Andrew J. Kocot, Shivani Kulkarni, Ronit Ghosh, Scott H. Altern, Jonathan S. Dordick, Todd M. Przybycien, Steven M. Cramer
{"title":"Enhanced lentiviral vector recovery and separation using arginine hydrochloride with CIM QA monoliths","authors":"Andrew J. Kocot, Shivani Kulkarni, Ronit Ghosh, Scott H. Altern, Jonathan S. Dordick, Todd M. Przybycien, Steven M. Cramer","doi":"10.1002/btpr.70102","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lentiviral vectors (LVVs) offer distinct advantages including large payload capacity and stable transduction of non-dividing cells, making them well-suited for ex vivo modification of stem or immune cells. However, chromatographic purification of LVVs is hindered by low recoveries, co-elution of product related impurities, and vector instability. In this study, we evaluated arginine hydrochloride (ArgHCl) as an alternative eluent to sodium chloride using CIMmultus™ QA (CIM QA) monoliths. Screening of solution conditions identified that phosphate buffer concentrations between 100–200 mM enhanced infective particle stability. During anion exchange screening experiments using a CIM QA 96-well plate, ArgHCl improved both infectious particle and p24 recoveries, which was corroborated in linear gradient elution (LGE) experiments using the monolith in a disk format. Furthermore, fractions eluted with ArgHCl exhibited improved colloidal stability compared to those eluted with NaCl. Increasing the ArgHCl gradient endpoint concentration to 1.5 M ArgHCl yielded infectious particle recoveries of 71%. Analysis of gradient fractions with nanoflow cytometry revealed a two-peak elution profile, with the more strongly retained peak enriched in vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) positive particles, corresponding to greater infectious particle recoveries. ArgHCl also improved the chromatographic resolution between the initial impurity peak and the secondary peak, enabling improved separation. These findings support the use of ArgHCl and phosphate buffers to enhance recovery during the purification of LVVs using AEX chromatography and highlight the utility of nanoflow cytometry for rapid detection of product-related impurities.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146028355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert S. Gronke, Jonas P. Immel-Brown, Sanjeev Jeyabalan, Patrick D. Banzon, Armin Delavari, Juan Cueva Tello, Ratnesh Joshi, Thi Ho
{"title":"Purification of antisense oligonucleotides using hydrophobic interaction chromatography","authors":"Robert S. Gronke, Jonas P. Immel-Brown, Sanjeev Jeyabalan, Patrick D. Banzon, Armin Delavari, Juan Cueva Tello, Ratnesh Joshi, Thi Ho","doi":"10.1002/btpr.70099","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) provides a powerful alternative impurity control method for antisense oligonucleotide purification relative to traditionally used anion exchange (AEX) and/or reverse phase methods. HIC is particularly effective in clearing process-related solvents and small molecules by ≥3 log<sub>10</sub> as well as failure sequences (sometimes called early eluting impurities (EEIs) by ≥90%). Additionally, HIC reduces harder to remove product-related impurities. These include branchmers (late eluting impurities (LEIs), oligonucleotides missing a single nucleotide (N-1 impurities), oligonucleotides lacking appropriate phosphorothioate sulfurization (P = O<sub>1</sub> impurity), and other synthesis-related impurities. To optimize the purification process, variables such as resin ligand, salt types, processing conditions, types of gradients, and loading ratios were systematically evaluated to achieve 90% yield and maximal impurity resolution. Loading the column at 32%–78% of its dynamic binding capacity (DBC), combined with stepwise wash and elution gradients, provided effective resolution of impurities in crude oligonucleotide mixtures. The desorption of the purified product was achieved in low lyotropic salt concentrations (typically ≤50 mM) using a stepwise gradient. This approach retained non-polar impurities such as LEIs within the column. When properly designed, HIC is an all-aqueous, scalable, cost effective and predictable purification process. It can be implemented as a stand-alone method or integrated into a dual-column process alongside orthogonal techniques, such as AEX, to achieve even higher levels of product purity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145833115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaixi Zhao, Jessica Raffaele, David A. Holland, Kristen Feibelman, Kathleen Lengel, Jon Shanter, Emily Wen
