HIV therapy最新文献

{"title":"Polygyny, concurrency, its impact and lack of impact on HIV","authors":"M. Boily","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.10","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of: Reniers G, Watkins S: Polygyny and the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a case of benign concurrency. AIDS 24, 299–307 (2010). This ecological study aims to understand the role of concurrency on HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. The results showed a negative association between the prevalence of HIV and polygyny, independently of selected risk factors (e.g., age at sexual debut and extramarital sex). This reflects the potential protective role of this specific form of concurrency, which contrasts with the common understanding that concurrency favors the spread of HIV. More research is needed to understand how different concurrency patterns influence the global network structure, how they are associated with risk practices within partnerships and the motivation underlying concurrency. This is relevant for the design of intervention focusing on concurrency, to maximise impact and minimize the risk of negative compensatory risk behavior. These results illustrate a growing misinterpretation of ear...","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"88 1","pages":"139-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76404364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons from viral latency in T cells: manipulating HIV‑1 transcription by siRNA","authors":"Kazuo Suzuki, A. Kelleher","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.1","url":null,"abstract":"Despite prolonged and intensive application, currently available combined antiretroviral therapy cannot eradicate HIV-1. It has little impact on provirus harbored within resting CD4+ T cells, which survive for long periods of time. One approach to clear this reservoir has been to administer either T cell-activating cytokines or histone deacetylase inhibitors to HIV-1 infected individuals in order to reactivate latent virus from the cellular compartment while continuing cART to avoid reseeding of the reservoir. These approaches have had limited success. Strategies for the eradication of HIV need to be refined. Rational design of these approaches requires a clear understanding of the determinants of viral latency, which is controlled, at least in part, by epigenetic modifications in histones and recruitment of suppressive proteins to form heterochromatin in the promoter region of the virus. Reactivation of virus correlates with dissociation of repressive modifications, including acetylation of histone tails...","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"1 1","pages":"199-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82995271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment considerations for psychiatric syndromes associated with HIV infection","authors":"Tami D. Benton, J. Blume, B. Dubé","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.12","url":null,"abstract":"Psychiatric syndromes associated with HIV disease were recognized early in the AIDS epidemic. Public education, new technologies and antiretroviral therapies have resulted in earlier recognition and therapautic interventions of HIV infection, improving the physical health for individuals living with HIV. While HIV-associated psychiatric symptoms have been recognized for more than 20 years, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying psychiatric symptoms among HIV-infected individuals and treatments for these symptoms have not kept pace with advances in HIV therapies. In this article, we discuss current knowledge of the psychiatric symptoms occurring with HIV disease, specifically mood, anxiety and psychotic disorders, evidence-based treatments and treatment considerations, new strategies for the treatments of psychiatric symptoms in HIV disease are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"11 1","pages":"231-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73129403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychiatric illness, access and adherence to HAART: a brief review of recent findings and implications for care","authors":"N. Palmer, J. Basiński, K. Uldall","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.4","url":null,"abstract":"This review outlines research since 2006 addressing psychiatric illness and/or co-occurring psychiatric illness and substance abuse as it relates to HAART access and adherence. Highlighted here are effective or promising interventions, or models of care, designed to enhance adherence among HIV-infected individuals with mental illness. Overall, we found that recent studies reinforce earlier findings that co-occurring substance abuse and psychiatric illness are associated with HAART nonadherence. Studies of depression/anxiety disorders among HIV patients reviewed here show that while depression is related to poorer medication adherence, treatment for depression can lead to increased HAART adherence. New studies also suggest that HIV patients with psychiatric diagnoses can effectively maintain HAART adherence with close monitoring by providers. While there are still very few adherence interventions among HIV patients with co-occurring mental illness and substance abuse, promising interventions include cognit...","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"22 1","pages":"215-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88836051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successes and challenges of HIV treatment programs in Haiti: aftermath of the earthquake.","authors":"S Koenig,&nbsp;Lc Ivers,&nbsp;S Pace,&nbsp;R Destine,&nbsp;F Leandre,&nbsp;R Grandpierre,&nbsp;J Mukherjee,&nbsp;Pe Farmer,&nbsp;Jw Pape","doi":"10.2217/hiv.10.