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The role of the putamen in cognitive functions — A case study 壳核在认知功能中的作用-个案研究
Learning & perception Pub Date : 2009-12-01 DOI: 10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.4
Tamás Sefcsik, D. Németh, K. Janacsek, I. Hoffmann, Jeffrey Scialabba, P. Klivényi, G. Ambrus, Gábor P. Háden, L. Vécsei
{"title":"The role of the putamen in cognitive functions — A case study","authors":"Tamás Sefcsik, D. Németh, K. Janacsek, I. Hoffmann, Jeffrey Scialabba, P. Klivényi, G. Ambrus, Gábor P. Háden, L. Vécsei","doi":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The role of the basal ganglia in cognition is still uncertain. This case study investigates the partial neuropsychological profile of a 20-year-old patient with a perinatal left putaminal lesion. This pathology is relatively rare and little is known of its cognitive effects. The focuses of our neuropsychological assessment were working memory, executive functions, analysis of spontaneous speech and implicit skill learning. The patient's executive functions did not attain the normal range, and working memory was also partially impaired. In addition, the temporal features of her speech revealed an increased pause/signal time ratio. Finally, in an implicit skill learning task, the patient showed general motor skill learning, but no sequence specific learning. Together these findings suggest that the frontal/subcortical circuit between the putamen and frontal motor areas plays a role in higher cognitive processing such as executive functions, working memory, as well as in first-order sequence learning.","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"1 1","pages":"215-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 30
Psychological distress and individual differences influence performance on decision-making related tasks 心理困扰和个体差异影响决策相关任务的表现
Learning & perception Pub Date : 2009-12-01 DOI: 10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.107
D. Hevey, Sofia Laureano-Schelten, K. Thomas
{"title":"Psychological distress and individual differences influence performance on decision-making related tasks","authors":"D. Hevey, Sofia Laureano-Schelten, K. Thomas","doi":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.107","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent research has focused on the role of emotion in decision-making. This study sought to build upon such work by examining whether individual differences in cognitive and emotional processes predict decision-making task performance. Thirty five participants (15 male; 20 female) completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), and the following questionnaires: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Need for Cognition (NFC), Need for Affect (NAQ). Although participants generally demonstrated learning over time, F(4,136) = 11.98, p <.001, with differences (p <.005) between scores on Block 1 and the other Blocks, 28% scored in the impaired range (net score < 10) on the IGT. Participants within the moderately/severely depressed range on the BDI were poorer on the IGT (p <.05) and the BART (p <.05) than those not in this range. Psychological distress was associated with poorer decision-making on the IGT. Furthermore, individual difference variables were related to decision...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"1 1","pages":"165-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Approach/avoidance behavior and the breadth of attention 接近/回避行为和注意广度
Learning & perception Pub Date : 2009-12-01 DOI: 10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.5
D. Czajak, D. Żelechowska
{"title":"Approach/avoidance behavior and the breadth of attention","authors":"D. Czajak, D. Żelechowska","doi":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of approach and avoidance motivation (evoked by particular bodily states) on the breadth of attentional scope. It was hypothesized that the enactment of approach behavior (induced by arm flexion) would broaden, whereas the enactment of avoidance behavior (induced by arm extension) would narrow attentional scope. Both conditions were also compared with neutral condition (with no additional action). Under these conditions subjects performed an attentional task — they had to respond to the dot appearing in one of the 5 positions on the screen (one central and four peripheral, situated on the horizontal line). Longer Reaction Times for the central dot position were observed. Such pattern of results can be caused by an inhibition of return-like (IOR) effect, evoked by the centrally situated fixation cross, disappearing before the exposition of the dot. To rule out this possibility a second study was conducted, using another type of fixation point. ...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"1 1","pages":"263-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The sensitivity of face specific ERP components to the nature of stimulus noise 人脸特异性ERP成分对刺激噪声性质的敏感性
Learning & perception Pub Date : 2009-12-01 DOI: 10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.3
K. Nagy, Márta Zimmer, Wenrui Liu, G. Kovács
