Environmental sciences : an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Sex differences in the malnourished status of Chinese children due to schistosomiasis infections and inadequate dietary intake.","authors":"Huan Zhou,&nbsp;Yongkang He,&nbsp;Ryutaro Ohtsuka","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Based on nutritional and parasitological examinations of 389 children aged 10-13 years in five primary schools in the schistosomiasis endemic Dongting Lake region of China, the causal factors of their retarded growth, represented by height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference and body mass index, were investigated. Among the four parasites, schistosomiasis infection due to Schistosoma japonicum played a significant role, with higher rates in girls than in boys. Praziquantel treatment of schistosomiasis decreased the infection rate and improved the children's growth. For dietary intake factors, the contribution of protein to total energy intake, which was lower in girls than in boys, had the greatest effect on the growth patterns. The sex difference in growth retardation is judged to be attributable to the traditional norms, such as girls spending more time in infested environments and gender discrimination in food distribution.</p>","PeriodicalId":87178,"journal":{"name":"Environmental sciences : an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology","volume":"12 3","pages":"145-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24937060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fate and partitioning of selected pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment.","authors":"Hiroshi Yamamoto,&nbsp;Akihide Hayashi,&nbsp;Yuki Nakamura,&nbsp;Jun Sekizawa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ibuprofen and acetaminophen, a beta-blocker atenolol, and an antidepressant fluoxetine were selected, and their sorption coefficients (Koc values) on the basis of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and model sediments were determined. The highest values were found for fluoxetine for both DOM and sediments, followed by atenolol or ibuprofen. These Koc values were comparable to those of pyrene and 17beta-estradiol, a nonpolar four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and a polar natural estrogen, respectively. For these four pharmaceuticals, partition coefficients between synthetic membrane vesicles (liposomes) and water (Klipw values), and removal efficiencies for a simple batch activated sludge treatment were also determined. The highest Klipw values were again found for fluoxetine followed by atenolol. The removal efficiency for a 6-hour batch activated sludge treatment was over 90% for the two NSAIDs whereas that for atenolol was as low as 10%; both agreed with the results obtained in conventional studies, which showed the concentration in the influent and effluent of sewage treatment plants. The removal efficiency for fluoxetine was also over 90%, but it was sorbed by sludge and not biodegraded.</p>","PeriodicalId":87178,"journal":{"name":"Environmental sciences : an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology","volume":"12 6","pages":"347-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25968939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of systemic concentrations of sensitizing compound using TKTD simulation model.","authors":"Yumiko Nakayama,&nbsp;Fumio Kishida,&nbsp;Hiroshi Kato,&nbsp;Nobuyoshi Mikami,&nbsp;Masatoshi Mastuo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the safe handling of an industrial product, phenyl vinyl sulfone (PVS), which has an extremely high potential for dermal sensitization at low concentrations and positive mutagenicity, the maximum no-effect concentration for dermal deposits was obtained from dermal sensitization experiments. The systemic concentrations in the liver, which is considered to be a target tissue of mutation, were monitored using the TKTD (Toxico Kinetics Toxico Dynamics) model by inputting the maximum no-effect concentration of sensitization. The predicted highest concentration in the liver was compared with the no-effect level of mutation in the same tissue, which was derived from an in vitro mutagenicity study. The results showed that when this product is handled at lower concentrations, which may not induce dermal sensitization, the systemic concentrations would be lower than those causing mutation in the liver. In workplaces, conditions that prevent dermal sensitization caused by PVS could also protect against the mutagenicity of this compound.</p>","PeriodicalId":87178,"journal":{"name":"Environmental sciences : an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology","volume":"12 6","pages":"371-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25968941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypothetical thinking on influences of chemicals in the environment and female sex hormones in food on Japanese children.","authors":"Kazuhiko Kakuta","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allergic diseases have rapidly increased in Japan. Changes in the prevalence of bronchial asthma in children and birth years of anaphylactic patients suggest that an event that may have increased allergic diseases occurred in about 1970, and chemicals in the environment and food are considered to be a cause. Some environmental pollutants inhibit the development of the immune system, and such chemicals possibly affect immune development from the fetal period. Female hormones contained in milk, meat and eggs may also affect the development of the immune system after birth. It may be possible that a cause of the current increase in allergic diseases, the disruption of Th1 (T lymphocyte helper type 1)/Th2 (T lymphocyte helper type 2) balance, occurs due to a complex influence of chemicals and excess female hormones, and the development of the immune system may be affected in children in whom hormone production is physiologically low, particularly boys before puberty. The influences of chemicals and sex hormones in food have not been fully investigated, and future studies are expected.