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/hiv.10.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Haiti's HIV/AIDS program is one of the most successful in the world, with a declining HIV prevalence, and treatment outcomes that rival those of industrialized nations. It is now on the way to providing universal treatment for HIV/AIDS nationwide. This success is tied to a strong foundation for HIV care that was in place before external funding became available that includes national guidelines prepared by the Ministry of Health, political commitment at the highest levels of government, non-governmental organizations that had been providing high quality care in Haiti for decades, and the assistance of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and other private donors.While the challenges of human resource shortages, widespread poverty, and limited infrastructure cannot be overstated, these are being addressed through the provision of integrated, comprehensive services. Haiti's successful treatment models are being duplicated around the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"4 2","pages":"145-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/hiv.10.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29568950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of antiretroviral drugs in the lungs of HIV-infected patients.","authors":"Homer L Twigg,&nbsp;Carol T Schnizlein-Bick,&nbsp;Michael Weiden,&nbsp;Fred Valentine,&nbsp;Joseph Wheat,&nbsp;Richard B Day,&nbsp;Helen Rominger,&nbsp;Lu Zheng,&nbsp;Ronald G Collman,&nbsp;Robert W Coombs,&nbsp;R Pat Bucy,&nbsp;Naser L Rezk,&nbsp;Angela Dm Kashuba","doi":"10.2217/hiv.10.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/hiv.10.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AIMS: Prior studies have shown that HAART is associated with decreased HIV viral load in the lungs. The correlation between antiretroviral exposure in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and virologic response was evaluated in patients starting HAART and enrolled in The AIDS Clinical Trial Group Protocol 723. MATERIALS #ENTITYSTARTX00026; METHODS: A total of 24 subjects underwent blood and BAL sampling prior to starting HAART, and after 4 and 24 weeks of HAART. Drug concentrations and HIV RNA were measured in paired plasma and BAL samples. RESULTS: Antiretroviral drugs, including efavirenz, were detectable in BAL fluid of HIV-infected subjects beginning HAART. Efavirenz was also associated with a higher likelihood of clearing HIV RNA from the lungs. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the excellent pulmonary virologic response to antiretroviral therapy may, in part, be due to penetration of antiretroviral drugs into the alveolar compartment.</p>","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"4 2","pages":"247-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/hiv.10.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28961040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"At the forefront of retrovirology research: Frontiers of Retrovirology","authors":"T. Bar-Magen, Richard Sloan, M. Wainberg","doi":"10.2217/HIV.09.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.09.54","url":null,"abstract":"The call for submissions at the first Frontiers of Retrovirology Conference was inclusive; all fields of retrovirology research were welcome and, as of such, participants presented on a wide range of topics; from endo-retroviruses through to HIV vaccines. With this broad palette, an enjoyable, concise exchange of thoughts and perspectives between different, though connected, fields of research was achieved. In this article, the range of topics addressed at this first meeting are discussed and we consider some of the major issues presented.","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"89 1","pages":"13-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74204288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies and approaches to purge the latent reservoir of HIV","authors":"X. Contreras, K. Bartholomeeusen, B. Peterlin","doi":"10.2217/HIV.09.