{"title":"Enhancing mRNA vaccine production: Optimization of in vitro transcription for improved yield and purity","authors":"Kaixi Zhao, Jessica Raffaele, David A. Holland, Kristen Feibelman, Kathleen Lengel, Jon Shanter, Emily Wen","doi":"10.1002/btpr.70109","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In vitro transcription (IVT) is a powerful method to generate RNA which not only facilitates RNA research but also plays a key role in the development and manufacture of RNA-based vaccines. mRNA is produced via the IVT process with a DNA template that contains information for the target antigen. However, as many disease-causing viruses mutate quickly and the cost of raw materials is high for the IVT reaction, there is a need for a system to develop a cost-effective and efficient IVT process platform. In this paper, we showed how total nucleoside-5′-triphosphates (NTPs) input, Mg<sup>2+</sup> concentration and NTP preparation methods can influence IVT reaction yield and purity level of the final RNA constructs of different lengths and sequences. We propose an IVT design that will result in high RNA yield, high RNA integrity and low double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) concentrations for multiple RNA sequences. The approach presented here could significantly contribute to the development of a cost-effective, easy-to-adopt IVT process platform for RNA manufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146083907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tiffany McLamarrah, Efecan Aral, Michael Hoffman, Jennifer Tedstone, Thomas King, Jason Vitko, Maria João Sebastião, Jose M. Escandell, Mafalda M. Dias, Iona McCall, Daniel Machado, Victor Cairns, Christine DeMaria, John J. Scarcelli
{"title":"Evaluation of gene editing in CHO cells using the Cas-CLOVER system","authors":"Tiffany McLamarrah, Efecan Aral, Michael Hoffman, Jennifer Tedstone, Thomas King, Jason Vitko, Maria João Sebastião, Jose M. Escandell, Mafalda M. Dias, Iona McCall, Daniel Machado, Victor Cairns, Christine DeMaria, John J. Scarcelli","doi":"10.1002/btpr.70108","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.70108","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent advances in gene editing technologies have transformed the genetic engineering of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) hosts, enabling the development of cell lines with improved stability and productivity. In this study, we employed the programmable nuclease (PN) Cas-CLOVER to precisely target the Glutamine synthetase (GS) locus in CHO cells. A total of 30 unique serum-free, suspension-adapted CHO-K1 candidate host cell lines were subjected to Cas-CLOVER-mediated gene editing, generating over one hundred potential GS knockout (GSKO) clones. A subset of the GSKO clones was subsequently validated using three orthogonal methods to confirm complete knockout of the GS gene in 98 clones. Randomly selected GSKO clones were utilized to produce standard monoclonal antibodies. The resulting pools demonstrated enhanced productivity, with up to a 14.5-fold increase in titer compared to their wild-type parental hosts. These findings highlight the potential of gene editing approaches to significantly improve recombinant protein production in CHO expression systems, offering valuable insights for biopharmaceutical manufacturing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13055124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146140892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer One, Janani Narayan, Frank Cichocki, Wei-Shou Hu, Samira M. Azarin
{"title":"Dynamics of natural killer cell function upon recurrent stimulation","authors":"Jennifer One, Janani Narayan, Frank Cichocki, Wei-Shou Hu, Samira M. Azarin","doi":"10.1002/btpr.70100","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.70100","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural killer (NK) cells have shown potential for allogeneic cell-based cancer immunotherapies. For development of economical off-the-shelf allogeneic therapies, maximal expansion of the NK cells from each donor must be achieved while maintaining efficacy and uniformity of the cell product. The standard method for robust expansion utilizes weekly stimulation with engineered feeder cells derived from the K562 cell line. However, the effects of repeated stimulation on NK cell growth, metabolism, and function are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrated a distinct shift in growth kinetics and metabolism around week 3–4 of repeated K562 feeder cell stimulation, followed by a change in cytokine secretion and killing ability. Seahorse metabolic flux assays and transcriptomics suggested a transition from glycolytic metabolism to oxidative metabolism after the first week of stimulation, but the shift in growth kinetics generally correlated to reduced metabolic activity. Collectively, these results indicate that serial stimulation sustains large-fold NK cell expansion that can be exploited for NK cell therapy; however, this expansion has important impacts on NK cell growth, metabolism, and function. Careful characterization is critical when developing large-scale biomanufacturing processes to ensure efficacy of the final cellular product.