</p>","PeriodicalId":87178,"journal":{"name":"Environmental sciences : an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology","volume":"12 4","pages":"177-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25604393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low level mercury uptake by plants from natural environments--mercury distribution in Solidago altissima L.-.","authors":"Takashi Tomiyasu,&nbsp;Tomonori Matsuo,&nbsp;Junko Miyamoto,&nbsp;Ryusuke Imura,&nbsp;Katsuro Anazawa,&nbsp;Hayao Sakamoto","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to elucidate the participation of plants in the biogeochemical cycling of mercury in natural environments, total mercury contents in leaves, stems and roots of tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima L.), Compositae, were determined. The mercury content in stems was considerably lower than that in leaves and roots. A positive correlation of mercury content was observed between soil and roots. The leaves at the lower part of the plant tended to have a higher concentration of mercury than the upper leaves. However, the mercury content of the leaves was independent of that in the soil. These observations suggested that the leaves of the plant can accumulate environmental mercury, but the mercury does not come from the soil via the root and stems. The mercury in leaves might originate predominantly from ambient air. The mercury in the leaves accumulated from the air can be delivered to the soil when the leaves fall. The roots also can adsorb the mercury from the soil; however, the mercury does not move from the roots and is not released into the air via the plant body.</p>","PeriodicalId":87178,"journal":{"name":"Environmental sciences : an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology","volume":"12 4","pages":"231-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25604398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of the toxicokinetics of trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, styrene and n-hexane by a toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics model using experimental data.","authors":"Yumiko Nakayama,&nbsp;Fumio Kishida,&nbsp;Iwao Nakatsuka,&nbsp;Masatoshi Matsuo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics (TKTD) model simulates the toxicokinetics of a chemical based on physiological data such as blood flow, tissue partition coefficients and metabolism. In this study, Andersen and Clewell's TKTD model was used with seven compartments and ten differential equations for calculating chemical balances in the compartments (Andersen and Clewell 1996, Workshop on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and risk assessment, Aug. 5-16 at Colorado State University, U.S.A) . Using this model, the authors attempted to simulate the behavior of four chemicals: trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, styrene and n-hexane, and the results were evaluated. Simulations of the behavior of trichloroethylene taken in via inhalation and oral exposure routes were also done. The differences between simulations and measurements are due to the differences between the absorption rates of the exposure routes. By changing the absorption rates, the simulation showed agreement with the measured values. The simulations of the other three chemicals showed good results. Thus, this model is useful for simulating the behavior of chemicals for preliminary toxicity assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":87178,"journal":{"name":"Environmental sciences : an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology","volume":"12 1","pages":"21-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25196635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modernisation, migration and nutritional health of Pacific Island populations.","authors":"Stanley Ulijaszek","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence of obesity and fatness across the second part of the 20th century has been documented for a number of Pacific Island populations. While dietary change and reduced physical activity levels associated with economic modernisation have been identified as the key factors fuelling the emergence of obesity, it is argued here that increasing numbers of Pacific Island migrants in the United States, New Zealand, France and Australia have provided the basis for the acceleration of the modernisation process by way of remittances, and the transmission of ideas of economic opportunity and change. Potential for migration for the Pacific Island nations is estimated from available data on population growth, total fertility rates and total mortality rates. Pacific Islander migrants form approximately one quarter of the total global Pacific Islander population, the majority of whom are from Tonga, Fiji, French Polynesia, and the Federated States of Micronesia. Per capita energy and fats and meat intake for the period 1961 to 2000 is described for five Pacific Island nations, showing that, in general, energy intakes have increased, as have the energy densities of the diets consumed. Thus the increase in mean body mass index observed in Pacific Islanders in the second half of the twentieth century can in general be attributed to dietary change associated with greater food and energy intake, and with increased consumption of fatty foods and meat, most of which are imports.