{"title":"Aggression, containment, and treatment enactments in the psychodynamics of limit setting.","authors":"Charles Henry","doi":"10.1521/jaap.2010.38.2.341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.2.341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Limit setting has an important role in psychotherapeutic treatment. Despite this, the psychodynamics of limit setting have been a largely neglected topic in the literature. This article will present a theoretical discussion on the psychodynamics of limit setting particularly as it relates to the parent-child and the therapist-patient relationship. The central roles of aggression and impulse containment will be reviewed along with an overview of the relationship between limit setting and projective identification. Potential enactments that occur during the treatment of limit testing patients will be examined. Case material of the treatment of a child with a disruptive behavior disorder will be used to elaborate the discussion.</p>","PeriodicalId":85742,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry","volume":"38 2","pages":"341-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.2.341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29039826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The co-evolution of sexual desire, narcissistic vulnerability, and adaptations for reproductive advantage.","authors":"Lawrence Josephs","doi":"10.1521/jaap.2010.38.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to evolutionary psychologists humans possess a variety of \"sexual ornaments,\" physical as well as psychological traits that have evolved as adaptations for reproductive advantage. These sexual ornaments serve as sexually selected indicators of fitness that are automatically assessed, inspire attentional adhesion, and evoke sexual desire in those searching for a mate. Mate choice is therefore determined by the relative presence or absence of these sexually selected indicators of fitness in comparison to the competition. Mate value of self and others is assessed through social comparison according to these sexually selected indicators of fitness. Narcissistic equilibrium is to a significant extent regulated by one's self-perceived survival and reproductive fitness. Implications for psychoanalytic theory of concepts and research findings from the field of evolutionary psychology are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":85742,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry","volume":"38 1","pages":"3-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.1.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28841308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aspects of psychodynamic neuropsychiatry I: episodic memory, transference, and the oddball paradigm.","authors":"Richard Brockman","doi":"10.1521/jaap.2010.38.4.693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.4.693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psychotherapy has, since the time of Freud, focused on the unconscious and dynamically repressed memory. This article explores a therapy where the focus is on what is known, on episodic memory. Episodic memory, along with semantic memory, is part of the declarative memory system. Episodic memory depends on frontal, parietal, as well as temporal lobe function. It is the system related to the encoding and recall of context-rich memory. While memory usually decays with time, powerfully encoded episodic memory may augment. This article explores the hypothesis that such augmentation is the result of conditioning and kindling. Augmented memory could lead to a powerful \"top-down\" focus of attention-such that one would perceive only what one had set out to perceive. The \"oddball paradigm\" is suggested as a route out of such a self-perpetuating system. A clinical example (a disguised composite of several clinical histories) is used to demonstrate how such an intensification of memory and attention came about as a result of the transference, and how the \"oddball paradigm\" was used as a way out of what had become a treatment stalemate.</p>","PeriodicalId":85742,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry","volume":"38 4","pages":"693-710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.4.693","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29547147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Psychotherapy of psychoses: some principles for practice in the real world.","authors":"Ronald Abramson","doi":"10.1521/jaap.2010.38.3.483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.3.483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treatment of psychoses must include psychological treatments for the mind joined with the commonly employed biological treatments for the brain. There are various schools of psychotherapy, but psychoanalytic treatment is the only Western discipline devoted to comprehensive understanding of the subjective mind. Psychoanalytic authorities have written extensively on the psychodynamics involved in treatment of psychoses, but such approaches are limited by the realities of limited resources and number of therapists who have advanced training. Also, the techniques and understandings developed by prominent authors cannot always be implemented by many therapists who do not enjoy as robust a theoretic background. Presented here are five principles that are useful to keep in mind during the treatment of people with psychotic problems. These principles are: safety in the therapeutic situation, empathy as a means of understanding the patient and avoiding countertransference problems, validation in the therapeutic situation as enhancing safety and promoting ego strength in a fragile ego, being a \"real person\" with the patient rather than a taciturn traditional psychoanalytic \"mirror\", and \"transmuting internalization\" as the way in which the therapeutic process promotes the development of a stronger self able to live in conventional reality. These principles are easy to keep in mind and are compatible with cognitive and behavioral techniques as well as other psychoanalytic theories and approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":85742,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"483-502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.3.483","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40075937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Extreme beauty: a developmental perspective on the identity formation of a fashion model.","authors":"David L Lopez","doi":"10.1521/jaap.2010.38.2.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.2.219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the tasks of adolescence is for the individual to adopt a realistic self-image, consistent with her limitations and attributes. The process to reach this task is complicated by adolescent mechanisms to regulate self-esteem, which involve unrealistic identifications with specific peers and with her peer group. I present the case of a fashion model whose adolescent process was stilted by living in an artificial environment that did not allow her to develop a realistic self-image. This problem became more pronounced as she aged and could not find activities and interests that allowed her to feel accomplished. A psychodynamic psychotherapy enabled her to synthesize a new self-image that had aspects derived from her mother and her nanny, the most important figures of her childhood. The process was first to allow her to explore in the transference aspects she saw as repulsive and integrate them with others that she felt were desirable.</p>","PeriodicalId":85742,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry","volume":"38 2","pages":"219-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.2.219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29037643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sex and psychodynamic psychiatry: selected topics. Editors' introduction.","authors":"Richard C Friedman, Jennifer I Downey","doi":"10.1521/jaap.2010.38.