Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT最新文献

{"title":"Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for the treatment of large and complex cartilage lesions of the knee.","authors":"Christian Ossendorf,&nbsp;Matthias R Steinwachs,&nbsp;Peter C Kreuz,&nbsp;Georg Osterhoff,&nbsp;Andreas Lahm,&nbsp;Pascal P Ducommun,&nbsp;Christoph Erggelet","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Complex cartilage lesions of the knee including large cartilage defects, kissing lesions, and osteoarthritis (OA) represent a common problem in orthopaedic surgery and a challenging task for the orthopaedic surgeon. As there is only limited data, we performed a prospective clinical study to investigate the benefit of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for this demanding patient population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-one patients displaying at least one of the criteria were included in the present retrospective study: (1.) defect size larger than 10 cm2; (2.) multiple lesions; (3.) kissing lesions, cartilage lesions Outerbridge grade III-IV, and/or (4.) mild/moderate osteoarthritis (OA). For outcome measurements, the International Cartilage Society's International Knee Documentation Committee's (IKDC) questionnaire, as well as the Cincinnati, Tegner, Lysholm and Noyes scores were used. Radiographic evaluation for OA was done using the Kellgren score.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Patient's age was 36 years (13-61), defects size 7.25 (3-17.5) cm2, previous surgical procedures 1.94 (0-8), and follow-up 30 (12-63) months. Instruments for outcome measurement indicated significant improvement in activity, working ability, and sports. Mean ICRS grade improved from 3.8 preoperatively to grade 3 postoperatively, Tegner grade 1.4 enhanced to grade 3.39. The Cincinnati score enhanced from 25.65 to 66.33, the Lysholm score from 33.26 to 64.68, the Larson score from 43.59 to 79.31, and Noyes score from 12.5 to 46.67, representing an improvement from Cincinnati grade 3.65 to grade 2.1. Lysholm grade 4 improved to grade 3.33, and Larson grade 3.96 to 2.78 (Table 1), (p < 0.001). Patients with kissing cartilage lesions had similar results as patients with single cartilage lesions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest that ACI provides mid-term results in patients with complex cartilage lesions of the knee. If long term results will confirm our findings, ACI may be a considered as a valuable tool for the treatment of complex cartilage lesions of the knee.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":" ","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40098444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MACI - a new era?","authors":"Matthias Jacobi, Vincent Villa, Robert A Magnussen, Philippe Neyret","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-10","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p> Full thickness articular cartilage defects have limited regenerative potential and are a significant source of pain and loss of knee function. Numerous treatment options exist, each with their own advantages and drawbacks. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the problem of cartilage injury, a brief description of current treatment options and outcomes, and a discussion of the current principles and technique of Matrix-induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (MACI). While early results of MACI have been promising, there is currently insufficient comparative and long-term outcome data to demonstrate superiority of this technique over other methods for cartilage repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":" ","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40098557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Static stretching does not alter pre and post-landing muscle activation.","authors":"Wesley R Moss,&nbsp;J Brent Feland,&nbsp;Iain Hunter,&nbsp;J Ty Hopkins","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Static stretching may result in various strength and power deficiencies. Prior research has not determined, however, if static stretching causes a change in muscle activation during a functional task requiring dynamic stability. The purpose of this study was to determine if static stretching has an effect on mean pre and postlanding muscle (vastus medialis VM, vastus lateralis VL, medial hamstring MH, and biceps femoris BF) activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>26 healthy, physically active subjects were recruited, from which 13 completed a 14-day static stretching regimen for the quadriceps and hamstrings. Using the data from the force plate and EMG readings, a mean of EMG amplitude was calculated for 150 msec before and after landing. Each trial was normalized to an isometric reference position. Means were calculated for the VM, VL, MH, and BF from 5 trials in each session. Measures were collected pre, immediately following the 1st stretching session, and following 2 weeks of stretching.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 14-day static stretching regimen resulted in no significant differences in pre or postlanding mean EMG amplitude during a drop landing either acutely or over a 14-day period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Static stretching, done acutely or over a 14-day period does not result in measurable differences of mean EMG amplitude during a drop landing. Static stretching may not impede dynamic stability of joints about which stretched muscles cross.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29881192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple lumbar transverse process stress fractures as a cause of chronic low back ache in a young fast bowler - a case report.","authors":"Kamal Bali,&nbsp;Vishal Kumar,&nbsp;Vibhu Krishnan,&nbsp;Dharm Meena,&nbsp;Saurabh Rawall","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p> A rare case of multilevel transverse process stress fractures as a cause of low back ache in a professional cricket player has been presented. The report discusses the possible mechanism of such an injury in a cricket player and also highlights the preventive and therapeutic aspects of management in such patients. The report also stresses upon the need for early identification of such sports related injuries to prevent long term morbidity in the athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29801826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadriceps tendon autograft for adolescents with open physes- a technical note.","authors":"Christian Mauch,&nbsp;Markus P Arnold,&nbsp;André Wirries,&nbsp;Ralph R Mayer,&nbsp;Niklaus F Friederich,&nbsp;Michael T Hirschmann","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>One major concern in the treatment of ACL lesions in children and adolescents with open physes is the risk of iatrogenic damage to the physes and a possibly resulting growth disturbance.