Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics最新文献

{"title":"Organic vapors from Savannah and European Boreal fire emissions: insights from photochemical and dark aging experiments in a smog chamber","authors":"Deeksha Shukla,Lejish Vettikkat,Mika Ihalainen,Markus Somero,Hendryk Czech,Siegfried Schobesberger,Angela Buchholz,Iida Pullinen,Kerneels Jaars,Kajar Köster,Viet Le,Pasi Yli-Pirilä,Stefan J. Siebert,Pieter G. van Zyl,Annele Virtanen,Ville Vakkari,Olli Sippula,Ralf Zimmermann","doi":"10.5194/acp-26-12977-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12977-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass burning (BB) emits large amounts of pollutants in the particle and gas phases, with significant implications for air quality, human health and climate. Here, we investigate the emission of organic vapors from controlled burns of relatively understudied biomass fuels: woody plants and grasses from African savannah and European boreal forest surface, using a high-resolution proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer. To understand the effect of different oxidation regimes, organic vapors were aged in a 29 m 3 Teflon chamber, where photochemical and dark aging were simulated. The average total primary emission factors (EFs) for organic vapors varied considerably with fuel type, ranging from 69 to 161 g kg −1 . Photochemical aging led to substantial depletion of furanics, phenolics and oxygenated aromatics, accompanied by enhancements of carbonyl B compounds and O-containing compounds with C < 6 across experiments. In contrast, dark aging under low-NO x conditions produced minimal compositional changes. Hierarchical clustering of relative composition showed clear regime dependence, with regime-associated differences accounting for 73 % of the variance in group-level composition. Toluene and furan showed a strong negative correlation with secondary oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), including anhydrides and small acids, consistent with their role as precursors. After 0.5 equivalent day of photochemical aging, organic vapors shifted to higher O / C (> 0.70) and an increased fraction of C x H y O z ( z  ≥ 3). These results highlight the integral role of OH⋅-driven photo-oxidation in governing the atmospheric evolution and composition of BB organic vapors and underscore the need for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) models to include non-traditional precursors.","PeriodicalId":8611,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","volume":"396 1","pages":"12977-13000"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149021965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inefficient consumption of natural gas drives methane emissions from a megacity","authors":"Yuwei Zhao,Andrew Hallward-Driemeier,Luke D. Schiferl,Trey Maddaleno,Michael P. Vermeuel,Dylan B. Millet,Delphine Farmer,Róisín Commane","doi":"10.5194/acp-26-12911-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12911-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing methane emissions offers a significant near-term opportunity for climate mitigation if the dominant sources are effectively targeted. Natural gas is a large and manageable methane source. Despite extensive pipeline upgrades in cities, methane reductions remain far smaller than expected, suggesting missing emission pathways. Using long-term tower observations in a U.S. megacity, we found a strong seasonal cycle in methane emissions peaking during the winter heating and summer cooling seasons. Natural gas methane emissions dominated both seasons and were strongly correlated with consumption, yielding a loss rate of 1.7±0.6 %, equivalent to about 300×10 6  USD yr −1 of unused natural gas. Incomplete combustion was the primary natural gas signal observed, indicating future mitigation planning should prioritize inefficient natural gas consumption.","PeriodicalId":8611,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","volume":"4 1","pages":"12911-12924"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149021968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the chemical structures and sources of biomass-derived organic aerosols through a year-long offline analysis in Hyytiälä, Finland","authors":"Qianzhe Sun,Ruichen Zhou,Sho Ohata,Chiaki Shirota,Tuukka Petäjä,Ilona Jaakkola,Lauri Ahonen,Markku Kulmala,Michihiro Mochida","doi":"10.5194/acp-26-12813-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12813-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass-burning OA (BBOA) and biogenic secondary OA (BSOA), both originating from biomass but from different pathways, still lack comprehensive and quantitative understanding, which limits assessments of their environmental impacts. In this study, source-resolved OAs including BBOA and BSOA in a European boreal forest were characterized by the offline use of an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), with improved chemical resolution offered by polarity-based fractionation. OA extract solutions were prepared according to polarity as high-polarity water-soluble organic matter, humic-like substances, and water-insoluble organic matter, and their abundances and chemical structures were analyzed by off-line high-resolution AMS analysis. Quantitative analysis revealed an annual OA concentration of 1.24 ± 0.75 µg m −3 , with lower concentrations in winter and higher in summer. A 5-factor source apportionment solution was obtained from positive matrix factorization (PMF) of the mass spectra of the three fractions. CHN-family ions were found to be indicative of BBOA, whereas