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13055136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145965161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design considerations impacting flow dynamics in packed beds for virus inactivation","authors":"Innara Basria, Opeyemi Ajayi, Madaisabel FuentesArias, Ashley Osuna Najarro, Scott Lute","doi":"10.1002/btpr.70103","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite significant advances in continuous manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies, the implementation of continuous virus inactivation (CVI) remains challenging due to standardization gaps that could compromise product quality and safety. This study identified limitations in minimum residence time (mRT) prediction for packed bed reactors (PBR) utilized for CVI. This work focused on characterizing the residence time distribution (RTD) behavior of tracers with varying molecular properties in four PBR configurations. The results demonstrated that tracer molecular size impacted mRT prediction, with larger molecules showing shorter residence times than smaller molecule tracers under identical conditions. During scale-up from 16 to 26 mm diameter columns, mRT was not maintained, suggesting that traditional chromatography scale-up principles may not be directly applicable to CVI using PBRs. Overall, this work established a helpful foundational understanding of how process material properties impact mRT prediction—a critical process parameter that would directly impact virus inactivation efficacy in integrated CVI systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization of apoptosis in fed-batch cultures highlights the impact of timely process intervention on improving recombinant protein productivity","authors":"Misaal Patel, Sri R. Madabhushi","doi":"10.1002/btpr.70110","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fed-batch processes using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are primarily employed to manufacture biologics. In these cultures, cells transition from exponential growth to the stationary phase, often resulting in a viability decline. This decline along, with similar reductions in cell growth and productivity is attributed to changes in cellular metabolism, the cell cycle, and apoptosis, potentially caused by nutrient imbalance and the accumulation of inhibitory byproducts. To enhance productivity in fed-batch processes, understanding the interactions among these factors is crucial for identifying intervention strategies to sustain cell culture performance. In this study, we evaluated the dynamics of the cell cycle and apoptosis in a mAb-producing cell line during a fed-batch process. Results showed that the cells transitioned to the G0/G1 phase during the stationary phase. Although viability remained above 80% throughout the culture, early signs of apoptosis were observed as early as Day 5, coinciding with product accumulation. Our investigation revealed that early apoptotic cells were not productive and that removing apoptotic stimuli or adding fresh nutrients did not rescue these cells. This underscores the necessity for early process interventions. Media exchange after Day 7, when cells are in stationary phase, resulted in higher viability, fewer early apoptotic cells, and approximately a 26% increase in productivity compared to conditions with no or earlier media exchange. This study highlights the significance of timely interventions to remove the inhibitory byproducts and replenish the culture with fresh media, based on detailed process characterization.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147282211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akshay S. Chaubal, Asingsa W. Arachchige, Annabelle J. Zahn, S. Ranil Wickramasinghe, Xianghong Qian, Andrew L. Zydney
{"title":"Performance of large virus removal filters during AAV processing: Influence of flux and process disruptions","authors":"Akshay S. Chaubal, Asingsa W. Arachchige, Annabelle J. Zahn, S. Ranil Wickramasinghe, Xianghong Qian, Andrew L. Zydney","doi":"10.1002/btpr.70106","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.70106","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) continue to advance through the clinical pipeline, effective downstream purification strategies must be developed to ensure bulk drug purity and safety. AAV are produced within mammalian cells, bringing forth risks associated with viral contamination. Although existing downstream operations provide some degree of viral inactivation and removal, regulatory agencies have recommended the incorporation of a dedicated virus removal filtration step to ensure robust viral clearance. Recently published studies have demonstrated that membrane filters with nominal pore sizes between 35 and 50 nm can provide effective AAV transmission while removing larger viruses, although these results were obtained over a limited range of conditions. This study represents the first investigation into the effects of filtrate flux and process disruptions on virus reduction filtration for AAV. Experiments were performed using purified AAV capsids and carboxylate-modified polymeric nanoparticles with a nominal diameter of 20 nm. Initial results confirmed that both systems exhibited nearly identical transient transmission profiles during virus filtration. Virus filtration performed at various filtrate fluxes (between 20 and 185 L/m<sup>2</sup>/h) revealed that moderately higher AAV yield may be obtained at lower fluxes. The data were analyzed using a modified internal polarization model, which was extended to account for the effects of process disruptions on transient particle transmission and recovery. Process disruptions were employed to increase AAV yield beyond 99% without compromising overall clearance of large viruses. At least a 4-log reduction in xenotropic murine leukemia virus (XMuLV) was observed under all conditions tested, even following multiple process pauses.