Behavioral and Brain Functions最新文献

{"title":"Effect of low frequency stimulation of olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium on epileptiform activity and synaptic plasticity following pentylenetetrazol administration in rats.","authors":"Shadi Choupankareh, Meysam Zare, Mahmoud Rezaei, Victoria Barkley, Amir Shojaei, Mohammad Reza Raoufy, Yaghoub Fathollahi, Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh","doi":"10.1186/s12993-025-00317-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-025-00317-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effect of olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory epithelium (OE) electrical stimulation on epileptiform activity and seizure-induced impairment on synaptic plasticity and memory was investigated in anesthetized and freely-moving animals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane (1.5 g/kg). Stimulating electrodes were bilaterally placed in either the OB or the OE. Another electrode was placed in the CA1 area for recording epileptiform discharges (EDs) following a pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, i.v.) injection and evoked field potentials following Schaffer collateral stimulation. Subjects were divided into PTZ and control groups. Each group received a 1 Hz stimulation either in the OB (OBS) or the OE (OES). ED threshold and duration, and the ability to generate long-term potentiation (LTP) were assessed. Finally, the effect of OBS on acute PTZ-induced seizures and working memory was investigated in freely-moving animals. OBS significantly increased the ED threshold when applied at 250 µA and decreased ED duration when applied at 125 and 250 µA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Applying OES had a small effect on the ED threshold but significantly decreased ED duration when applied at 125 and 250 µA. Both OBS and OES mitigated the PTZ-induced increase in basal synaptic transmission. Meanwhile, OBS and OES significantly restored the LTP generation following PTZ injection in anesthetized rats. In addition, applying OBS in freely-moving animals reduced the seizure severity and restored working memory impairment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>OB and OE may be considered effective stimulation targets for the attenuation of epileptiform activity and seizure severity. In addition, both OBS and OES decreased the seizure-induced impairment in LTP generation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12933905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146091741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-week period of detraining reduces hippocampal volume in regularly active young adults: a structural MRI study.","authors":"Anastasia Cherednichenko, María Baena-Pérez, Maria Reyes Beltran-Valls, Diego Moliner-Urdiales, César Ávila","doi":"10.1186/s12993-026-00318-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-026-00318-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Regular physical activity (PA) confers numerous benefits to both peripheral and cerebral health, including enhanced cardiovascular and muscular function, as well as improved cognitive performance and neuroplasticity. The hippocampus, a brain region highly sensitive to the effects of PA, has been consistently shown to undergo structural enhancements with sustained exercise. However, the impact of physical detraining-the cessation or significant reduction of regular PA-on hippocampal structure remains largely unexplored, particularly in humans. This study aimed to investigate whether a 14-day period of voluntary exercise reduction leads to measurable structural changes in the hippocampus, and whether these changes are associated with anxiety symptomatology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Paired t-tests analyses did not reveal significant changes in hippocampal volume for the whole sample. However, multiple regression analyses on volume change including physical fitness index and degree of moderate and vigorous PA reduction as independent variables, revealed a significant decrease in hippocampal gray matter volume following detraining in individuals with greater MVPA reduction. Notably, pre and post-detraining state anxiety levels were lower in participants who showed larger reductions in hippocampal volume.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that even short-term interruptions in regular physical activity may prompt rapid structural changes in the hippocampus, modulated by the extent of detraining. The observed relationship between hippocampal volume reduction and decreased state anxiety points to stress regulation as a potential mechanism. Further research is warranted to explore the functional significance and potential reversibility of these neuroplastic changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12857003/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146043536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conserved NT5C2 links context-specific behaviors with psychiatric and metabolic risk.","authors":"Thiago C Moulin, Iván Aldavero-Muñoz, Michael J Williams, Helgi B Schiöth","doi":"10.1186/s12993-025-00314-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-025-00314-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II (NT5C2) enzyme has been implicated in both psychiatric disorders and metabolic traits, but whether these associations reflect a shared biological basis remains unclear. Here we combined cross-species approaches to investigate how reduced NT5C2 function shapes behavior.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In Drosophila melanogaster, neuronal knockdown of the ortholog dNT5B increased activity around light-dark transitions, reduced sleep fragmentation, and selectively suppressed food intake under satiated conditions. Moreover, analysis of mouse phenotyping data revealed that whole-body Nt5c2 knockout alters locomotor activity, sensorimotor gating, and anxiety-related behaviors. Finally, human variant-trait associations showed reproducible enrichment in both metabolic domains, including body composition and BMI, and neuro-psychiatric outcomes such as schizophrenia, smoking, and anxiety.