C 5 H 6 O + , C 7 H 9 O3+ and C 9 H 13 O4+ were identified as potential tracers for BSOA; they lead the identification of BBOA- and BSOA-like factors. Combustion-related organic aerosol (CROA) factor, related to aged fossil fuel combustion and aged biomass material combustion, was also identified. Different PMF factors exhibited differences in water solubility, with relatively water-insoluble characteristics of compounds containing CROA aromatic structures. This study highlights the usefulness of polarity-resolved factor analysis in understanding diverse OA sources and opens the door for the characterization of climate- and air-quality-related properties of BBOA and BSOA.","PeriodicalId":8611,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","volume":"22 1","pages":"12813-12836"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148933393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling gas-particle partitioning dynamics in cooking aerosol oxidation through FIGAERO-CIMS analysis","authors":"Ruizhe Shen,Song Guo,Hui Wang,Ying Yu,Zichao Wan,Rui Tan,Wenfei Zhu,Zheng Chen,Shiyi Chen,Zhijun Wu,Shuangde Li,Yunfa Chen,Min Hu","doi":"10.5194/acp-26-12793-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12793-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Cooking emissions are increasingly important sources of organic aerosol in densely populated urban areas as clean-air actions reduce emissions from industrial activities and fossil-fuel combustion. Their atmospheric evolution and environmental and health effects remain difficult to assess because of the complexity of their composition and transformation pathways. Here, we conducted a laboratory study of emissions from heated corn oil using a Go:PAM oxidation flow reactor. We investigated the evolution of composition, volatility, and gas-particle partitioning and evaluated discrepancies between FIGAERO-based measurements and thermodynamic estimates. FIGAERO-I-CIMS measurements combined with a 2-D VBS parameterization were used to characterize the composition and volatility distributions of primary and secondary cooking-originated organic aerosol. Kinetic calculations indicate molar-weight-dependent partitioning kinetic schemes with surface process as rate-limiting step. Partitioning of primary cooking aerosols is generally biased toward gas phase compared to the equilibrium state. In secondary aerosol, partition of compounds with molar mass under 120 g mol −1 favours gas phase, compounds between 120–220 g mol −1 exists in near-equilibrium state, species with molar mass over 220 g mol −1 favours aerosol phase. The thermodynamic comparison nevertheless reveals a substantial unresolved gap between FIGAERO-derived effective volatility and equilibrium thermodynamic estimates, reflecting combined measurement and model uncertainties. Results clarify the scope of kinetic limitations in gas-particle partitioning during cooking-emission and oxidation, identify priorities for improving the representation of cooking emissions in atmospheric studies.","PeriodicalId":8611,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","volume":"66 1","pages":"12793-12811"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148933396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capturing and explaining the effects of three-dimensional radiative transfer on cloud evolution with the dynamic TenStream solver","authors":"Richard Maier,Fabian Jakub,Fabian Hoffmann,Bernhard Mayer","doi":"10.5194/acp-26-12771-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12771-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Radiative transfer is an inherently three-dimensional (3D) process that, for computational reasons, is still approximated as one-dimensional (1D) in most atmospheric models. To address this limitation, Maier et al. (2024) introduced the dynamic TenStream solver, which reduces the cost of 3D radiative transfer calculations through incomplete solves. Here, we investigate how coupling dynamic TenStream to the large-eddy simulation model PALM affects cloud development compared to simulations using conventional 1D and full 3D radiation. Results show that during daytime, clouds driven by either of the 3D solvers organize into cloud streets oriented perpendicular to the solar incidence angle, whereas with 1D radiation they remain more or less randomly distributed. Moreover, daytime clouds grow larger, become thicker, and contain more liquid water with 3D radiative transfer. It is shown that these differences arise because, unlike in the 1D case, clouds coupled to 3D radiation are not positioned directly above their own shadows. Instead, they are located over areas of enhanced net surface irradiance, where values even exceed those in the clear-sky columns of the 1D simulation, strengthening rather than weakening the associated updrafts. Additionally, 3D radiation is shown to reduce the domain-averaged net thermal emission at the surface, which affects the surface energy budget and is primarily balanced by an increase in the domain-averaged latent heat flux, resulting in a greater release of water vapor into the atmosphere. Both effects are captured by dynamic TenStream, demonstrating its ability to represent 3D radiative effects on cloud development at a substantially lower computational cost.","PeriodicalId":8611,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","volume":"97 1","pages":"12771-12791"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148933391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the vertical microphysical properties of fog as simulated by Meso-NH during the SOFOG3D