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The primary purpose of this article is to describe our technique of a transphyseal ACL reconstruction using quadriceps tendon-bone autograft in children and adolescents with open growth plates. The secondary aim is to report our early results in terms of postoperative growth disturbances which are considered to be a major concern in this challenging group of patients. It was our hypothesis that with our proposed technique no significant growth disturbances would occur.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From January 1997 to December 2007 49 consecutive children and adolescents with open growth plates were treated for a torn ACL using the aforementioned surgical technique. The patients (28 males and 21 females) with a median age at surgery of 13 (range 8-15) years were retrospectively evaluated. Outcome measures were follow-up radiographs (weight-bearing long leg radiographs of the injured and uninjured knee, anteroposterior and lateral views, a tangential view of the patella and a tunnel view of the injured knee) and follow-up notes (6 weeks, 3, 6, 12 months and until closing of physes) for occurrence of any tibial and/or femoral growth changes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All of the 49 patients had a sufficient clinical and radiological follow-up (minimum 5 years, rate 100%). 48 cases did not show any clinical and radiological growth disturbance. One case of growth disturbance in a 10.5 years old girl was observed. She developed a progressive valgus-flexion deformity which was attributed to a malplacement of the autograft bone block within the femoral posterolateral epiphyseal plate leading to an early localized growth stop. None of the patients were reoperated due to ACL graft failure. Five of the patients underwent revision ACL surgery due to another adequate sports trauma after the growth-stop. The tibial fixation screw had to be removed under local anaesthesia in 10 patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The described ACL reconstruction technique represents a promising alternative to previously described procedures in the treatment of children and adolescents with open growth plates. Using quadriceps tendon future graft availability is not compromised, as the most frequently used autograft-source, ipsilateral hamstring tendons, remains untouched.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29803131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The highly accurate anteriolateral portal for injecting the knee.","authors":"Colbert E Chavez-Chiang,&nbsp;Wilmer L Sibbitt,&nbsp;Philip A Band,&nbsp;Natalia R Chavez-Chiang,&nbsp;Suzanne L DeLea,&nbsp;Arthur D Bankhurst","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The extended knee lateral midpatellar portal for intraarticular injection of the knee is accurate but is not practical for all patients. We hypothesized that a modified anteriolateral portal where the synovial membrane of the medial femoral condyle is the target would be highly accurate and effective for intraarticular injection of the knee.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>83 subjects with non-effusive osteoarthritis of the knee were randomized to intraarticular injection using the modified anteriolateral bent knee versus the standard lateral midpatellar portal. After hydrodissection of the synovial membrane with lidocaine using a mechanical syringe (reciprocating procedure device), 80 mg of triamcinolone acetonide were injected into the knee with a 2.0-in (5.1-cm) 21-gauge needle. Baseline pain, procedural pain, and pain at outcome (2 weeks and 6 months) were determined with the 10 cm Visual Analogue Pain Score (VAS). The accuracy of needle placement was determined by sonographic imaging.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The lateral midpatellar and anteriolateral portals resulted in equivalent clinical outcomes including procedural pain (VAS midpatellar: 4.6 ± 3.1 cm; anteriolateral: 4.8 ± 3.2 cm; p = 0.77), pain at outcome (VAS midpatellar: 2.6 ± 2.8 cm; anteriolateral: 1.7 ± 2.3 cm; p = 0.11), responders (midpatellar: 45%; anteriolateral: 56%; p = 0.33), duration of therapeutic effect (midpatellar: 3.9 ± 2.4 months; anteriolateral: 4.1 ± 2.2 months; p = 0.69), and time to next procedure (midpatellar: 7.3 ± 3.3 months; anteriolateral: 7.7 ± 3.7 months; p = 0.71). The anteriolateral portal was 97% accurate by real-time ultrasound imaging.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The modified anteriolateral bent knee portal is an effective, accurate, and equivalent alternative to the standard lateral midpatellar portal for intraarticular injection of the knee.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00651625.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29777949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) with supra-condylar femoral varus osteotomy, following lateral growth-plate damage in an adolescent knee: 8-year follow-up.","authors":"Sridhar Vijayan,&nbsp;George Bentley","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p> We report the 8-year clinical and radiographic outcome of an adolescent patient with a large osteochondral defect of the lateral femoral condyle, and ipsilateral genu valgum secondary to an epiphyseal injury, managed with autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and supracondylar re-alignment femoral osteotomy. Long-term clinical success was achieved using this method, illustrating the effective use of re-alignment osteotomy in correcting mal-alignment of the knee, protecting the ACI graft site and providing the optimum environment for cartilage repair and regeneration. This is the first report of the combined use of ACI and femoral osteotomy for such a case.