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Freud based his depth psychology on a theoretical model of psychosexual development. This was immediately criticized by Karen Horney (Horney, 1924), and much later by Paul Chodoff, a founding member of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. So universally accepted was Freud’s psychosexual developmental paradigm that articles written by scholars who did not accept its validity were not accepted for publication by official psychoanalytic journals. Chodoff’s well-known critique of Freud’s model was published not in a psychoanalytic journal but in the American Journal of Psychiatry (Chodoff, 1966). Another founding member of the American Academy, Judd Marmor, was the only prominent psychoanalyst/psychiatrist to challenge the otherwise universally accepted belief that homosexuality was inherently pathological (Marmor, 1980). Interestingly, Marmor’s influence was far greater in psychiatry than organized psychoanalysis. It was not until publication of influential books by Isay (Isay, 1989), Lewes (Lewes, 1988), and Friedman (Friedman, 1988) in the 1980s that Marmor’s perspective came to be viewed as prescient. During the two decades following WWII significant interest in human sexual behavior developed in universities. For instance, the monumental studies, Sexual Behavior of the Human Male (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948), and Sexual Behavior of the Human Female (Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhard, 1953), were published by Kinsey and colleagues during that time. Most psychoanalytic literature during those years, however, supported or illustrated the usefulness of Freud’s developmental model. Today, Freud’s psychosexual paradigm is generally viewed as being outdated. It has not yet been replaced by a comparably inclusive developmental model, or perspective. Instead, the field of psychoanalytic psychology is riven by heated debates between followers of different schools.","PeriodicalId":85742,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28841307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Psychoanalysis--on its way down a dead-end street? A concerned commentary.","authors":"Siegfried Zepf","doi":"10.1521/jaap.2010.38.3.459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.3.459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The author discusses the problems when psychoanalysis not only neglects socio-critical issues, diversifies its concepts and sets about to define their common ground with the help of brain research findings and/or of infant observation, but also ignores the implications of attempts to legitimate its scientific status by verifying the outcome of its treatments via nomological and/or qualitative study designs. It is argued that if we reduce psychoanalysis to a mere psychotherapeutic measure we displace the factors essential to neurotic disorders into the blind spot of our field of vision, thus rendering psychoanalysis to be a pseudoscience based on appearances alone. Conceptual clarity, it is argued, cannot be gained from the findings of infant observation or those of brain research. Neither can psychoanalytic treatments be investigated in these manners as long as our current understanding of technical concepts remains highly contradictory. In the author's view present-day psychoanalysis gambles Freud's inheritance away and with it, probably, its own future.</p>","PeriodicalId":85742,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"459-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.3.459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40075936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do psychotherapists speak to psychopharmacologists? A survey of practicing clinicians.","authors":"Jolie Avena, Thomas Kalman","doi":"10.1521/jaap.2010.38.4.675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.4.675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While more Americans are taking psychotropic medication than ever before, psychiatrists are providing less psychotherapy, leading to the prevalence of \"split-treatment\" whereby two professionals provide care. Communication between clinicians treating the same patient has traditionally been an accepted principle of optimal care, however there has been no published data documenting whether or not private practice therapists actually do communicate with the psychiatrists who prescribe for their patients. A pilot study was conducted in which a nine-item anonymous survey was distributed to non-medical psychotherapists in Manhattan. Information was gathered about professional degree and discipline, duration and size of practice, and frequency of communication with professionals who prescribe for their patients. Fifty-three psychotherapists averaging over 21 years in practice returned completed surveys. Respondents reported on 1,197 psychotherapy patients, with 434 (36%) concurrently taking medication. No communication had taken place between psychotherapist and psychopharmacologist on behalf of 22% of the psychotherapy patients taking medication. Only 7 of the 53 respondents reported having quarterly communication with the prescribing physician for all split-care patients. Despite methodological limitations, study findings document that communication between professionals is not taking place on behalf of many patients in split-treatment. These findings raise questions about the quality and safety of treatment delivered in this fashion, about the need for guidelines for the conduct of split treatment, and perhaps about the traditionally assumed need for communication itself.</p>","PeriodicalId":85742,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry","volume":"38 4","pages":"675-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.4.675","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29547145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Brief communication: Self-analysis as an appropriate ending.","authors":"Marco Bacciagaluppi","doi":"10.1521/jaap.2010.38.4.711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.4.711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article is based on Bowlby's attachment theory. Following Bowlby, therapy is viewed as a secure base from which to explore. The final achievement of independence can be encouraged by self-analysis. A review of the literature on self-analysis is focused on Freud, Horney, and Fromm. Self-analysis can be the primary aim from the start, or it can be the outcome of a training or a therapeutic analysis. An example taken from therapeutic analysis is given. In the discussion, the various types of attachment are reviewed. Therapy is viewed as leading from insecure to secure attachment, and finally to autonomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":85742,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry","volume":"38 4","pages":"711-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.4.711","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29547148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Why one should (or shouldn't) read freud: commentary on \"Returning to Freud\" by Richard D. Chessick.","authors":"Mark Leffert","doi":"10.1521/jaap.2010.38.3.441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.3.441","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85742,"journal":{"name":"The journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"441-9; discussion 451-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.3.441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40075935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}