the Central Nervous System: Lessons from the Growth Hormone Receptor Knockout Mouse","authors":"E. Gosney, A. Jara, A. Basu, J. Kopchick","doi":"10.2174/1874216501206010034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874216501206010034","url":null,"abstract":"Various central nervous system (CNS) tissues express both growth hormone (GH) and its receptor (GHR), including those involved in memory and cognition. Studies show the presence of GHR in the pituitary, choroid plexus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, pituitary and the spinal cord during development and, to a lesser extent, in adults. This expression implies a role of GH signaling in growth, development and functionality of the CNS. While data on the function of GH in the CNS is sparse, several studies have been conducted using the GHR knockout (-/-) mouse in order to better understand this role. Abnormal growth hormone signaling in humans is the cause of various diseases that include Laron syndrome, GH deficiency and acromegaly. This article will review the research conducted using the GHR-/- mouse on the role of GH signaling in the CNS. Where possible, we will attempt to contextualize the animal data with respect to human disease.","PeriodicalId":88751,"journal":{"name":"The open endocrinology journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"34-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68057082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions of Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and Ghrelin with the Blood-Brain Barrier","authors":"W. Pan, F. Nyberg, A. Kastin","doi":"10.2174/1874216501206010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874216501206010022","url":null,"abstract":"Growth hormone (GH) therapy is associated with improved neurobehavior, leading to the question whether GH crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) from blood after its release there from the pituitary, or whether GH exerts CNS effects by secondary mediators, particularly insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. GH release from the pituitary is controlled not only by hypothalamic factors, but also by ghrelin that is mainly produced in the stomach and uses its unique structure to interact with the BBB. This review summarizes studies of the permeation of GH, IGF-1, and ghrelin across the BBB, and discusses them in the context of neuroendocrine regulation. Exogenous GH has a half-life of approximately 3.8-7.6 min in mouse blood and shows a slow non-saturable permeation across the BBB, with 26.8 % remaining intact in the brain 20 min after intravenous delivery. IGF-1 crosses the BBB by saturable transport mediated by its receptors, and its interactions with the BBB are greatly affected by serum binding proteins. The interactions of ghrelin with the BBB appear to be dependent on species and show directionality. The BBB provides regulatory compartmentalization to fine-tune the CNS actions of GH and its related hormones.","PeriodicalId":88751,"journal":{"name":"The open endocrinology journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"22-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68057561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth Hormone Receptors in the Brain and their Potential as Therapeutic Targets in Central Nervous System Disorders","authors":"M. Hallberg, F. Nyberg","doi":"10.2174/1874216501206010027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874216501206010027","url":null,"abstract":"Effects that growth hormone (GH) may exert on brain function have received attention among many researchers over the past two decades. In patients with impaired pituitary production of this hormone replacement therapies have been demonstrated not only to compensate for GH effects in peripheral organs but also to improve several behaviors related to the brain. For instance, available data suggests that subjects treated with GH have experienced significant improvements in concentration, memory, depression, anxiety and fatigue. Also, pituitary-ectomized male rats showing decreased ability in tasks related to learning and memory are seen to improve their performance in these items following GH replacement. The mechanism underlying these beneficial effects of GH has been the subject of studies in many laboratories. An important aspect in this regard is the discovery of specific receptors in various brain regions related to the functional anatomy of several behaviors affected by the hormone. The aim with this article is to review current knowledge on GH receptors in the brain and discuss possible mechanism for the action of the hormone in its ability to affects brain function.","PeriodicalId":88751,"journal":{"name":"The open endocrinology journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"27-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68057572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rodent Models to Study the Roles of the GH-IGF-1 Axis in the Aging and Anti-Aging Effects of Calorie Restriction","authors":"Ping Fang, M. Tagliaro, I. Shimokawa","doi":"10.2174/1874216501206010042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874216501206010042","url":null,"abstract":"Calorie restriction (CR) and inhibition of the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 axis have been extensively investigated regarding their regulatory effects on aging processes and lifespan. Because CR moderately inhibits GH-IGF-1 signaling, the signal pathway may underlie the effect of CR. Our transgenic (tg/-) rat model, in which the GH-IGF-1 axis is modestly inhibited by overexpression of an antisense GH gene, showed similar characteristics to wild-type (WT)-CR rats in terms of lifespan extension, stress resistance and some neuroendocrine activities. Long-lived GH-receptor (GHR)-knockout (KO) mice, which are deficient in plasma IGF-1, showed no additional increase in lifespan by CR. These findings suggest importance of the GH signaling in the effect of CR. By contrast, the lifespan in Ames dwarf mice, in which the plasma IGF-1 level is also very low, was further increased by CR, suggesting presence of a pathway rather than the GH-IGF-1 axis in the effect of CR. Although the GH-IGF-1 axis may not be a sole pathway, many findings support the role for the GH-IGF-1 axis in the effects of CR. Longevity may be linked to retained cognitive functions in advanced ages. However, longevity models do not necessarily retain cognitive function or neuronal resistance to oxidative or neurotoxic stresses. IGF-1 signaling in the brain is differently regulated among those longevity models, even though systemic IGF-1 signaling is attenuated in most of the models. Knowledge on the regulation of the GH-IGF-1 axis in the brain in these longevity models could help us to devise interventions that retard aging- dependent neurodegenerative processes.","PeriodicalId":88751,"journal":{"name":"The open endocrinology journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"42-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68057095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Involvement of the GH/IGF-I Axis in Cognitive Functions of Adult Patients and Healthy Subjects","authors":"J. Deijen, M. V. Driel, M. Drent","doi":"10.2174/1874216501206010068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874216501206010068","url":null,"abstract":"The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I (GH/IGF-I) axis is an important regulator of brain function which view is based on the evidence that 1) GH and IGF-I can cross