Essential psychopharmacology最新文献

Anxious-depressive comorbidity: effects on HPA axis and CNS noradrenergic functions. 焦虑抑郁共病:对下丘脑轴和中枢神经系统去肾上腺素能功能的影响。

Essential psychopharmacology Pub Date : 2006-01-01

Oliver G Cameron

{"title":"Anxious-depressive comorbidity: effects on HPA axis and CNS noradrenergic functions.","authors":"Oliver G Cameron","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Psychiatric comorbidity is all too common. An important example is the high comorbidity frequency of depressive and anxiety disorders, 25%-50%, much higher than the 5% or less expected by chance. Possible reasons for this comorbidity include definitional, environmental, and biological factors. Few previous studies have assessed, with proper methodology, potential biological changes associated with this co-occurrence. We assessed both hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) responses to the Trier Social Stress Test and growth hormone (GH) responses to clonidine, a centrally active alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist, in 15 persons with major depression without anxiety, 15 with an anxiety disorder without depression, 18 comorbid for anxiety and depression, and 48 individually matched control subjects. Individuals with depression only were normal on both tests, while those with anxiety only had normal HPA responses but blunted GH responses. Comorbid individuals showed elevated HPA responses and only those comorbid persons with anxiety symptoms predominant also showed blunted GH responses. Controls and anxiety-only subjects showed significant correlations between the results of the two tests. This association was disrupted by the presence of depression with or without comorbidity. Comorbidity is fundamental to understanding the pathophysiologies of depression and anxiety.","PeriodicalId":87179,"journal":{"name":"Essential psychopharmacology","volume":"7 1","pages":"24-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26264981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstinence, anticipation, reduction, and treatment (AART): a stepwise approach to the management of atypical antipsychotic side effects. 戒断、预期、减少和治疗(AART):非典型抗精神病药物副作用管理的分步方法。

Essential psychopharmacology Pub Date : 2006-01-01

Annette Kennedy, Andre Tapp, William S Kelly, Nael Kilzieh, Amanda Ernst Wood

{"title":"Abstinence, anticipation, reduction, and treatment (AART): a stepwise approach to the management of atypical antipsychotic side effects.","authors":"Annette Kennedy, Andre Tapp, William S Kelly, Nael Kilzieh, Amanda Ernst Wood","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Antipsychotic medications, specifically the atypical agents, serve as first-line treatment options for patients with psychotic disorders, including individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Atypical antipsychotics are also often prescribed off-label as either the primary treatment or as an adjunctive treatment for individuals with other disorders, including mood disorders without psychosis, behavioral disorders, and insomnia. Despite the generally superior side-effect profiles of atypical antipsychotics compared with typical antipsychotic agents, the atypicals have been associated with a number of serious side effects, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disorders, seizures, hyperprolactinemia, and movement disorders. This article offers a stepwise approach to the management of antipsychotic side effects: Abstinence, Anticipation, Reduction, and Treatment (AART). The steps in AART are hierarchical, but often overlap in the areas of risk prevention and minimization. The authors discuss issues relevant to each level of intervention and provide suggestions for integrating the AART approach into a comprehensive treatment plan. By incorporating this stepwise approach into their clinical decision-making process, prescribers may be able to optimize the risk:benefit ratio associated with the prescription of atypical antipsychotics.","PeriodicalId":87179,"journal":{"name":"Essential psychopharmacology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26264979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Single enantiomer drugs: should they be developed? 单对映体药物:应该开发吗?

Essential psychopharmacology Pub Date : 2006-01-01

Ahsan Y Khan, Sheldon H Preskorn, Kandatege Wimalasena

引用次数: 0

The CATIE study and its implications for antipsychotic drug use. CATIE研究及其对抗精神病药物使用的影响。

Essential psychopharmacology Pub Date : 2006-01-01

Philip G Janicak

引用次数: 0

Serotonin and norepinephrine transporter binding profile of SSRIs. SSRIs的血清素和去甲肾上腺素转运体结合谱。

Essential psychopharmacology Pub Date : 2006-01-01

David A Gutman, Michael J Owens

引用次数: 0

Cytokines and late-life depression. 细胞因子和晚年抑郁症。

Essential psychopharmacology Pub Date : 2006-01-01

Darren Craddock, Alan Thomas

引用次数: 0

Treatment of comorbidity in conduct disorder with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 品行障碍与注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)共病的治疗。

