Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science最新文献

{"title":"Association between Serum C-peptide Level and Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients on Oral Anti-diabetic Drug","authors":"Adhir Kumar Das, R. Tasnim, Jahidul Islam","doi":"10.3329/bjms.v22i4.67106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i4.67106","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) treatment focuses mostly on preventing or delaying disease development. The most recent research indicates that C-peptide may have a favourable biological effect on DN. In type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, the link between C-peptide level and DN is poorly understood (DM). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relation between serum C-peptide and diabetic nephropathy in type 2 DM patients taking an oral anti diabetic medication.\u0000Methods: From July 2019 to June 2020, a cross-sectional observational study was done at the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics at Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. A total of 63 randomly selected type 2 diabetes patients met the inclusion criteria. SPSS was used to collect, record, and evaluate biochemical values including FBG, 2hrs ABF, HbA1c, urine for microalbumin, serum creatinine, and serum C-peptide.\u0000Result: Among 63 study participants, 40 (63.5%) were female and 23 (36.5%) were male. Mean age of patients was 50.30±10.55 years. Mean duration of DM of total study subjects was 6.29±3.15 years. Out of total study subjects, 17.5% (11) had low serum C-peptide, 74.6% (47) had normal serum C-peptide and 7.9% (5) had high serum C-peptide level. Correlations of clinical and biochemical variables showed negative correlation between serum C-peptide level and microalbumin, DM duration, FBS, 2hrs ABF, HbA1c, creatinine. Mean urine albumin was higher in patients with low serum C-peptide level. The microalbumin level and the duration of DM of study subjects are significantly associated with serum C-peptide.\u0000Conclusion: In this study we have found that type 2 diabetic individuals with low serum C-peptide levels have a high frequency of diabetic nephropathy and that serum C-peptide levels are significantly associated with diabetic nephropathy.\u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 04 October’23 Page : 768-772","PeriodicalId":8696,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79662000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverted Mini Gastric Bypass Surgery in Obese Population: Out-turn Over Hepatic and Nephrological Parameters","authors":"Arya Singh, Rahnuma Ahmad, Susmita Sinha, Md. Ahsanul Haq, M. Narwaria, Mainul Haque, Santosh Kumar, Nandita Sanghani","doi":"10.3329/bjms.v22i4.68669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i4.68669","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Bariatric surgery is the best possible option for reducing weight when lifestyle changes and medication have not brought about lasting success and may reduce morbidity and mortality. Weight loss that may follow bariatric surgery in patients on calory restricted diet would result in reduced inflammation and therefore lowering inflammation-related organ damage, including that of the kidney and liver. The study aimed to observe the consequences of BMI change on Hepatic and Nephrological parameters in patients after One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass surgery. Method: This study was done at a bariatric center with 150 individuals (both male and female) aged 20 to 60 years with obesity grades II and III who were selected randomly. Hepatic and renal function tests were carried out at baseline visit, then 3 months and 6 months following surgically. Result: Bilirubin level significantly increased from baseline to visit 1; Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels significantly decreased at visits 1 and 2. The albumin to Globulin ratio was significantly increased at visit 2 . Blood Urea level and serum creatinine level reduced considerably at visit 1 and decreased more at visit 2 from baseline. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery may be related to improvement in both hepatic and renal function. The improvement may be attributed to reduced inflammatory organ damage related to obesity. More such studies must be performed to highlight the possible health benefits of bariatric surgery for obese patients whose lifestyle modification and medication have not aided in weight loss. \u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 04 October’23 Page : 743-758","PeriodicalId":8696,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science","volume":"53 54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76466355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of life change seen after Diverted Mini Gastric Bypass Surgery in Obese Population: Retrospective research analysis","authors":"Arya Singh, M. Narwaria, Prachi Patel, Susmita Sinha, Rahnuma Ahmad, Mainul Haque, Santosh Kumar, Nandita Sanghani","doi":"10.3329/bjms.v22i4.68665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i4.68665","url":null,"abstract":"Background: With an increase in life expectancy all over the globe, morbid obesity and obesity-related diseases negatively impact the overall quality of life (QoL). \u0000Aim: