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Analog Computer Simulation of a Neural Element 神经元件的模拟计算机模拟
IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics Pub Date : 1962-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322944
F. F. Hiltz
{"title":"Analog Computer Simulation of a Neural Element","authors":"F. F. Hiltz","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322944","url":null,"abstract":"As a prelude to the study of the adaptive-behavior and data-handling characteristics of natural and artificial neural networks, an analog model of a single neuron was developed. An analog computer was employed to reproduce the known electrical characteristics of a neuron in a qualitative simulation study of neuronal behavior. A self-imposed criterion of a minimum number of analog-computer components was adopted for the single-neuron simulation in anticipation of network studies. This criterion led to the development of a simple analog circuit which has qualitatively reproduced some of the known electrical characteristics of a neuron, such as: initiation of an action potential in the presence of suprathreshold depolarizing (or excitatory) inputs; strength-duration relationship; accommodation; refractoriness; rate of pulse repetition as a function of the input depolarization level; and prolonged action potentials. The simulation method adopted consisted of four major analog-computer components, three operational amplifiers and a single-shot multivibrator. The circuit developed has a linear forward path with a nonlinear form of feedback. A discussion is given of the properties exhibited by the simulated neuron with and without the nonlinear feedback. A mathematical method for linearly approximating nonlinear behavior is presented. This method is known as the \"describing function technique,\" and its application to the analysis of neuronal behavior is described, as well as the technique's application to the synthesis of simulation networks.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"9 1","pages":"12-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322944","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62993335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
Pulsed Ultrasonic Transit Time Flowmeter 脉冲超声传输时间流量计
IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics Pub Date : 1962-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322948
D. Franklin, D. Baker, R. F. Rushmer
{"title":"Pulsed Ultrasonic Transit Time Flowmeter","authors":"D. Franklin, D. Baker, R. F. Rushmer","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322948","url":null,"abstract":"The difference in effective velocity of sound pulses propagated alternately upstream and downstream through moving blood is a measure of the blood velocity. A blood flowmeter based on this principle has been developed and employed in routine experiments over a period of four years. The travel time of sound pulses passing diagonally through the blood vessel is measured by gating a ramp voltage generator during the transit of each sound pulse from the transmitter crystal to the receiver crystal. The peak voltage attained by the ramp is stored and compared with the peak voltage attained by the subsequent ramp when the direction of propagation is reversed. The cycle is repeated 400 times each second so that a 400 cps carrier is formed. The amplitude of the carrier is proportional to the magnitude of the flow, and the phase of the carrier indicates direction of flow. The total PP noise and long-term drift is less than 7(10)-11sec difference in transit time over a four-hour measurement period, under optimal conditions. Here a demodulator limited the rise time of the instrument to 20 msec. Each upstream-downstream measurement requires only 240 ?sec of the total available 2500 ?sec, so that a time sharing technique may be used to operate many flowmeters simultaneously without mutual interference. The transducers are light (about 5 grams) and economical to construct.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"9 1","pages":"44-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322948","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62993626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 38
A Method of Iodine Determination by Characteristic X-Ray Absorption 特征x射线吸收法测定碘
IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics Pub Date : 1962-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322949
O. Z. Roy, R. Béique, G. L. D'ombrain
{"title":"A Method of Iodine Determination by Characteristic X-Ray Absorption","authors":"O. Z. Roy, R. Béique, G. L. D'ombrain","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322949","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a technique for the quantitative analysis of nonradioactive iodine. The method uses the X-ray absorption discontinuities for the detection of iodine in the presence of any other absorbing substance. A stationary lanthanum radiator converts an X-ray beam having a continuous spectrum into two monochromatic beams which straddle the iodine absorption edge. The energy spread is such as to make the technique relatively independent of other foreign elements. A rotating filter alternately absorbs one of the two beams while leaving the other on continuously. The information in the beams is detected and synchronously switched into two counting circuits. The intensity of the beams is measured by two counting-rate meters and the ratio of these intensities is obtained by a conventional self-balancing potentiometer. Since this ratio is determined every 1/60 of a second the iodine determination is insensitive to X-ray output, amplifier and detector drift.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"9 1","pages":"50-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322949","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62993988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Electronics for Whole-Body Liquid Scintillation Counters 用于全身液体闪烁计数器的电子器件
IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics Pub Date : 1962-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322950
R. Hiebert, J. Gallagher