</p>","PeriodicalId":87178,"journal":{"name":"Environmental sciences : an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology","volume":"12 3","pages":"167-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25229160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs): recent advances in wildlife contamination study.","authors":"Masahide Kawano,&nbsp;Jun Hasegawa,&nbsp;Takeshi Enomoto,&nbsp;Hisao Onishi,&nbsp;Yu Nishio,&nbsp;Muneaki Matsuda,&nbsp;Tadaaki Wakimoto","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The exposure of wildlife and human population to environmental hazardous contaminants has been of global concern for over several decades. More recently, focus has been directed towards potential toxicological effects such as the endocrine disrupting function of xenobiotics. The hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs (OH-PCBs) should be pointed out as these compounds. OH-PCBs have emerged as important classes of environmental contaminants in wildlife and humans because of their ability to bind with the thyroxin transport protein, transthyretin (TTR), and their interaction with thyroid hormone receptors. However, data on their occurrence in wildlife and their behavior in the matrices of environment are limited. Topics include the formation of OH-PCBs, their physicochemical properties (octanol-water partition coefficient, Kow), analytical procedures and contamination status in wildlife. The guidance for improving the study of OH-PCB contamination is also briefly mentioned.</p>","PeriodicalId":87178,"journal":{"name":"Environmental sciences : an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology","volume":"12 6","pages":"315-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25969683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arsenic, cadmium and lead levels in hair and toenail samples in pakistan.","authors":"Muhammad Anwar","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We collected toenail and hair samples from 160 subjects, 83 males and 77 females, residing in Lahore city and its suburban areas in Pakistan, and examined the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead and other metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean hair and toenail arsenic levels were 0.31 ppm and 0.70 ppm, respectively. The correlation coefficient between log-transformed values of hair and toenail arsenic levels was 0.16 (p=0.051). After excluding a subject with hair and toenail arsenic levels as high as 1.12 ppm and 4.72 ppm, respectively, the correlation coefficient was 0.27 (p=0.001). Arsenic levels observed in the present study were relatively higher than in most developed countries. Hair or toenail arsenic concentration was not affected by sex, area of origin, place of residence and education, but toenail arsenic levels increased with age (p=0.029). Fish consumption was inversely related to arsenic levels, suggesting that consumption of beans , which are the main staple of poor people living in the study area who cannot afford to eat fish frequently, may be the source of arsenic exposure among the residents of Lahore and its suburban areas. The mean hair and toenail cadmium levels in the present study were 0.08 ppm and 0.05 ppm, respectively. The correlation coefficient between log-transformed values of hair and toenail cadmium levels was 0.17 (p=0.034). Cadmium levels were lower compared to those reported from developed countries, including Japan. The mean hair and toenail lead levels were 3.53 ppm and 2.11 ppm, respectively. The correlation coefficient between log-transformed values of hair and toenail lead levels was 0.15, which was not statistically significant (p=0.055). When a female subject with toenail lead of 52.4 ppm was excluded, the correlation was 0.17 (p=0.036). Lead levels observed in the present study were similar to those reported from developed countries. In the present study, relatively high lead toenail values were observed among children. The levels of cadmium and lead in hair but not in toenails were higher among those living in central Lahore than among those living outside Lahore, suggesting that dust containing those heavy metals was attached to hair samples due to a typical urban environment with heavy traffic load, congested population and industrial activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":87178,"journal":{"name":"Environmental sciences : an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology","volume":"12 2","pages":"71-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40929639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional adaptation to seasonal climatic change: a study for rain-fed farmers in northeast Thailand.","authors":"Nobuko Murayama","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Based on the author's study of anthropometry, energy expenditure and food consumption in four (pre-harvest, harvest, post-harvest and rainy) seasons among rain-fed rice growing farmers in Northeast Thailand, this article clarifies and discusses human adaptive (or maladaptive) strategies to seasonal climatic change. Total energy expenditure fluctuated markedly among the four seasons, but total energy intake did to a negligible extent. Change in body weight significantly differed between pre-harvest and post-harvest seasons, with a magnitude of 1.3 kg, or 2.3%, in males and 2.5 kg, or 4.3%, in females. Respiratory quotient (RQ) was the lowest in the post-harvest season when fat mass increased. These results demonstrated that physiological adaptation, through change in RQ in particular, to change in energy balance occurred in relatively short periods, and thus behavioral adaptation by means of changes in energy intake was observed not in specific seasons but in a year. The nutritional-ecological adaptive patterns of the rain-fed rice farmers were compared with those of various subsistence populations based on physical activity levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":87178,"journal":{"name":"Environmental sciences : an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology","volume":"12 3","pages":"133-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24937059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}