experiment","authors":"Marie Mazoyer,Christine Lac,Frédéric Burnet,Benoît Vié,Marie Taufour,Théophane Costabloz,Salomé Antoine,Maroua Fathalli","doi":"10.5194/acp-26-12837-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12837-2026","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the representation of fog microphysics in high-resolution simulations from the Meso-NH model using the two-moment LIMA microphysical scheme, based on data from the SOFOG3D field campaign. This campaign combines remote sensing and vertical microphysical observations from a tethered balloon. Two fog events were simulated in order to assess the model's ability to reproduce their life cycle and identify any missing physical processes. The analysis focuses on the vertical microphysical structure, observed consistently by the various instruments, and on the simulated processes during the different phases of fog development (i.e. before, during, and after the transition from thin to thick fog). The model realistically reproduces the thermodynamic and dynamic evolution of fog, resulting in a satisfactory simulation of its development stages. A comprehensive analysis of microphysical processes is conducted throughout the entire height of the fog, based on a comparison with observations and a budget of modelled processes. While microphysics is generally well represented, certain systematic errors emerge: excessive liquid water content values during the thin-to-thick transition and adiabatic phases, due to excessive condensation; an inaccurate representation of the droplet size distribution, with the absence of the largest droplets; and an inability to capture the droplet concentration vertical gradient, with values that are too high near the ground. While some of these shortcomings can be explained by dynamic biases, and more cases are needed to confirm our results, various recommendations are proposed. These include assessing the impact of drizzle and representations that could benefit all warm clouds.","PeriodicalId":8611,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","volume":"28 1","pages":"12837-12864"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148933392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stratospheric ozone projections under sulfur-based stratospheric aerosol injection: Insights from the multi-model G6-1.5K-SAI experiment","authors":"Ewa M. Bednarz,Amy H. Butler,James M. Haywood,Matthew Henry,Andy Jones,Ben Kravitz,Walker R. Lee,Douglas G. MacMartin,Amanda C. Maycock,Takashi Sekiya,Shingo Watanabe,Daniele Visioni","doi":"10.5194/acp-26-12751-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12751-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the crucial role of stratospheric ozone in shielding the Earth from harmful solar ultraviolet radiation, impacts of human activities on the ozone layer remain of interest. Here we provide an assessment of the potential impacts of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI), a proposed method to temporarily offset global warming, on stratospheric ozone projections over the 21st century using the new multi-model GeoMIP G6-1.5K-SAI experiment. The experiment injects SO 2 at a pair of subtropical latitudes and utilizes a more plausible “middle-of-the-road” greenhouse gas emission pathway (SSP2-4.5) and SAI start date compared to earlier studies. All three participating Earth system models show a decrease in global mean total column ozone of a few Dobson units (1 %–2 %) under SAI compared to the no-SAI scenario. This decrease is dominated by enhancement in active halogens from heterogenous chemistry on sulfate aerosol, most clearly evident in the Southern Hemisphere mid- and high latitudes. This is unlike previous results using strategies injecting at the equator, which show increased global mean column ozone, partly due to larger ozone transport changes. As background halogen levels continue to decrease, the potential of SAI to deplete ozone is found to be a factor of ∼ 2 larger in earlier part of the 21st century (2045–2064) than later (2065–2084). We further identify areas of model disagreement and sources of uncertainty, but also areas of more confidence and potential emergent constraints. Our results highlight the need to assess any projected SAI impacts in the wider strategy and scenario dimension using a multi-model framework.","PeriodicalId":8611,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","volume":"60 1","pages":"12751-12770"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148933394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of a Saharan dust plume impact on radiation, urban climate and thermal comfort in the Paris region during an heatwave event","authors":"Jérémy Bernard,Tim Nagel,Valéry Masson,Aude Lemonsu,Jean Wurtz,Pierre Tulet,Quentin Rodier","doi":"10.5194/acp-26-12729-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12729-2026","url":null,"abstract":"In Europe, heatwave conditions associated with southern synoptic flows can sometimes be combined with episodes of dust plumes coming from the Saharan desert. Change in the atmospheric composition of aerosols alters the radiation observed near the ground, resulting in impacts on other variables such as air temperature. This study focuses on the heatwave experienced by the Paris region from 15 to 19 June 2022, combined with the passage of a Saharan dust plume. To investigate the aerosols impact on local weather conditions and thermal comfort, three Meso-NH atmospheric numerical simulations are used: one without dust aerosol (C0), one with dust aerosols defined from CAMS reanalysis (C1), and one with twice the