{"title":"The sensitivity of face specific ERP components to the nature of stimulus noise","authors":"K. Nagy, Márta Zimmer, Wenrui Liu, G. Kovács","doi":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The processing of any noisy stimuli requires extra means from the nervous system. Several electrophysiological studies have proved that the processing of noise starts approximately 150–200 milliseconds after stimulus onset. This is suggested by the fact that the amplitude of the face-selective N170 component has been reduced and its latency prolonged by adding Gaussian noise to a face stimulus while the earlier P100 component is not influenced by added noise. While previous studies tested the electrophysiological correlates of noisy face perception in humans, the nature of added noise has not been studied yet in relation to face processing. Our goal was to distinguish the effects of added phase-noise from that of another irrelevant, overlapping non-face object (a car) on the electrophysiological correlates of human face processing. Subjects performed a two-alternative gender discrimination task with seven levels of difficulty, equalised between the phase-noise and overlapping object conditions. W...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"1 1","pages":"183-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The effects of feature analysis, transparency in probabilistic category learning in adults and children 特征分析、透明度对成人和儿童概率类别学习的影响
Learning & perception Pub Date : 2009-12-01 DOI: 10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.9
Ferenc Kemény, Á. Lukács
{"title":"The effects of feature analysis, transparency in probabilistic category learning in adults and children","authors":"Ferenc Kemény, Á. Lukács","doi":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Weather Prediction (WP) Task is one of the most widely used tasks in probabilistic category learning research. Earlier studies mainly tested adults on similarly structured but different versions of the WP task, mostly without specific focus given to the differences between these tasks. The current paper focuses on the effects of stimulus organization on learning, manipulating two variables: 1) transparency of cues and outcomes and 2) combination of cues into features of a single image vs presenting them as distinct cues. Results show that different variables affect probabilistic categorization differently; cue-based (as opposed to holistic) presentation leads to better performance, and transparency also helps categorization in the early phases of the task, but this advantage turns into a disadvantage later. In general, adults’ probabilistic categorization abilities surpass children's categorization, but the pattern of performance was similar regardless of age.","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"1 1","pages":"199-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
The opposite effect of trait and state anxiety on Iowa Gambling Task 特质焦虑和状态焦虑对爱荷华赌博任务的相反影响
Learning & perception Pub Date : 2009-12-01 DOI: 10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.110
P. Pajkossy, Linda Dezső, Z. Paprika
{"title":"The opposite effect of trait and state anxiety on Iowa Gambling Task","authors":"P. Pajkossy, Linda Dezső, Z. Paprika","doi":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.1.2009.2.110","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The impact of state/trait anxiety and worry on decision-making was investigated applying a computerized gambling task (Iowa Gambling Task). Besides, using two measures of knowledge about the task-contingencies, we examined the role of declarative knowledge in successful performance on the task and we tested whether the amount of declarative knowledge is related to anxiety. Results showed that trait anxiety has a negative impact, while state anxiety and worry have a positive impact on performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. Furthermore, responses on post-experiment survey suggest that those who perform better on the Iowa Gambling Task are more likely to form and report correct declarative knowledge about the task-rules. This ability, however, was not associated with anxiety.","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"109 1","pages":"279-295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
MECHANISMS OF PERCEPTUAL LEARNING. 知觉学习机制。
Learning & perception Pub Date : 2009-06-01 DOI: 10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.3
Zhong-Lin Lu, Barbara Anne Dosher
{"title":"MECHANISMS OF PERCEPTUAL LEARNING.","authors":"Zhong-Lin Lu,&nbsp;Barbara Anne Dosher","doi":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.3","DOIUrl":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>What is learned in perceptual learning? How does perceptual learning change the perceptual system? We investigate these questions using a systems analysis of the perceptual system during the course of perceptual learning using psychophysical methods and models of the observer. Effects of perceptual learning on an observer's performance are characterized by external noise tests within the framework of noisy observer models. We find evidence that two independent mechanisms, external noise exclusion and stimulus enhancement support perceptual learning across a range of tasks. We suggest that both mechanisms may reflect re-weighting of stable early sensory representations.</p>","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"1 1","pages":"19-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863346/pdf/nihms194165.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28969220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 64
Hebbian Reweighting on Stable Representations in Perceptual Learning. 知觉学习中稳定表征的Hebbian重加权。