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29752855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of weight loss and supplement consumption of male wrestlers in Tehran.","authors":"Ramin Kordi,&nbsp;Vahid Ziaee,&nbsp;Mohsen Rostami,&nbsp;William A Wallace","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To evaluate the weight loss behavior of male wrestlers in Tehran</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a population-based cross sectional survey. Subjects were 436 wrestlers randomly selected from the wrestling clubs in Tehran employing cluster sample setting method. Subjects were interviewed based on a designed questionnaire. Body fat levels were measured based on skin fold measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Weight loss methods practiced by 62% of all subjects during the previous year employing rapid (≤7 days before the matches) and gradual (>7 days before the matches) weight reduction methods (73% and 34% of wrestlers who reduced their weight respectively). In addition, opinions on weight reduction, the methods of weight loss used, and the side effects of the weight loss practices as well as consumption of supplements among the subjects were reported in this study. The mean percentage of body fat of subjects was 15.9%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Rapid weight loss for matches and the use of unsafe methods of weight reduction such as fasting, and fluid reduction methods as well as acute side effects of weight loss were prevalent among wrestlers in Tehran. Some preventive measures including education and new rules such as scheduling weigh-ins immediately prior to the competitions and mat-side weigh-in are needed to prevent these unhealthy practices. The weight loss behaviors of these wrestlers should be changed from using dehydration methods to using gradual methods of weight loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29666628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the incidence, nature and cause of injuries sustained on dirt field and artificial turf field by amateur football players.","authors":"Ramin Kordi,&nbsp;Farajollah Hemmati,&nbsp;Hamid Heidarian,&nbsp;Vahid Ziaee","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Data on the incidence, nature, severity and cause of match football injuries sustained on dirt field are scarce. The objectives of this study was to compare the incidence, nature, severity and cause of match injuries sustained on dirt field and artificial turf field by amateur male football players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective two-cohort design was employed. Participants were 252 male football players (mean age 27 years, range 18-43) in 14 teams who participated in a local championship carried on a dirt field and 216 male football players (mean age 28 years, range 17-40) in 12 teams who participated in a local championship carried on a artificial turf field in the same zone of the city. Injury definitions and recording procedures were compliant with the international consensus statement for epidemiological studies of injuries in football.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall incidence of match injuries for men was 36.9 injuries/1000 player hours on dirt field and 19.5 on artificial turf (incidence rate ratio 1.88; 95% CI 1.19-3.05).Most common injured part on dirt field was ankle (26.7%) and on artificial turf was knee (24.3%). The most common injury type in the dirt field was skin injuries (abrasion and laceration) and in the artificial turf was sprain and ligament injury followed by haematoma/contusion/bruise.Most injuries were acute (artificial turf 89%, dirt field 91%) and resulted from player-to-player contact (artificial turf 59.2%, dirt field 51.4%).Most injuries were slight and minimal in dirt field cohort but in artificial turf cohort the most injuries were mild.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There were differences in the incidence and type of football match injuries sustained on dirt field and artificial turf.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29659054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stretching positions for the coracohumeral ligament: Strain measurement during passive motion using fresh/frozen cadaver shoulders.","authors":"Tomoki Izumi,&nbsp;Mitsuhiro Aoki,&nbsp;Yoshitaka Tanaka,&nbsp;Eiichi Uchiyama,&nbsp;Daisuke Suzuki,&nbsp;Shigenori Miyamoto,&nbsp;Mineko Fujimiya","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Contracture of the coracohumeral ligament is reported to restrict external rotation of the shoulder with arm at the side and restrict posterior-inferior shift of the humeral head. The contracture is supposed to restrict range of motion of the glenohumeral joint.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To obtain stretching position of the coracohumeral ligament, strain on the ligament was measured at the superficial fibers of the ligament using 9 fresh/frozen cadaver shoulders. By sequential measurement using a strain gauge, the ligament strain was measured from reference length (L0). Shoulder positions were determined using a 3 Space Tracker System. Through a combination of previously reported coracohumeral stretching positions and those observed in preliminary measurement, ligament strain were measured by passive external rotation from 10° internal rotation, by adding each 10° external rotation, to maximal external rotation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Stretching positions in which significantly larger strain were obtained compared to the L0 values were 0° elevation in scapula plane with 40°, 50° and maximum external rotation (5.68%, 7.2%, 7.87%), 30° extension with 50°, maximum external rotation (4.20%, 4.79%), and 30° extension + adduction with 30°, 40°, 50° and maximum external rotation (4.09%, 4.67%, 4.78%, 5.05%)(P < 0.05). No positive strain on the coracohumeral ligament was observed for the previously reported stretching positions; ie, 90° abduction with external rotation or flexion with external rotation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Significant strain of the coracohumeral ligament will be achieved by passive external rotation at lower shoulder elevations, extension, and extension with adduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29610263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}