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13055148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145987838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cintia Gomez Limia, Valeriya Steffey, Hsueh Che Cheng, Daniel Machado, Thomas Hart, Mark Cameron McHargue, Corey Brizzee, Jack Crawford
{"title":"Sequential, chromosome-specific glutamine synthetase double knockout with Cas-CLOVER establishes enhanced CHO platforms for cell line development","authors":"Cintia Gomez Limia, Valeriya Steffey, Hsueh Che Cheng, Daniel Machado, Thomas Hart, Mark Cameron McHargue, Corey Brizzee, Jack Crawford","doi":"10.1002/btpr.70113","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cas-CLOVER is an emerging high-fidelity genome editing system that enables precise and efficient cell engineering. In this study, we applied Cas-CLOVER to establish a robust, gene-edited platform in suspension-adapted CHO-K1 cells supporting cell line development (CLD) for biopharmaceutical production. An attractive strategy for high-yield clone selection is the use of glutamine synthetase (GS) knockout CHO cells. The primary GS gene resides on chromosome 5 (GS5), while a recently identified GS pseudogene is located on chromosome 1 (GS1). To compare editing efficiency, we evaluated Cas-CLOVER and Cas9 at both GS loci using the Neon™ Transfection System. Cas-CLOVER achieved 84% editing at GS5 and 74% at GS1, markedly higher than Cas9. Leveraging Cas-CLOVER's dual-guide RNA design, we generated a GS5 single knockout (GS5-SKO) and subsequently a double knockout (GS-DKO) line at both the GS5 and GS1 loci, both with none detected off-target mutations analyzed in 40 predictably off-target sites. For functional validation, these cell lines were engineered with the proprietary Harbor-IN transposase system to stably express trastuzumab. Using an optimized protocol, the resulting GS-DKO platform, termed CleanCut GS CHO, enabled stringent selection and yielded high-producing clones with cell-specific productivity exceeding 100 pg/cell/day and antibody titers greater than 5 g/L in 24 deep well-plate fed-batch cultures after 14 days. The antibody titer stability analysis showed consistency over 60 generations. Collectively, these findings establish Cas-CLOVER as a versatile genome editing tool for developing high-yield CHO host platforms in CLD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13055120/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147269762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of the economic viability and environmental impacts of a conceptual process model for the recovery of lactic acid from spent media in cultivated meat production","authors":"Josh Wimble, Reina Ashizawa, Elliot W. Swartz","doi":"10.1002/btpr.70094","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scaled production of cultivated meat (CM) will co-produce large volumes of spent media. Recycling of abundant metabolites such as lactic acid in spent media offers an opportunity for valorization and reduction of the carbon footprint of CM production; however, the feasibility has yet to be examined. We modeled a conceptual five-step lactic acid recovery process integrated into a previously modeled CM facility and analyzed the corresponding cost and environmental impacts of recovering an 88% lactic acid solution. At an anticipated lactic acid concentration in spent media of 3 g/L, we found the net cost of recovery would be $0.71/kg lactic acid, with a 7.5-year simple payback period. Sales of lactic acid as a co-product could offset $0.06/kg of the cost of CM production. Depending on allocation scenarios, the environmental impact of CM production with an integrated recovery process had a −1.0 to +0.2 kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq effect on the carbon footprint and a −22 to +3 MJ effect on cumulative energy demand per kg of CM. Recovery of lactic acid from spent media also had a 25% lower carbon footprint than conventional fermentation processes. These model results suggest that recovery of lactic acid may be an economically viable and environmentally beneficial practice if validated in future CM production facilities. This original study provides crucial guidance for lactic acid valorization and other media recycling strategies that can be broadly applied to animal cell biomanufacturing industries.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"42 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13055123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145572713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}