Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT最新文献

{"title":"Arthroscopic washout of the ankle for septic arthritis in a three-month-old boy.","authors":"Tetsuo Hagino,&nbsp;Masanori Wako,&nbsp;Satoshi Ochiai","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p> There is no report of athroscopic treatment for septic arthritis of the ankle in infants. We report a case of successful management of septic arthritis of the ankle in a three-month-old boy by arthroscopic washout. Arthroscopic washout may be a useful treatment for septic arthritis in young infants when performed early after onset.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-21","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30177074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical results of a surgical technique using endobuttons for complete tendon tear of pectoralis major muscle: report of five cases.","authors":"Yoshiyasu Uchiyama,&nbsp;Seiji Miyazaki,&nbsp;Tetsuro Tamaki,&nbsp;Eiji Shimpuku,&nbsp;Akiyoshi Handa,&nbsp;Hiroko Omi,&nbsp;Joji Mochida","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We herein describe a surgical technique for the repair of complete tear of the pectoralis major (PM) tendon using endobuttons to strengthen initial fixation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five male patients (3 judo players, 1 martial arts player, and 1 body builder) were treated within 2 weeks of sustaining complete tear of the PM tendon. Average age at surgery and follow-up period were 28.4 years (range, 23-33) and 28.8 months (range, 24-36). A rectangular bone trough (about 1 × 4 cm) was created on the humerus at the insertion of the distal PM tendon. The tendon stump was introduced into this trough, and fixed to the reverse side of the humeral cortex using endobuttons and non-absorbable suture. Clinical assessment of re-tear was examined by MRI. Shoulder range of motion (ROM), outcome of treatment, and isometric power were measured at final follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no clinical re-tears, and MRI findings also showed continuity of the PM tendon in all cases at final follow-up. Average ROM did not differ significantly between the affected and unaffected shoulders. The clinical outcomes at final follow-up were excellent (4/5 cases) or good (1/5). In addition, postoperative isometric power in horizontal flexion of the affected shoulder showed complete recovery when compared with the unaffected side.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Satisfactory outcomes could be obtained when surgery using the endobutton technique was performed within 2 weeks after complete tear of the PM tendon. Therefore, our new technique appears promising as a useful method to treat complete tear of the PM tendon.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 ","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-20","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30173038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuromuscular training to enhance sensorimotor and functional deficits in subjects with chronic ankle instability: A systematic review and best evidence synthesis.","authors":"Jeremiah O'Driscoll,&nbsp;Eamonn Delahunt","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To summarise the available evidence for the efficacy of neuromuscular training in enhancing sensorimotor and functional deficits in subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Systematic review with best evidence synthesis.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>An electronic search was conducted through December 2009, limited to studies published in the English language, using the Pubmed, CINAHL, Embase, and SPORTDiscus databases. Reference screening of all included articles was also undertaken.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Studies were selected if the design was a RCT, quasi RCT, or a CCT; the patients were adolescents or adults with confirmed CAI; and one of the treatment options consisted of a neuromuscular training programme. The primary investigator independently assessed the risk of study bias and extracted relevant data. Due to clinical heterogeneity, data was analysed using a best-evidence synthesis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fourteen studies were included in the review. Meta-analysis with statistical pooling of data was not possible, as the studies were considered too heterogeneous. Instead a best evidence synthesis was undertaken. There is limited to moderate evidence to support improvements in dynamic postural stability, and patient perceived functional stability through neuromuscular training in subjects with CAI. There is limited evidence of effectiveness for neuromuscular training for improving static postural stability, active and passive joint position sense (JPS), isometric strength, muscle onset latencies, shank/rearfoot coupling, and a reduction in injury recurrence rates. There is limited evidence of no effectiveness for improvements in muscle fatigue following neuromuscular intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is limited to moderate evidence of effectiveness in favour of neuromuscular training for various measures of static and dynamic postural stability, active and passive JPS, isometric strength, muscle onset latencies, shank/rearfoot coupling and injury recurrence rates. Strong evidence of effectiveness was lacking for all outcome measures. All but one of the studies included in the review were deemed to have a high risk of bias, and most studies were lacking sufficient power. Therefore, in future we recommend conducting higher quality RCTs using appropriate outcomes to assess for the effectiveness of neuromuscular training in overcoming sensorimotor deficits in subjects with CAI.