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Together, these phenotypic findings indicate that NT5C2 is a conserved neuro-metabolic regulator, linking energy-related pathways to specific behavioral dimensions that may underlie its pleiotropic impact on psychiatric and metabolic risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12849747/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145909750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of prefrontal-based resting state functional connectivity with the degree of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.","authors":"Ming Chen, Wenbo Zhang, Mengyu Yan, Fuxin Zhong, Jiaqi Song, Yiming Guo, Yingxi Chen, Qi Tian, Weihua Yu, Yang Lü","doi":"10.1186/s12993-025-00316-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-025-00316-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to investigate the differences in neural network connectivity within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) among elderly individuals with normal cognition (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences in functional connectivity (FC) strength were observed between the NC, MCI, and AD groups in several Brodmann areas (BA) pairs, including BA46.L-BA45.R and BA9.L-BA1.L. The most pronounced FC strength differences between the NC and MCI groups occurred at the 2nd -minute mark in BA45.R, while differences between the MCI and AD groups peaked at the 5th-minute mark in BA1.L. Additionally, the NC and MCI groups displayed FC strength differences during the first 2 minutes and first 3 minutes, again with BA45.R being central. FC strength between BA46.L-BA45.R was negatively correlated with Neuropsychiatric Inventory and Clinical Dementia Rating scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FC strength in the left dorsolateral PFC, where BA46.L and BA9.L are located, emerged as a key region for cortical dysfunction in cognitive impairment. Moreover, there were differences in FC across levels of cognitive impairment, and significant correlations between differences in FC strength in BA brain regions and cognitive level.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12849751/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145843224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain network efficiency during social interaction is associated with real-world social network size.","authors":"Mengfei Han, Xin Liu, Yongcong Shao, Hanxiao Ge, Feifei Chen, Jiyuan Li, Letong Wang, Xiao Zhong, Yiwen Hu, Yuyang Zhu, Liu Yang","doi":"10.1186/s12993-025-00311-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-025-00311-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social ties critically influence individual health and well-being, raising important questions about why some individuals occupy advantageous social network positions. While social cognition is known to play a key role, it remains unclear whether neural differences during social information processing is associated with variability in the social network structure. Using the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG) combined with multilayered social network analysis, brain network analysis, and machine learning, we investigated how neural activation patterns relate to individual social network structures. The results revealed that individuals with a larger social network size were associated with (1) heightened nodal efficiency in the midcingulate cortex (MCC), (2) reduced efficiency in the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), (3) enhanced functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex-supplementary motor area (ACC-SMA) and olfactory-somatosensory regions, and (4) significantly negative predictive effects of nodal efficiency in both the IOG and hippocampus (as identified through machine learning). These findings demonstrate that efficient brain network organization, characterized by optimized integration in the cingulate cortex with a conflict monitoring function and selective suppression of visual attention and memory processing, is related to real-world social adaptation. Our study offers novel neurobiological insights into social networks, highlighting the crucial role of neural efficiency in social resource acquisition.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12829135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145773066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of glial markers expression in the rat basolateral amygdala and hippocampus during morphine aversive memory retrieval and its extinction.","authors":"Aurelio Franco-García, Victoria Gómez-Murcia, Cristina Núñez","doi":"10.1186/s12993-025-00313-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-025-00313-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Opioid use disorder is driven by neurobehavioral adaptations where environmental cues trigger relapse. Consequently, extinction therapy (ET) aims to modify drug-associated memories but has limited long-term efficacy. Recently, evidence suggested that glial cells may contribute to neuroplasticity phenomena in addiction. In this sense, this study examined whether aversive memories of morphine withdrawal and their extinction induce transcriptional changes in glial markers (gfap, aif1, itgam, klf4) in key memory-related regions: the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and hippocampus (dentate gyrus [DG] and CA1).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using the conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigm in rats, we assessed avoidance behavior after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and its extinction. Transcriptional analyses did not reveal major changes in the BLA. However, in CA1, downregulation of microglial markers cooccurred with aversive memory retrieval and restored after extinction. Moreover, one of the microglial markers, klf4, was reduced concomitantly with extinction memory retrieval in the DG. Correlation analyses showed negative associations between microglial markers and aversive memory strength, suggesting glial involvement in withdrawal-related learning.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings might indicate that microglial activity in CA1 plays a role in opioid withdrawal-associated memories, and extinction training might be returning these effects to basal levels. Therefore, targeting glial responses could provide new therapeutic strategies to prevent relapse.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12821304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145755015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Space and time in words: exploring neural overlap and specificity.","authors":"Francesca Conca, Giulia Mattavelli, Claudia Gianelli, Nicola Canessa, Eleonora Catricalà","doi":"10.1186/s12993-025-00315-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-025-00315-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A common magnitude system-consistently involving the right intraparietal sulcus (IPS)-has been proposed to support the representation of space, time and numerosity. While shared mechanisms are acknowledged, domain-specific contributions have also been suggested. Among these, the role of the right precuneus remains debated, with inconclusive evidence regarding its involvement in spatial and temporal processing. Translating this question into the language domain and within a grounded cognition framework, we investigated the causal contribution of the IPS and precuneus to the processing of spatial and temporal concepts (e.g., circuit, eternity) using a state-dependent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) priming paradigm. Twenty healthy participants received stimulation over the IPS and precuneus, and a sham stimulation over the control site (vertex).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that stimulation of the IPS abolished the priming effect observed under the sham control condition for both spatial and temporal concepts, whereas stimulation of the precuneus selectively disrupted priming for temporal concepts only.