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Rituximab therapy for HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease 利妥昔单抗治疗hiv相关多中心Castleman病
HIV therapy Pub Date : 2010-05-04 DOI: 10.2217/HIV.10.17
O. Veraitch, M. Bower, D. Shackleton, J. Stebbing
{"title":"Rituximab therapy for HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease","authors":"O. Veraitch, M. Bower, D. Shackleton, J. Stebbing","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.17","url":null,"abstract":"HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder with marked systemic symptoms attributed to cytokine disarray. Many therapeutic approaches conducted in small series of patients have often proved unsuccessful. Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that has been extensively used for B-cell lymphomas and autoimmune disorders. The use of rituximab for HIV–MCD now derives from a collection of case reports, case series and two clinical trials, which has led to rituximab being considered as the gold standard therapy for HIV–MCD. Rituximab infusions have been reported to be well tolerated in most patients with mild-to-moderate infectious complications being the most commonly reported toxicity. The most significant adverse event of rituximab therapy for HIV–MCD is Kaposi sarcoma progression. Further work is required to increase our understanding of the disease process to help refine the optimal therapy for this aggressive disease.","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"35 1","pages":"281-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89215160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Dual infection with HIV‑1 and HIV‑2: double trouble or destructive interference? HIV - 1和HIV - 2双重感染:双重麻烦还是破坏性干扰?
HIV therapy Pub Date : 2010-05-04 DOI: 10.2217/HIV.10.26
T. D. Silva, C. V. Tienen, S. Rowland-Jones, M. Cotten
{"title":"Dual infection with HIV‑1 and HIV‑2: double trouble or destructive interference?","authors":"T. D. Silva, C. V. Tienen, S. Rowland-Jones, M. Cotten","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.26","url":null,"abstract":"HIV-1 and HIV-2 are two related retroviruses and, in regions where both infections are endemic, HIV-1/2 dual infection can occur. Several important questions arise about the interplay between these two viruses in a single host, including: what is the potential for HIV-1–HIV-2 recombinants to form, are there synergistic or inhibitory mechanisms that result in distinct viral replication dynamics when compared with HIV-1 or HIV-2 monoinfected individuals and what are the factors to consider when choosing antiretroviral regimes in HIV-1/2 dual-infected individuals? We summarize the relevant evidence to answer these questions, as well as indentify trends in prevalence and how the natural history of HIV-1/2 dual infection differs from that of HIV-1 or HIV-2 monoinfection. The epidemiological and in vitro evidence pertaining to the question of whether HIV-2 infection may protect against HIV-1 superinfection will also be addressed.","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"9 1","pages":"305-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86567777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
Insights into the functions of a molecular Swiss army knife: the intasome structure reveals inhibitor action 洞察分子瑞士军刀的功能:侵入体结构揭示抑制剂的作用
HIV therapy Pub Date : 2010-05-04 DOI: 10.2217/HIV.10.21
F. Christ
{"title":"Insights into the functions of a molecular Swiss army knife: the intasome structure reveals inhibitor action","authors":"F. Christ","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.21","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of: Hare S, Gupta SS, Valkov E, Engelman A, Cherepanov P: Retroviral intasome assembly and inhibition of DNA strand transfer. Nature 464(7286), 232–236 (2010). During HIV replication, integrase is responsible for the integration of the cDNA copy of the viral RNA genome into the host chromatin. In the recent history of anti-HIV therapy integrase has become an established drug target for HAART, but development of second-generation integrase inhibitors has been hampered by the lack of structural information. Hare et al. have now described the full-length integrase structure of a distant cousin of HIV-1, the prototype foamy virus. This insight into the mechanism of catalysis will boost the rational design of second-generation strand-transfer inhibitors.","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"41 1","pages":"289-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80942813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Genotypic determination of HIV-1 tropism in the clinical setting 临床环境中HIV-1嗜性的基因型测定
HIV therapy Pub Date : 2010-05-04 DOI: 10.2217/HIV.10.15
L. C. Swenson, R. Boehme, A. Thielen, R. McGovern, P. Harrigan
{"title":"Genotypic determination of HIV-1 tropism in the clinical setting","authors":"L. C. Swenson, R. Boehme, A. Thielen, R. McGovern, P. Harrigan","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.15","url":null,"abstract":"HIV enters cells via the CD4 receptor and a coreceptor, generally CCR5 or CXCR4. The specific coreceptor used by a patient’s virus is referred to as its tropism. Tropism testing is necessary prior to treatment with CCR5 antagonist medication to rule out the presence of CXCR4-using (X4) virus, with the phenotypic Trofile™ assay being the most commonly used test for HIV coreceptor usage. Genotypic tropism testing may offer some practical advantages to phenotypic tropism testing and Trofile. Genotypic tropism assays are typically based on sequencing the V3 loop of HIV env and analysis using bioinformatic algorithms to infer the likely coreceptor usage of the virus. Genotypic methods have been refined and improved over the years and have recently been used as retrospective (and occasionally prospective) screening tools for treatment with CCR5 antagonist medication, such as maraviroc. Alternative approaches to genotypic tropism testing include heteroduplex tracking assays, ‘deep’ V3 sequencing and testing of c...","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"29 1","pages":"293-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86755261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Possible applications for replicating HIV 1 vectors. 复制HIV 1载体的可能应用。