the blood brain barrier, 2) GH and IGF-I can bind to sites in various brain structures, including the hippocampus, 3) GH can alter the dopamine turnover in the hippocampus and IGF-I the acetylcholine release, and 4) GH and IGF-I can activate the NMDA receptor in the hippocampus. These mechanisms may underlie the relationship between the GH/IGF-I axis and cognitive functioning. A reduced activity of the GH/IGF-I axis seems associated with cognitive dysfunction in adult patients with GH deficiency (GHD), Prader-Willi syndrome, traumatic brain injury (TBI), dementia and also with age-associated cognitive decline in healthy elderly. Moreover, IGF-I deficiency may be involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia. Treatment with GH appears to have a beneficial effect on cognitive functions in patients with GHD, Prader-Willi and TBI. However, as evidence of GH replacement on cognition in distinct groups is limited and diet, exercise, and specific medicines have known effects on the GH/IGF-I axis, future studies on the relationship between GH-, diet-, exercise-, or medication-induced GH/IGF-I increase and cognition are required.","PeriodicalId":88751,"journal":{"name":"The open endocrinology journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"68-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68057178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Alzheimer´sDisease","authors":"J. Sáez","doi":"10.2174/1874216501206010080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874216501206010080","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a major public health issue in the ageing population. For decades, research focused on studies using neurochemistry and biochemistry to understand the mechanisms underlying this disease. Recently, emerging evidence supports the concept that AD is also a disorder of metabolic degeneration. Amyloid beta-peptide is central to the pathogenesis of AD, and the AD brain is under intense oxidative stress, including membrane lipid peroxidation. Amyloid beta-peptide causes oxidative stress and neurotoxicity to neurons. Neurochemical changes in the brain from patients with AD indicate multiple disturbances and it seems likely that the changes are secondary to more fundamental changes into the brain. Based on decreased IGF-I concentrations in AD, some authors have suggested that disrupted IGF-I input to the brain may be involved in the pathogenesis of amyloidosis and changed IGF-I signalling may potentially lead to amyloidosis. Disrupting IGF-I signalling in the coroid plexus is sufficient to trigger pathological changes as those observed in AD and brain -amyloid increases as consequence of its lower clearance. The IGF-I is a potent neurotrophic as well neuroprotective factor found in the brain with a wide range of actions in both central and peripheral nervous system. IGF-I is a critical promoter of brain development and neuronal survival and plays a role in neuronal rescue during degenerative diseases. So, an emerging clinical targets for improving the quality of life with ageing or for improving clinical manifestations of AD may be activation of GH/IGF-I that rejuvenate the axis to result in overall physiological benefit, with a potential of prevent or reverse detrimental age-related or AD changes in the brain.","PeriodicalId":88751,"journal":{"name":"The open endocrinology journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"80-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68057193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signal Transduction Mechanisms Underlying Growth Hormone ReceptorAction","authors":"A. Herington, P. Lobie","doi":"10.2174/1874216501206010013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874216501206010013","url":null,"abstract":"Our understanding of the mechanisms of action of GH and its receptor, the GHR, has advanced significantly in the last decade and has provided some important surprises. It is now clear that the GH-GHR axis activates a number of inter-related signalling pathways, not all of which are dependent on the intracellular tyrosine kinase, JAK2 as originally postulated. JAK2-independent pathways, mediated via the Src family kinases, together with a number of negative regulators of GH signalling and emerging cross-talk mechanisms with other growth factor receptors, provide a complex array of mechanisms that are capable of fine-tuning responses to GH in a cell context dependent manner. Additionally, it is also now clear that GH and the GHR can translocate to the nucleus of target cells and initiate, as yet not well defined, nuclear responses. Continued emphasis on elucidation of these complex mechanisms is critical to provide further insights into the diverse physiological and pathophysiological effects of GH.","PeriodicalId":88751,"journal":{"name":"The open endocrinology journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"13-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68057553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of Life in Adult Hypopituitary Patients Treated for Growth Hormone Deficiency","authors":"M. Klose, Å. Rasmussen, U. Feldt-Rasmussen","doi":"10.2174/1874216501206010091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874216501206010091","url":null,"abstract":"Growth hormone (GH) affects all organ systems and several studies have also indicated an influence on health related quality of life (QoL). Assessment of QoL is therefore considered as one of several valid indicators of whether or not treatment with GH is beneficial. Two main types of QoL measures are generally used: disease-specific and generic. A combination of the two is generally advocated as they seem to be complementary. Methodologically, questionnaires must be correctly validated in the relevant context of language and a sufficient population based reference group. In this review, the previously published studies on the effects of GH replacement therapy on QoL in adults will be scrutinized. Although many of the studies on the influence of GH replacement on QoL assessment are either having a too short follow-up period, are uncontrolled, or using supra-physiological GH doses or inappropriate QoL instruments, there is a growing body of evidence for impaired QoL in GH deficient patients with improvement or normalisation after GH replacement.","PeriodicalId":88751,"journal":{"name":"The open endocrinology journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"91-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68057205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosynthesis of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and the Regulation of their Secretion","authors":"A. Skottner","doi":"10.2174/1874216501206010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874216501206010003","url":null,"abstract":"This report reviews the current knowledge on the biosynthesis, regulation and secretion of Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth factor-I (IGF-I). Variants of human GH, molecular size variants as well as charge variants, and the GH binding protein will be discussed, and the regulation of expression of the hGH gene is reviewed. IGF-I expression, regulation of the igf-I gene and secretion is discussed and a separate section on the influence of the six IGF binding proteins is included.","PeriodicalId":88751,"journal":{"name":"The open endocrinology journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"3-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68057502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}