Learning & perception Pub Date : 2009-06-01 DOI: 10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.4
Barbara Anne Dosher, Zhong-Lin Lu
{"title":"Hebbian Reweighting on Stable Representations in Perceptual Learning.","authors":"Barbara Anne Dosher,&nbsp;Zhong-Lin Lu","doi":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perceptual learning is the improvement in perceptual task performance with practice or training. The observation of specificity in perceptual learning has been widely associated with plasticity in early visual cortex representations. Here, we review the evidence supporting the plastic reweighting of readout from stable sensory representations, originally proposed by Dosher & Lu (1998), as an alternative explanation of perceptual learning. A task-analysis that identifies circumstances in which specificity supports representation enhancement and those in which it implies reweighting provides a framework for evaluating the literature; reweighting is broadly consistent with the behavioral results and almost all of the physiological reports. We also consider the evidence that the primary mode of perceptual learning is through augmented Hebbian learning of the reweighted associations, which has implications for the role and importance of feedback. Feedback is not necessary for perceptual learning, but can improve it in some circumstances, and in some cases block feedback is also helpful - all effects that are generally compatible with an augmented Hebbian model (Petrov, Dosher, & Lu, 2005). The two principles of perceptual learning through reweighting evidence from stable sensory representations and of augmented Hebbian learning provide a theoretical structure for the consideration of issues such as task difficulty, task roving, and cuing in perceptual learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"1 1","pages":"37-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2842576/pdf/nihms102325.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28846723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 53
FORWARD AND REVERSE HIERARCHIES IN AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL LEARNING 听觉感知学习中的正向和反向层次结构
Learning & perception Pub Date : 2009-05-07 DOI: 10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.5
S. Amitay
{"title":"FORWARD AND REVERSE HIERARCHIES IN AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL LEARNING","authors":"S. Amitay","doi":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper attempts to apply the reverse hierarchy theory (RHT) of visual perceptual learning to auditory perceptual learning, and to extend it to account for how the differences in architecture of the two systems may affect the learning process. I would like to propose that rather than a singular learning process as described by RHT two types of auditory learning are occurring concurrently and in opposing directions: selection and enhancement of task-relevant information which proceeds in reverse through the processing hierarchies, starting at high levels and cascading to low levels as training progresses, and filtering of task-irrelevant information which proceeds forward through the processing hierarchy. Transfer of learning is likewise a twofold phenomenon: either a by-product of the enhancement process benefitting from processing at high levels where there is less specificity in neuronal representations, or the result of a failure to filter out and suppress processing information extraneous ...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"1 1","pages":"59-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
EXPLAINING TRAINING INDUCED PERFORMANCE INCREMENTS AND DECREMENTS WITHIN A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK OF PERCEPTUAL LEARNING 在知觉学习的统一框架内解释训练引起的表现增加和减少
Learning & perception Pub Date : 2009-05-07 DOI: 10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.2
N. Censor, D. Sagi
{"title":"EXPLAINING TRAINING INDUCED PERFORMANCE INCREMENTS AND DECREMENTS WITHIN A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK OF PERCEPTUAL LEARNING","authors":"N. Censor, D. Sagi","doi":"10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/LP.1.2009.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Practicing sensory tasks could result in two main perceptual outcomes. The first, and more widely documented, is perceptual learning referring to long-lasting improvement of perceptual thresholds. The second is perceptual deterioration, which is observed when the number of trials is increased within a training session or between closely spaced sessions. Recent results with visual texture discrimination show that these two processes inversely affect each other: decremental effects interfere with further learning, while efficient short practice results in a long-term learning effect in which performance decrements are practically eliminated. Further results show that sleep is necessary to preserve learning effects following short training and facilitates the decay of deterioration that normally results from extensive training. We suggest a theoretical link between perceptual deterioration and learning, assuming a system with saturating connectivity. Training strengthens task related connections, wi...","PeriodicalId":88573,"journal":{"name":"Learning & perception","volume":"1 1","pages":"3-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67139067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
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