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 ","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30158284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound measurement of the size of the anterior tibial muscle group: the effect of exercise and leg dominance.","authors":"Karen McCreesh,&nbsp;Sinead Egan","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Knowledge of normal muscle characteristics is crucial in planning rehabilitation programmes for injured athletes. There is a high incidence of ankle and anterior tibial symptoms in football players, however little is known about the effect of limb dominance on the anterior tibial muscle group (ATMG). The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of limb dominance and sports-specific activity on ATMG thickness in Gaelic footballers and non-football playing controls using ultrasound measurements, and to compare results from transverse and longitudinal scans.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bilateral ultrasound scans were taken to assess the ATMG size in 10 Gaelic footballers and 10 sedentary controls (age range 18-25 yrs), using a previously published protocol. Both transverse and longitudinal images were taken. Muscle thickness measurements were carried out blind to group and side of dominance, using the Image-J programme.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Muscle thickness on the dominant leg was significantly greater than the non-dominant leg in the footballers with a mean difference of 7.3%, while there was no significant dominance effect in the controls (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the measurements from transverse or longitudinal scans.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A significant dominance effect exists in ATMG size in this group of Gaelic footballers, likely attributable to the kicking action involved in the sport. This should be taken into account when rehabilitating footballers with anterior tibial pathology. Ultrasound is a reliable tool to measure ATMG thickness, and measurement may be taken in transverse or longitudinal section.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 ","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29992783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One strategy for arthroscopic suture fixation of tibial intercondylar eminence fractures using the Meniscal Viper Repair System.","authors":"Satoshi Ochiai,&nbsp;Tetsuo Hagino,&nbsp;Yoshiyuki Watanabe,&nbsp;Shinya Senga,&nbsp;Hirotaka Haro","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Principles for the treatment of tibial intercondylar eminence fracture are early reduction and stable fixation. Numerous ways to treatment of this fracture have been invented. We designed a simple, low-invasive, and arthroscopic surgical strategy for tibial intercondylar eminence fracture utilizing the Meniscal Viper Repair System used for arthroscopic meniscal suture.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied 5 patients, who underwent arthroscopic suture fixation that we modified. The present technique utilized the Meniscal Viper Repair System for arthroscopic suture of the meniscus. With one handling, a high-strength ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE) suture can be passed through the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the loops for suture retrieval placed at both sides of ACL. Surgical results were evaluated by the presence or absence of bone union on plain radiographs, postoperative range of motion of the knee joint, the side-to-side differences measured by Telos SE, and Lysholm scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The reduced position achieved after surgery was maintained and good function was obtained in all cases. The mean distance of tibia anterior displacement and assessment by Lysholm score showed good surgical results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This method simplified the conventional arthroscopic suture fixation and increased its precision, and was applicable to Type II fractures that could be reduced, as well as surgically indicated Types III and IV. The present series suggested that our surgical approach was a useful surgical intervention for tibial intercondylar eminence fracture.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 ","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-17","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30067948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of movements of lower limbs in non-professional ballet dancers: hip abduction and flexion.","authors":"Erica E Valenti,&nbsp;Vitor E Valenti,&nbsp;Celso Ferreira,&nbsp;Luiz Carlos M Vanderlei,&nbsp;Oseas F Moura Filho,&nbsp;Tatiana Dias de Carvalho,&nbsp;Nadir Tassi,&nbsp;Marcio Petenusso,&nbsp;Claudio Leone,&nbsp;Edison N Fujiki,&nbsp;Hugo Macedo Junior,&nbsp;Carlos B de Mello Monteiro,&nbsp;Isadora L Moreno,&nbsp;Ana Clara Cr Gonçalves,&nbsp;Luiz Carlos de Abreu","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The literature indicated that the majority of professional ballet dancers present static and active dynamic range of motion difference between left and right lower limbs, however, no previous study focused this difference in non-professional ballet dancers. In this study we aimed to evaluate active