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings support the role of the right IPS as a key area for magnitude processing in language, while also highlighting a more specific contribution of the precuneus-particularly its ventral portion-to temporal concepts.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12822301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145755065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive training shapes brain plasticity and schematic representations.","authors":"Wenqi Chen, Yan Hao","doi":"10.1186/s12993-025-00300-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-025-00300-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive functions are critical to everyday life, and enhancing cognitive abilities has significant implications for both individual development and societal advancement. However, there remains no consensus on whether cognitive capacities can be systematically improved through behavioral interventions, commonly known as cognitive training. Recent advancements in large-scale neural recordings offer unprecedented insights into the brain's cognitive mechanisms, presenting new opportunities to rigorously assess the effectiveness of cognitive training. In this review, we examine the core neural substrates underlying cognitive processes and explore generalized mechanisms of neuroplasticity associated with cognitive training. Integrating findings from animal models and human research, we emphasize the role of emerging schematic neural representations as potential mediators of cognitive transfer. Finally, we discuss future directions that could shed light on the mechanistic foundations of transfer after training, aiming to bridge the gap between experimental findings and real-world cognitive enhancement.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12805744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145740613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-dependent effects of tamoxifen on mouse behavior.","authors":"Ru-Xia Xu, Shi-Han Liao, Nan Wang, Wen-Ying Jiang, Xun Wang, Xiao-Wen Li, Tian-Ming Gao, Jian-Ming Yang","doi":"10.1186/s12993-025-00312-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-025-00312-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the sex-dependent behavioral effects of tamoxifen, commonly used to induce Cre recombination in transgenic systems, across three developmental stages (adult, adolescent, and neonatal) and two CreERT2 mouse lines (CaMKIIα-CreERT2 and Aldh1l1-CreERT2). Both male and female mice, including wild-type C57BL/6J and CreERT2 transgenic lines, were subjected to tamoxifen treatment followed by behavioral tests assessing locomotion, anxiety-like behavior (open field test and elevated plus maze), social interaction, recognition memory (new object recognition), sucrose preference, and depression-like behavior (forced swimming test) at least 4 weeks post-treatment. We found that adult tamoxifen treatment increased depression-like behavior specifically in males, while adolescent treatment increased sucrose preference only in males, yet impaired recognition memory and increased depression-like behavior in both sexes. Neonatal treatment caused pervasive impairments, reducing locomotion and increasing anxiety- and depression-like behavior in both sexes, while enhancing social interaction only in males. Furthermore, effects differed in adult CaMKIIα-CreERT2 and Aldh1l1-CreERT2 mice. In the former, tamoxifen treatment impaired locomotion, increased anxiety-like behavior, and reduced recognition memory specifically in females, while increasing sucrose preference in males. In the latter, tamoxifen treatment impaired recognition memory in both sexes but increased sucrose preference only in males. These results demonstrate that tamoxifen alone induced long-lasting, sex-specific behavioral alterations dependent on developmental exposure. Furthermore, interactions of tamoxifen with CreERT2 expression introduced additional complexity, potentially confounding genetic studies. These findings emphasize the necessity of including appropriate controls (vehicle, tamoxifen-only, Cre-only) and both sexes in studies using the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2-loxP system.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12801981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145713072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quercetin nanoemulsion ameliorates tremor and neuroinflammatory dysregulation: behavioral and molecular insights in a mouse model of essential tremor.","authors":"Zeynab Pirmoradi, Monavareh Soti, Kristi A Kohlmeier, Mohammad Shabani, Fatemeh Shahsavari","doi":"10.1186/s12993-025-00310-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12993-025-00310-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder characterized by persistent limb tremors. Currently, no effective treatment for ET exists. Natural plant-derived compounds, like the flavonoid, quercetin may provide therapeutic benefits, particularly when delivered in nanoemulsion formulations that enhance bioavailability and efficacy. This study evaluated the neuroprotective potential of quercetin nanoemulsion (Que-NE) in a harmaline-induced mouse model of ET.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-two male Swiss mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 each): Control, Harmaline (10 mg/kg, i.p., on days 3, 5, and 7), Que-NE (20 mg/kg, i.p., for 7 days), and Harmaline + Que-NE. Harmaline was used to reliably induce tremor via olivocerebellar hyperexcitability. Behavioral performance was assessed using the open field, elevated plus maze, tail suspension, wire grip, rotarod, and passive avoidance tests. Expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NMDA receptor, and Lingo-1 was determined by RT-PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Que-NE significantly reduced harmaline-induced tremor severity (p < 0.0001), decreased immobility time in the tail suspension test (p = 0.0003), and improved open field anxiety-like behaviors compared with harmaline alone (P = 0.0012). Que-NE downregulated pro-inflammatory mediators (P < 0.0001) and reduced Lingo-1 gene expression (P < 0.0001). However, Que-NE showed limited efficacy in severe motor coordination tasks (rotarod, wire grip) and passive avoidance memory.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Que-NE exerts measurable anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antidepressant-like effects in the harmaline model of ET. The impact of Que-NE on improving motor deficits, reducing inflammatory markers, and suppressing inhibitors of synaptic plasticity highlights the potential of Que-NE as a disease-modifying strategy. However, dose-response, protein-level, and long-term studies are needed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Que-NE for ET management.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12797947/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145699686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}