Essential psychopharmacology Pub Date : 2005-01-01

Atilla Turgay

{"title":"Treatment of comorbidity in conduct disorder with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).","authors":"Atilla Turgay","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Conduct disorder (CD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. It is characterized by a variety of chronic antisocial behaviors, a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others, major age-appropriate societal norms, or both. Aggressive behavior, lying, stealing, fire-setting, and running away from home and school are the most frequent manifestations of CD and are often accompanied by hyperactivity, impulsive behavior, explosiveness, cognitive and learning problems, and poor social skills. The rate of comorbidity is high, with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) being the most common; comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders are also seen, especially in adolescents. The diagnostic process should include the use of structured interviews, and scores from reliable and valid rating scales that cover all psychiatric disorders must be considered in the differential diagnosis, because CD alone is an extreme rarity and multiple disorders are almost always the rule rather than exception. Treatment should include parenting skills training combined with training of the child to improve his or her relationships with peers, academic performance, and compliance with legitimate demands of authority figures. The appropriate use of medications and integration of patient/parent education and support, as well as individual, group, family, residential, and inpatient treatment may be beneficial for patients with CD and ADHD. The article describes a number of psychopharmacological agents that are used in patients with CD with ADHD and other comorbid disorders. Drugs that may be useful include psychostimulants; atomoxetine (Strattera); antidepressants (imipramine [Tofranil], desipramine [Norpramin]); Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs); atypical antipsychotics such as risperidone (Risperdal); or mood regulators including lithium (Eskalith).","PeriodicalId":87179,"journal":{"name":"Essential psychopharmacology","volume":"6 5","pages":"277-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25636937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Differential effects of clozapine versus other antipsychotics on clinical outcome and dopamine release in the brain. 氯氮平与其他抗精神病药物对临床结果和脑内多巴胺释放的不同影响。

Essential psychopharmacology Pub Date : 2005-01-01

Claire Advokat

{"title":"Differential effects of clozapine versus other antipsychotics on clinical outcome and dopamine release in the brain.","authors":"Claire Advokat","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The first atypical antipsychotic, clozapine (Clozaril), dramatically improved the outcome of treatment of patients with schizophrenia in two ways. First, it reduced psychotic symptoms without eliciting significant neurological side effects. Second, it was effective in approximately 30% of individuals who were previously refractory to treatment. Efforts to develop similar drugs have been partially successful in that newer antipsychotics are also less likely to produce neurological side effects. However, it has not yet been established that the newest antipsychotics are more effective than conventional agents in individuals who are refractory to treatment. In the first part of this review, the results of studies that evaluated the new antipsychotics and provided an outcome measure of response rate (regardless of how this index was defined) are summarized. Even with this broad criterion, the evidence suggests that the newer antipsychotics do not share the clinical advantages of clozapine. To explore the possible mechanisms for the clinical advantage of clozapine, evidence of antipsychotic-induced dopamine release in the brain is discussed in the second half of this article. This analysis indicates that acute clozapine administration induces the release of more dopamine in the cortex than in the striatum or limbic system. With conventional antipsychotics, this relationship is reversed. The newest antipsychotics do not show a preference among these sites. Moreover, after long-term treatment, tolerance develops to haloperidol, but not to clozapine, with regard to the amount of dopamine released in the brain. No data are available on the newest antipsychotics. Although more studies need to be done-especially studies of the effects of long-term administration of various conventional and atypical antipsychotics-this distinction might be relevant to the unique clinical advantage of clozapine.","PeriodicalId":87179,"journal":{"name":"Essential psychopharmacology","volume":"6 2","pages":"73-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25172206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effectiveness of generic agents in psychopharmacologic treatment. 仿制药在精神药物治疗中的有效性。

Essential psychopharmacology Pub Date : 2005-01-01

Richard Kumet, Alan J Gelenberg

引用次数: 0

Can the findings of antidepressant efficacy trials be extrapolated to the general population of depressed patients? Interview by Dr. Frederic Flach. 抗抑郁药疗效试验的结果可以外推到一般抑郁症患者群体吗?弗雷德里克·弗拉赫博士采访。

Essential psychopharmacology Pub Date : 2005-01-01

Mark Zimmerman

引用次数: 0