movements of the hip in non-professional classical dancers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated 10 non professional ballet dancers (16-23 years old). We measured the active range of motion and flexibility through Well Banks. We compared active range of motion between left and right sides (hip flexion and abduction) and performed correlation between active movements and flexibility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a small difference between the right and left sides of the hip in relation to the movements of flexion and abduction, which suggest the dominant side of the subjects, however, there was no statistical significance. Bank of Wells test revealed statistical difference only between the 1st and the 3rd measurement. There was no correlation between the movements of the hip (abduction and flexion, right and left sides) with the three test measurements of the bank of Wells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is no imbalance between the sides of the hip with respect to active abduction and flexion movements in non-professional ballet dancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-16","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30058519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of different initial bundle tensioning strategies on the outcome of double-bundle ACL reconstruction: a cohort study.","authors":"Takeshi Muneta,&nbsp;Hideyuki Koga,&nbsp;Young-Jin Ju,&nbsp;Kazuyoshi Yagishita,&nbsp;Ichiro Sekiya","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study was performed to investigate the effects of different strategies and initial tension applied to each one of the bundles, antero-medial (AM) and postero-lateral (PL), on clinical outcome in double bundle (DB) ACL reconstruction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred fifty-one primary unilateral DB ACL reconstructions performed by a single surgeon from 1994 through 2002 were included in the study with a follow-up of at least 24 months. They were divided in the following 3 groups: Group I - Higher initial tension applied manually in the AM bundle compared to PL. II - Higher tension applied in the PL bundle compared to AM. III - The 2 bundles were attempted to be equally tensioned. All fixations were performed in 30 degrees of flexion. Group I = 59 patients, group II = 53 patients and group III = 39 patients. The groups had no statistical differences concerning demographic distribution. Clinical outcome was retrospectively evaluated by use of knee range of motion, manual knee laxity tests, KT-1000, Lysholm knee scale, subjective recovery scale and sports performance recovery scale. The differences of data were analyzed among the three groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group I showed a significant extension deficit compared with groups II and III. ANOVA revealed a significant difference of anterior laxity measured by the KT-1000 (average KT difference of 2.1, 2.1 and 1.2 mm in Group I, II and III, respectively). A statistical difference was found among the three groups regarding subjective and sports performance recovery scales with Group II showing higher scores in recovery than Group I.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current clinical study does not recommend manual maximum of initial tension applied to the anteromedial or posterolateral bundles with graft tension imbalance at 30 degrees of flexion in double-bundle ACL reconstruction to achieve a better clinical outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 ","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-15","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30035743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of jump and balance training on knee kinematics and electromyography of female basketball athletes during a single limb drop landing: pre-post intervention study.","authors":"Yasuharu Nagano,&nbsp;Hirofumi Ida,&nbsp;Masami Akai,&nbsp;Toru Fukubayashi","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Some research studies have investigated the effects of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention programs on knee kinematics during landing tasks; however the results were different among the studies. Even though tibial rotation is usually observed at the time of ACL injury, the effects of training programs for knee kinematics in the horizontal plane have not yet been analyzed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a jump and balance training program on knee kinematics including tibial rotation as well as on electromyography of the quadriceps and hamstrings in female athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight female basketball athletes participated in the experiment. All subjects performed a single limb landing at three different times: the initial test, five weeks later, and one week after completing training. The jump and balance training program lasted for five weeks. Knee kinematics and simultaneous electromyography of the rectus femoris and Hamstrings before training were compared with those measured after completing the training program.