HIV therapy Pub Date : 2010-05-01 DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.20
Atze T Das, Rienk E Jeeninga, Ben Berkhout
{"title":"Possible applications for replicating HIV 1 vectors.","authors":"Atze T Das,&nbsp;Rienk E Jeeninga,&nbsp;Ben Berkhout","doi":"10.2217/hiv.10.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/hiv.10.20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since its discovery some 25 years ago, much has been learned about HIV type 1 and the molecular details of its replication cycle. This insight has been used to develop lentiviral vector systems that have advantages over conventional retroviral vector systems. For safety reasons, the lentiviral vector systems are replication incompetent and the risk of generating a replication competent virus has been minimized. Nevertheless, there may be certain applications for replication competent HIV based vector systems, and we will review our activities in this particular field. This includes the generation of a conditionally replicating HIV 1 variant as a safe live attenuated virus vaccine, the construction of mini HIV variants as cancer selective viruses for virotherapy against leukemia, and the use of a conditionally live anti HIV gene therapy vector. Although safety concerns will undoubtedly remain for the use of replication competent HIV based vector systems, some of the results in cell culture systems are very promising and warrant further testing in appropriate animal models.</p>","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"4 3","pages":"361-369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/hiv.10.20","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29082079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Comparison of scales to evaluate the progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. 评估hiv相关神经认知障碍进展的量表比较。
HIV therapy Pub Date : 2010-05-01 DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.23
Nishiena S Gandhi, Richard T Moxley, Jason Creighton, Heidi Vornbrock Roosa, Richard L Skolasky, Ola A Selnes, Justin McArthur, Ned Sacktor
{"title":"Comparison of scales to evaluate the progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.","authors":"Nishiena S Gandhi,&nbsp;Richard T Moxley,&nbsp;Jason Creighton,&nbsp;Heidi Vornbrock Roosa,&nbsp;Richard L Skolasky,&nbsp;Ola A Selnes,&nbsp;Justin McArthur,&nbsp;Ned Sacktor","doi":"10.2217/hiv.10.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/hiv.10.23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AIM: First, to compare the characterization of neurocognitive deficits in milder stages of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) derived from existing dementia rating scales of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) with the 2007 consensus ('Frascati') classification. Second, to identify potential sociodemographic and clinical predictors of HAND progression during 1-year follow-up. METHODS: 104 HIV-infected subjects in an existing cohort system were evaluated with a medical history, exam, neuropsychological test battery and functional assessments. The degree of HAND was rated using the AAN, MSK and Frascati scales. The degree of concordance among these scales was determined. In addition, 45 subjects were reassessed for changes in their neurocognitive status at 1-year follow-up. Associations between age, education, sex, depression ratings, substance abuse, race, hepatitis C serostatus, CD4 count and progression of HAND were examined. RESULTS: There was excellent concordance (gamma > 0.8) among the Frascati, MSK and AAN ratings. Subjects rated as having minor cognitive motor disorder on the AAN scale (n = 45) were evenly split between Frascati rating of asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (n = 24) and mild neurocognitive disorder (n = 21). At 1-year follow-up of 45 subjects, 31% had worsened, 13% had improved and 56% were stable. Predictors of progression included age older than 50 years (odds ratio: 5.57; p = 0.013) and female gender (odds ratio: 3.13; p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: The Frascati HAND rating scale has excellent concordance with previous neurocognitive rating scales and can be used to better characterize milder stages of cognitive impairment. Older individuals and women appeared to be more likely to show neurocognitive progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"4 3","pages":"371-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/hiv.10.23","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29290198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 41
The nucleocapsid protein of HIV-1 as a promising therapeutic target for antiviral drugs. HIV-1的核衣壳蛋白作为抗病毒药物的一个有前景的治疗靶点。
HIV therapy Pub Date : 2010-03-10 DOI: 10.2217/HIV.10.3
V. Goldschmidt, L. Jenkins, H. Rocquigny, J. Darlix, Y. Mély