The study aimed to assess the QoL post-Diverted Mini Gastric Bypass (dMGB), focusing on weight loss achieved, comorbidity resolution, and change in QoL after the surgery. Setting: Single private institute, India \u0000Methods : Data from patients who underwent a laparoscopic primary dMGB from August 2020 to August 2021 by one surgeon were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were followed up at 3,6,9, and 12 months from the surgery date. Data were assessed using the Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System- II (BAROS- II) form based on three major areas: percentage weight loss, comorbidity resolution, and QoL. The variation in QoL was assessed using the Moorehead Ardelt QoL questionnaire, which addresses self-esteem, physical activity, social gathering, and sexual life. \u0000Results: Forty-one patients were included in the final analysis. The average age and pre-operative body mass index (BMI) was 45.5 yrs. and 44.5 kg/m2, respectively. The cohort had 60.9% of males and 39.1% females. The pre-operative average total QoL score was 0.65 ± 0.2. At 12 months, the average BMI and average total QoL were 28.03 kg/m2 and 5.35 ± 0.3, respectively, p<0.001. \u0000Conclusion: At one year, the dMGB surgery effectively improves the overall QoL. \u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 04 October’23 Page : 759-767","PeriodicalId":8696,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80855960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Report on the earthquake in Turkey: Field observation on healthcare services and ethical challenges","authors":"M. Değer, Ahmet Özdinç","doi":"10.3329/bjms.v22i4.68677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i4.68677","url":null,"abstract":"On February 6, 2023, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 m occurred in Turkey, centered in the Pazarcık district of Kahramanmaraş province, followed nine hours later by another earthquake with a magnitude of 7.6 m, centered in the Elbistan district of Kahramanmaraş province. In the earthquakes, 45,000 people died, and more than 100,000 were injured. During the earthquake search-and-rescue personnel, emergency responders, and volunteers worked in the field. Disasters that suddenly affect large masses of people create many issues related to medical ethics. Likewise, difficulties caused by limited resources lead to issues related to beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice. This is a descriptive research study based on the field observations of researchers who were actually in the disaster area after the earthquakes, as well as an analysis of and observations related to the news, information and reports published. This study draws attention to ensuring the participation of society in the fight against and response to disasters. In addition, ethical guidelines for healthcare providers in disasters should be prepared and integrated into national disaster plans. Turkey’s earthquake experience will provide essential information for decision-makers and practitioners regarding the extent of the area impacted and the scope of the affected population. \u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 04 October’23 Page :815-826","PeriodicalId":8696,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83926439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irritation test and melanin whitening cream epigallocatechin gallate green tea leaf with mexameter and self-assessment","authors":"Naniek Widyaningrum, Fildza Huwaina Fathnin, Yuyun Darma Ayu N, Bella N Sari","doi":"10.3329/bjms.v22i4.68678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i4.68678","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Green tea (Camelia sinensis L.) contains flavonoids consisting of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) which functions as whitening, anti-acne, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory. Previous studies have shown that EGCG with a concentration of 6% is the optimum concentration in cream formulations (Widyaningrum, 2015b). Phase One Clinical Test was conducted to determine the safety of cream preparations with irritation as a benchmark and continued to test its effectiveness as a whitening cream on 20 respondents aged 17-45 years. \u0000Material and Methods: The research method employed was the Open Test. The results of the study for 21 days after applying the EGCG anti-acne cream were assessed using a mexa-meter and self-assessment. \u0000Result: The erythema assessment showed that the preparation did not cause irritation in the absence of erythema and for the melanin assessment, the results were not significant with p Value 0.376 (<0,05) with no changes in the melanin index. The results of the irritation test were supported by the findings of self-assessment which revealed that all self-assessment parameters were not significant and there was no irritation (p 0,317). \u0000Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it could be concluded that EGCG whitening cream did not cause irritation for 21 days. The results of the melanin test formula for this whitening cream preparation were able to provide a skin whitening effect. \u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 04 October’23 Page : 