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.09.50","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the many successes of HAART, HIV persists in the host and is rapidly reactivated following treatment interruption. In addition, all vaccines against primate lentiviruses have failed. Thus, there is renewed emphasis on efforts to purge the reservoir of HIV and, thereby, eliminate the virus from the infected host. Although only a small number of CD4+ T cells harbor silent integrated proviruses, some of these cells are long lived. Therefore, HIV infection persists for the life of the individual and the viral reservoir decays with extremely slow kinetics. Basic research on HIV for over 20 years, has revealed how the virus is silenced and how it can be reactivated. These findings suggest that in the setting of optimal HAART, the goal of purging the viral reservoir and eliminating HIV from the host might be achievable.","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"10 1","pages":"55-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82189141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of cervical cancer prevention services for HIV-infected women in Zambia: measuring program effectiveness.","authors":"Groesbeck P Parham,&nbsp;Mulindi H Mwanahamuntu,&nbsp;Vikrant V Sahasrabuddhe,&nbsp;Andrew O Westfall,&nbsp;Kristin E King,&nbsp;Carla Chibwesha,&nbsp;Krista S Pfaendler,&nbsp;Gracilia Mkumba,&nbsp;Victor Mudenda,&nbsp;Sharon Kapambwe,&nbsp;Sten H Vermund,&nbsp;Michael L Hicks,&nbsp;Jeffrey Sa Stringer,&nbsp;Benjamin H Chi","doi":"10.2217/hiv.10.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/hiv.10.52","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cervical cancer kills more women in low-income nations than any other malignancy. A variety of research and demonstration efforts have proven the efficacy and effectiveness of low-cost cervical cancer prevention methods but none in routine program implementation settings of the developing world, particularly in HIV-infected women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In our public sector cervical cancer prevention program in Zambia, nurses conduct screening using visual inspection with acetic acid aided by digital cervicography. Women with visible lesions are offered same-visit cryotherapy or referred for histologic evaluation and clinical management. We analyzed clinical outcomes and modeled program effectiveness among HIV-infected women by estimating the total number of cervical cancer deaths prevented through screening and treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2006 and 2008, 6572 HIV-infected women were screened, 53.6% (3523) had visible lesions, 58.5% (2062) were eligible for cryotherapy and 41.5% (1461) were referred for histologic evaluation. A total of 75% (1095 out of 1462) of patients who were referred for evaluation complied. Pathology results from 65% (715 out of 1095) of women revealed benign abnormalities in 21% (151), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I in 30% (214), CIN 2/3 in 33% (235) and invasive cervical cancer in 16.1% (115, of which 69% were early stage). Using a conditional probability model, we estimated that our program prevented 142 cervical cancer deaths (high/low range: 238-96) among the 6572 HIV-infected women screened, or one cervical cancer death prevented per 46 (corresponding range: 28-68) HIV-infected women screened.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our prevention efforts using setting-appropriate human resources and technology have reduced morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer among HIV-infected women in Zambia. Financial support for implementing cervical cancer prevention programs integrated within HIV/AIDS care programs is warranted. Our prevention model can serve as the implementation platform for future low-cost HPV-based screening methods, and our results may provide the basis for comparison of programmatic effectiveness of future prevention efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"4 6","pages":"703-722"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/hiv.10.52","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32832617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indian manufacture of new generic antiretrovirals: implications for global access to anti-HIV drugs","authors":"K. Venkatesh, N. Kumarasamy, K. Mayer","doi":"10.2217/HIV.09.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.09.55","url":null,"abstract":"India’s ruling on patent protection India recently rejected patent applications on two antiretrovirals (ARVs), darunavir and tenofovir, which ensures the continued generic manufacturing of these drugs at substantially reduced costs compared with proprietary formulations [1]. The ruling by India’s Patent Office (IPO) to reject the exclusive licensing of the nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir (Gilead Sciences, CA, USA) and protease inhibitor (PI) darunavir (Tibotec Pharmaceuticals, NJ, USA) also allows other countries to import generic versions produced in India. Cipla, the Mumbai-based generic drug manufacturer, had filed cases against both companies. Even before the anticipated outcome, Gilead had already offered 13 Indian drug manufactures the licensing rights to manufacture tenofovir, but with the caveat that the Indian manufacturers purchase the active drug ingredient from Gilead and that the product be sold only to the poorest 95 countries (which does not include middle-income countries, such as China and Brazil). The patent rejection potentially opens up the market for generic drug manufactures to further drive down the cost of these two ARVs, and may have wider implications for the future development and distribution of ARVs.","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85246590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}