{"title":"The nucleocapsid protein of HIV-1 as a promising therapeutic target for antiviral drugs.","authors":"V. Goldschmidt, L. Jenkins, H. Rocquigny, J. Darlix, Y. Mély","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.3","url":null,"abstract":"The nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) is a major HIV-1 structural protein that plays key roles in viral replication, mainly through its conserved zinc fingers that direct specific interactions with the viral nucleic acids. Owing to its high degree of conservation and critical functions, NCp7 represents a target of choice for drugs that can potentially complement HAART, thus possibly impairing the circulation of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains. Zinc ejectors showing potent antiretroviral activity were developed, but early generations suffered from limited selectively and significant toxicity. Compounds with improved selectivity have been developed and are being explored as topical microbicide candidates. Several classes of molecules inhibiting the interaction of NCp7 with the viral nucleic acids have also been developed. Although small molecules would be more suited for drug development, most molecules selected by screening showed limited antiretroviral activity. Peptides and RNA aptamers appear to be more promisin...","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"196 1","pages":"179-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74782008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
HIV-associated chronic immune activation: current understandings and therapeutic intervention hiv相关的慢性免疫激活:目前的理解和治疗干预
HIV therapy Pub Date : 2010-03-10 DOI: 10.2217/HIV.10.2
T. Vanderford, J. Adamski, G. Silvestri
{"title":"HIV-associated chronic immune activation: current understandings and therapeutic intervention","authors":"T. Vanderford, J. Adamski, G. Silvestri","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.2","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanisms by which HIV causes AIDS remain poorly understood. However, the generalized immune dysfunction associated with progressive HIV infection is clearly related to the levels of immune activation, which results in increased target cells for the virus, excessive apoptosis of uninfected T cells and, paradoxically, an impaired ability to control HIV replication. The causes of this chronic, aberrant immune activation are complex and are the consequences of both virus replication and the resultant immune damage and dysfunction. Of note, natural SIV hosts, which do not progress to AIDS despite lifelong infection, do not show chronic immune activation. Here we discuss the causes and consequences of the HIV-associated chronic immune activation, and potential therapeutic approaches to lower its impact.","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"74 1","pages":"161-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89870381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in South Africa: the dawning of a new era 南非预防艾滋病毒母婴传播:新时代的曙光
HIV therapy Pub Date : 2010-03-10 DOI: 10.2217/HIV.10.7
C. Horwood
{"title":"Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in South Africa: the dawning of a new era","authors":"C. Horwood","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.7","url":null,"abstract":"In many HIV prevalent countries in sub-Saharan Africa death among HIV-infected mothers and their children is a major obstacle to achieving the millennium development goals (MDGs) for maternal and child mortality. In South Africa HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of maternal and child mortality and with HIV incidence estimated at 5% (per year) in 2006 life expectancy has decreased by more than 20 years since 1994. From 1990 onwards infant mortality has increased and maternal mortality has remained unchanged so without drastic action it is unlikely South Africa will achieve the two-thirds reduction in infant mortality or three-quarters reduction in maternal mortality required to reach MDGs 3 and 4 by 2015. (excerpt)","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"30 1","pages":"127-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84124427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Genetic vaccination: engineering antiviral T-cell immunity through stem cells 基因疫苗:通过干细胞工程抗病毒t细胞免疫
HIV therapy Pub Date : 2010-03-10 DOI: 10.2217/HIV.10.9
S. Kitchen, J. Zack
{"title":"Genetic vaccination: engineering antiviral T-cell immunity through stem cells","authors":"S. Kitchen, J. Zack","doi":"10.2217/HIV.10.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.10.9","url":null,"abstract":"The human immune system is normally assidu‐ ous in controlling the environmental assaults that the body receives every day. Foreign anti‐ gens are typically targeted and cleared in a highly evolved and coordinated fashion by a variety of different cell types. Instances where this response fails and the pathogen is not cleared have important consequences for mor‐ bidity and mortality. This is certainly the case for HIV, where the infection is only partially controlled. The resultant persistence of the virus established after primary infection is an indica‐ tion of an ongoing battle between the immune response and the viruses’ ability to mutate and replicate. Ultimately, natural immune responses fail to prevent the establishment or clearance of infection with HIV in the vast majority of cases. Thus, there is a desperate need for alterna‐ tive strategies that augment natural immunity to HIV infection and that allow the immune system to specifically target and clear virally infected cells.","PeriodicalId":88510,"journal":{"name":"HIV therapy","volume":"39 1","pages":"123-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79268268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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