902-906","PeriodicalId":8696,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86352340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervical Cystic Lymphangioma, Rarely Detected in Adults with Rapid Progression, 2 Case Reports","authors":"Fazlı Yanık, Y. Karamustafaoğlu, Y. Yoruk","doi":"10.3329/bjms.v22i3.65318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i3.65318","url":null,"abstract":"Cystic Lymphangioma(CL) is rarely detected in adulthood. We presented two cases with neck swelling at an advanced age. Both of cysts were located in the cervico-mediastinally and showed rapid progression. The cysts were excised successfully and there was no recurrence in the follow-up period. Although there are many alternatives in treatment, CL, which is rare in adults, can be treated with surgical excision successfully in appropriate cases to definitively prevent recurrence and complications.\u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 03 July’23 Page : 709-711","PeriodicalId":8696,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72703076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of gamification as addiction education and examining its effects on students’ motivation and enjoyment","authors":"L. Mosalanejad, Erfan Mansouri","doi":"10.3329/bjms.v22i3.65325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i3.65325","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Addiction is a “social disease” which has physical and mental effects. Having adequate knowledge and information about addiction is the best way to prevent it in the community. The current study aims to focus on developing gamification as addiction education and examining its effects on students’ motivation and enjoyment.\u0000Methods: This is guise experiment for gamification development and assess educational intervention. Educational and technical standards have been considered for the development of gamification. In technical standards, it is congruent with the app-making technology based on dynamism, mechanisms and dynamic gamification. This game is available on www.addiplay.ir website through Microsoft Aps net core technology. Educational intervention implied on two groups of medical students and Public Health students and learning indicators assessed through intervention.\u0000Results; The findings of this study on two groups of students showed that, the game can influence on students’ enjoyment and consent. In addition, the game had a high average in increasing learners’ ability and students satisfaction. One of the limitations of gamification has been its dependence on each learner’s ability.\u0000Conclusion: The results showed that new teaching and learning methods such as gamification in addiction lessons in a mixed and complimentary way can fulfill the educational goals instead of written handbooks or traditional classes and makes learning possible in a motivated and entertaining environment.\u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 03 July’23 Page : 564-572","PeriodicalId":8696,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81836387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of physical activity on the thinking of schoolchildren","authors":"G. Polevoy","doi":"10.3329/bjms.v22i3.65334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i3.65334","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: to determine the influence of physical activity in physical education classes on the thinking indicators of schoolchildren.\u0000Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a secondary school in Russia, it was attended by ninth graders aged 15-16 years in the number of 141 schoolchildren. The main method of research was the test “Cross out an extra word”, which determines the level of development of students’ thinking. The test was used before and after the physical education lesson 1 time per month for 5 months. Statistical analysis used: The student’s T-criterion was used in the study.\u0000Results: children who did not engage in physical education in the classroom were not able to significantly improve their performance in the test, which indicates a possible adaptation to the test after its first performance before the lesson. Children who were engaged in physical exercises were able to significantly increase the test results.\u0000Conclusion: the effectiveness of the influence of a physical education lesson at school on thinking indicators. This study will serve as an additional motivation for children to engage in physical culture, since the impact of physical exercises has a positive impact not only on the development of physical qualities, but also on the development of schoolchildren’s thinking.