{"title":"Electronics for Whole-Body Liquid Scintillation Counters","authors":"R. Hiebert, J. Gallagher","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322950","url":null,"abstract":"Large liquid scintillation counters offer a unique combination of high sensitivity and moderate energy resolution and hence are particularly useful for the rapid measurement of the radioactivity of the human body and other large samples. This counter permits measurements of internal gamma contamination of the human body at concentrations 1000 times less than maximum permissible levels. Such an instrument can, therefore, have many practical applications to diagnosis in clinical and experimental medicine. The instrumentation to be described is used with the new Los Alamos human counter but the techniques are applicable to large liquid scintillation counters in general. Objectives in this system are: 1) optimizing pulse-height (energy) resolution from the detector, 2) optimizing SNR, 3) long-term stability and freedom from rate and overload deficiencies and 4) accuracy, speed and versatility of data handling and processing.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"37 1","pages":"54-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322950","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62994380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
How Can the Waveforms of a Clinical Electrocardiogram Be Measured Automatically by a Computer 临床心电图波形如何由计算机自动测量
IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics Pub Date : 1962-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322945
C. Cáceres
{"title":"How Can the Waveforms of a Clinical Electrocardiogram Be Measured Automatically by a Computer","authors":"C. Cáceres","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322945","url":null,"abstract":"A clinical electrocardiographic interpretation depends on use of classifications tailored by the physician to suit his own clinical practice. These classifications are built up from the correlations of multiple combinations of electrocardiographic parameters and their measurements to clinical entities. If the clinical electrocardiogram or any other clinically used \"electro-medical\" signal is to be examined by a computer it is the specialist of the subject matter who must develop a step by step organization and detailed logic of the material so that the \"computer specialist\" can follow it. With this available, the \"computer specialist\" is able to properly detail the procedures that the computer will follow to perform the desired service for the practicing physician.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"95 1","pages":"21-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1962.4322945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62993599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Biology in Bio-Medical Engineering 生物医学工程中的生物学
IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322912
R. Stacy
{"title":"Biology in Bio-Medical Engineering","authors":"R. Stacy","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322912","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"209-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322912","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62992173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Role of the Engineer in Bio-Medical Science 工程师在生物医学科学中的作用
IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322914
S. A. Talbot
{"title":"The Role of the Engineer in Bio-Medical Science","authors":"S. A. Talbot","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322914","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"212-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62992818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Transistorized Pacemaker for Remote Stimulation of the Heart by Radio-Frequency Transmission 射频传输远程心脏刺激的晶体管起搏器
IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322925
L. Eisenberg, A. Mauro, W. W. Glenn
{"title":"Transistorized Pacemaker for Remote Stimulation of the Heart by Radio-Frequency Transmission","authors":"L. Eisenberg, A. Mauro, W. W. Glenn","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322925","url":null,"abstract":"Diverse techniques have been developed for controlling the cardiac rate by external means when normal physiological processes fail to maintain a stable rate. These techniques are presented in a brief summary. The factors underlying the choice of the radio-frequency transmission technique are presented and evaluated, taking into account control of the stimulus, avoidance of infection, and minimizing the number of electrical components within the body. A set of design specifications is then evolved based upon the physiological needs of the patient, utilizing the philosophy of the RF transmission approach. The design of two transistorized, battery-operated pacemakers is then presented in detail with a description of the constructed units and an evaluation of performance. These units have now been used successfully on five patients.","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"22 6 1","pages":"253-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62993159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 24
Informal Training Program in Bio-Medical Engineering at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute and the Rockefeller Institute 布鲁克林理工学院和洛克菲勒学院生物医学工程非正式培训项目
IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322918
R. Schoenfeld
{"title":"Informal Training Program in Bio-Medical Engineering at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute and the Rockefeller Institute","authors":"R. Schoenfeld","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322918","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"225-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322918","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62992842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bio-Medical Engineering Program at Johns Hopkins, Pennsylvania, Rochester, and Yale 约翰霍普金斯大学，宾夕法尼亚州，罗切斯特和耶鲁大学的生物医学工程项目
IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics Pub Date : 1961-10-01 DOI: 10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322916
H. Schwan
{"title":"Bio-Medical Engineering Program at Johns Hopkins, Pennsylvania, Rochester, and Yale","authors":"H. Schwan","doi":"10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322916","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86470,"journal":{"name":"IRE transactions on bio-medical electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"219-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/TBMEL.1961.4322916","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62992955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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