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After training, regarding the position of the knee at foot contact, the knee flexion angle for the Post-training trial (mean (SE): 24.4 (2.1) deg) was significantly larger than that for the Pre-training trial (19.3 (2.5) deg) (p < 0.01). The absolute change during landing in knee flexion for the Post-training trial (40.2 (1.9) deg) was significantly larger than that for the Pre-training trial (34.3 (2.5) deg) (p < 0.001). Tibial rotation and the knee varus/valgus angle were not significantly different after training. A significant increase was also found in the activity of the hamstrings 50 ms before foot contact (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The jump and balance training program successfully increased knee flexion and hamstring activity of female athletes during landing, and has the possibility of producing partial effects to avoid the characteristic knee position observed in ACL injury, thereby preventing injury. However, the expected changes in frontal and transverse kinematics of the knee were not observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29859959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of a 6-week dynamic neuromuscular training programme on ankle joint function: A Case report.","authors":"Jeremiah O'Driscoll,&nbsp;Fearghal Kerin,&nbsp;Eamonn Delahunt","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ankle joint sprain and the subsequent development of chronic ankle instability (CAI) are commonly encountered by clinicians involved in the treatment and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries. It has recently been advocated that ankle joint post-sprain rehabilitation protocols should incorporate dynamic neuromuscular training to enhance ankle joint sensorimotor capabilities. To date no studies have reported on the effects of dynamic neuromuscular training on ankle joint positioning during landing from a jump, which has been reported as one of the primary injury mechanisms for ankle joint sprain. This case report details the effects of a 6-week dynamic neuromuscular training programme on ankle joint function in an athlete with CAI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The athlete took part in a progressive 6-week dynamic neuromuscular training programme which incorporated postural stability, strengthening, plyometric, and speed/agility drills. The outcome measures chosen to assess for interventional efficacy were: 1 Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) scores, 2 Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) reach distances, 3 ankle joint plantar flexion during drop landing and drop vertical jumping, and 4 ground reaction forces (GRFs) during walking.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CAIT and SEBT scores improved following participation in the programme. The angle of ankle joint plantar flexion decreased at the point of initial contact during the drop landing and drop vertical jumping tasks, indicating that the ankle joint was in a less vulnerable position upon landing following participation in the programme. Furthermore, GRFs were reduced whilst walking post-intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The 6-week dynamic neuromuscular training programme improved parameters of ankle joint sensorimotor control in an athlete with CAI. Further research is now required in a larger cohort of subjects to determine the effects of neuromuscular training on ankle joint injury risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 ","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29924126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Firm insoles effectively reduce hemolysis in runners during long distance running - a comparative study.","authors":"Kamal Janakiraman,&nbsp;Shweta Shenoy,&nbsp;Jaspal Singh Sandhu","doi":"10.1186/1758-2555-3-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Shock absorbing insoles are effective in reducing the magnitude and rate of loading of peak impact forces generated at foot strike during running, whereas the foot impact force during running has been considered to be an important cause of intravascular hemolysis in long distance runners. Objective of this study was to evaluate the intravascular hemolysis during running and compare the effect of two different types of insoles (Soft and Firm) on hemolysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty male long and middle distance runners volunteered to participate in this study. We selected two insoles (Soft and Firm) according to their hardness level (SHORE 'A' scale). Participants were randomly assigned to the soft insole (group 1) and firm insole (group 2) group with ten athletes in each group. Each athlete completed one hour of running at the calculated target heart rate (60-70%). Venous blood samples were collected before and immediately after running. We measured unconjucated bilirubin (mg/dl), lactate dehydrogenase (μ/ml), hemoglobin (g/l) and serum ferritin (ng/ml) as indicators of hemolysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study revealed a significant increase in the mean values of unconjucated bilirubin (P < 0.05) while running with soft insoles indicating the occurrence of hemolysis in this group of athletes. Graphical analysis revealed an inverse relationship between hardness of insoles and hemolysis for the observed values.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results indicate that intravascular hemolysis occurs in athletes during long distance running and we conclude that addition of firm insoles effectively reduces the amount of hemolysis in runners compared to soft insoles.</p>","PeriodicalId":88316,"journal":{"name":"Sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation, therapy & technology : SMARTT","volume":"3 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1758-2555-3-12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29918971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}