\u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 03 July’23 Page : 612-616","PeriodicalId":8696,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74851348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of intrinsic and acquired resistance determinants in multidrug-resistant clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Bangladesh","authors":"Hasnain Anjum, Md. Shamsul Arefin, Nusrat Jahan, Mumtarin Jannat Oishee, S. Nahar, Salequl Islam, S. Banerjee, Susmita Sinha, Santosh Kumar, Mainul Haque, M. H. Rahman","doi":"10.3329/bjms.v22i3.66960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i3.66960","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pathogen and one of the leading etiologies in multiple nosocomial infections. Treatment of P. aeruginosa is becoming increasingly difficult due to its ever-increasing antibiotic resistance trends. This study investigated clinical multidrug resistance (MDR) P. aeruginosa (MDR-PA), their intrinsic resistance determinants, including the presence of chromosomal AmpC β-lactamase (Ampicillinase), decreased expression of outer membrane porin protein OprD and selected acquired β-lactamase resistance genes. \u0000Methods: Out of 238 clinical specimens, including urines from urinary tract-infected patients, wound swabs, burn swabs, and catheter aspirates, were collected from two major hospitals in Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Samples were inoculated with Cetrimide agar to isolate presumptive P. aeruginosa. Bacteria were identified by cultural, biochemical characterization, 16S rDNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Virulence-associated genes of P. aeruginosa, namely, toxA, lasB, and plcH, were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were investigated against ten antibiotics belonging to seven groups by disc-diffusion method followed by a selected minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Phenotypic expression of Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) production was checked by the double disc synergistic test selectively among the imipenem-resistant isolates. Acquisition of β-lactam resistance trait was examined by PCR detection of bla-genes variants. Mutational loss of the OprD was analyzed by PCR to investigate intrinsic resistance determinants. Phenotypic overexpression of chromosomal AmpC was assayed with the identification of the AmpC gene by PCR. The expression level of OprD was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). \u0000Results: Fifty-three P. aeruginosa was identified, with an overall isolation of 22.3% (53/238), where urine remains the most prevalent source. Virulence genes toxA, lasB, and plcH were identified in the isolates of 92.4%, 96.2%, and 94.3%. The highest phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was observed against ampicillin and ceftriaxone (100%), followed by cefotaxime (96%), tetracycline (89%), azithromycin (72%), imipenem (31%), ciprofloxacin (29%), levofloxacin (29%), gentamycin (27%) and ceftazidime (14%). The antibiogram pattern revealed 85% of isolates as multidrug-resistant, while 12% were considered extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-P. aeruginosa. The carriage of β-lactamase genes blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaOXA was detected in 4%, 2%, and 2% cephalosporin-resistant isolates, respectively. Double disc synergistic test revealed 87% of imipenem-resistant isolates expressing MBL-mediated resistance phenomenon. All seven ceftazidime-resistant isolates showed the presence of the AmpC gene with phenotypic overproduct","PeriodicalId":8696,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75509670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study of the effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), Astra Zeneca (ChAdOx1nCoV-19) and Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) vaccines in eliciting Humoral immunity in a sample of vaccinated population from Iraq.","authors":"Furqan Mohammed, A. Sahib","doi":"10.3329/bjms.v22i3.65323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i3.65323","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In order to tackle COVID-19 pandemic and the emerging variants, researchers around the globe have investigated many vaccine candidates from different manufacturers, however vaccine development is not an easy task but is a top priority to restore normalcy as represented a step to achieve the desired herd immunity threshold.\u0000Patients and methods: in this study we assessed and compared the level of IgG anti-RBD neutralizing antibodies triggered from each vaccine against SARS-CoV2 infection in 123 vaccinated subjects, by using isotypeand species- free competitive blocking ELISA. Blood samples were taken from vaccinated individuals 1 and 8 months after the second dose of the vaccines.\u0000Results: the findings of the current study revealed that two-dose vaccination might be effective to trigger robust humoral neutralizing immunity at 1month and even durable for as long as 8months with different sustained levels among the three studied previously mentioned vaccines. The serum level of the neutralizing IgG antibodies, Pfizer group revealed the highest level compared to AstraZeneca and Sinopharm groups (P<0.05); the Sinopharm showed trend of higher levels of neutralizing antibodies than AstraZeneca but without reaching statistical significance (P>0.05). Additionally, the serum level of neutralizing IgG antibodies, which represent the humeral immunity to SARSCoV- 2, was shown to be far higher in 1-month than in 8-month post-2nd dose vaccination groups (P<0.0001).\u0000Conclusion: Altogether, it is concluded that Pfizer vaccine proved to be of highest and most durable neutralizing anti-RBD IgG antibodies and followed with Sinopharm and AstraZeneca vaccines.\u0000Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 03 July’23 Page : 553-563","PeriodicalId":8696,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83847883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}