concentration of CAMS dust aerosols (C2). Simulation C1 is validated against observations from the PANAME-Urban experimental campaign. The time evolution of Aerosol Optical Depth and incoming solar radiation at the surface is well reproduced, with improvement in the resulting air temperature and boundary layer height when taking aerosols into consideration. The radiative effect of dust aerosols results in a decrease in incoming solar radiation and air temperature of up to 75 W m −2 and 1 °C, respectively. At 16:00 UTC, it results in a thermal comfort improvement of up to 1 °C in sunny urban and suburban areas. However, in shaded suburban areas, the increase in diffuse solar radiation and humidity and the decrease in wind speed induced by the dust aerosols counterbalance the air temperature decrease, resulting in no thermal comfort improvement. This result highlights the need to integrate these insights into operational heat-health warning systems – by coupling aerosol forecasts with bioclimatic indices.","PeriodicalId":8611,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","volume":"40 1","pages":"12729-12749"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148933395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cloud liquid water path at the North Slope of Alaska has minimal sensitivity to local meteorology in Arctic winter","authors":"Kara Hartig,John J. Cassano,Matthew D. Shupe,Amy Solomon","doi":"10.5194/acp-26-12689-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12689-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Mixed-phase clouds in the Arctic are tightly coupled to the surface energy budget in the cold months, helping to set surface temperatures and sea ice extent. However, the meteorological conditions that give rise to these clouds and their remarkable persistence across the Arctic are not well constrained, leading to model biases. Using over a decade of observations from the North Slope of Alaska, this research investigates the relationships between cloud base temperature and moisture, bulk atmospheric moisture, wind direction, large-scale circulation, and cloud liquid and ice water path. Liquid-containing clouds are ubiquitous at this site, occurring 60 %–70 % of the time between November and March, although about one-third of those cases have a liquid water path under 10 g m−2. We find that liquid water path is weakly sensitive to temperature and moisture and remarkably insensitive to wind direction and large-scale circulation. Furthermore, meteorological regimes with significant differences in temperature, moisture, and cloud fraction do not produce appreciable differences in cloud liquid water path. Ice water path, on the other hand, is clearly correlated with bulk atmospheric moisture, with particularly strong increases when precipitable water vapor exceeds the 90th percentile, and may be responsible for the muted response of liquid water path to high atmospheric moisture. To explain the observed sensitivity of ice water path and relative insensitivity of liquid water path to meteorology and large-scale circulation, we propose a series of hypotheses centered around a lack of dissipative mechanisms and the role of ice in enabling or limiting liquid mass accumulation.","PeriodicalId":8611,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","volume":"13 1","pages":"12689-12714"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148933428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlorine enhances nocturnal heterogeneous uptake of NO\u0000 2\u0000 in coastal atmosphere under sea-land breeze circulation","authors":"Ziyi Lin,Xiuwen Yong,Lingjun Li,Yuping Chen,Lingling Xu,Xiaoting Ji,Chen Yang,Keran Zhang,Feng Zhang,Ziying Chen,Gaojie Chen,Xiaolong Fan,Mengren Li,Jinsheng Chen","doi":"10.5194/acp-26-12715-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-12715-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Heterogeneous uptake of NO2 serves as a significant source for reactive nitrogen species, playing an important role in atmospheric chemistry. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that chlorine can promote the heterogeneous NO2 uptake, yet this effect under real ambient conditions remains poorly elucidated. Based on comprehensive field observations, a machine learning technique, and a multiphase chemical box model in the coastal city of Xiamen, China, this study reveals the enhancement effect of chlorine (Cl) on NO2 uptake and quantifies the impact of this enhanced uptake on reactive nitrogen species during nocturnal sea-land breeze (SLB) periods. Compared with non-SLB days, nocturnal concentrations of nitrous acid (HONO) and particulate nitrate (NO3-) increased significantly during SLB days, with high mean value of NO2 uptake rate constant (kNO2) reaching 9.70 × 10−6 s−1. Machine learning revealed that chlorine was the most important influencing factor for the enhanced kNO2. Incorporating this kNO2 into the chemical box model substantially resolved the underestimation of HONO concentration and NO3- production under SLB conditions. Notably, nocturnal NO2 uptake dominated HONO formation (83.9 %), while making a substantial contribution (46.4 %) to nitrate formation. This study highlights the critical role of chlorine-enhanced NO2 uptake in atmospheric reactive nitrogen cycling and provides valuable insights for nocturnal chemistry in complex coastal environments.","PeriodicalId":8611,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","volume":"77 1","pages":"12715-12728"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148933397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}