{"title":"Density-related establishment and reproduction of Aphelenchoides besseyi (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) populations on Oryza sativa","authors":"Shigeru Hoshino, Katsumi Togashi","doi":"10.1007/s13355-022-00806-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13355-022-00806-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Aphelenchoides besseyi</i> Christie (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) is a seed-borne ectoparasite of <i>Oryza sativa</i> rice and causes ‘white tip’ disease. When seeds are soaked in water, the nematodes emerge from them, arrive at rice plants by swimming in flooded paddy fields, and reproduce on them. Two separate experiments were conducted to determine the relationships of the nematode abundance in water to the arrival (infection) and subsequent multiplication of nematodes, the disease incidence, and the yield of rice grains. Experiment 1 showed that, as the <i>A. besseyi</i> population (Pi) surrounding the seedlings increased, both the disease incidence of plants and the number of nematodes (Pf) in all seeds harvested per plant increased, but the rate of increase in the nematode population (Pf/Pi) decreased. Negative relationships were found between the Pi level and the estimated probability of nematode arrival, although it was extremely difficult to isolate all arrivals from plants (experiments 2 − 5). However, the number of arrivals was estimated to increase with the Pi level. It is considered from these results that the density-dependent decrease in the rate of increase (Pf/Pi) was determined largely by the density-dependent reduction in the rates of nematode establishment (colonization) and/or post-establishment reproduction on plants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8551,"journal":{"name":"Applied Entomology and Zoology","volume":"58 1","pages":"73 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48376677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Staining procedure to identify paddy with gaps vulnerable to Stenotus rubrovittatus and Trigonotylus caelestialium (Hemiptera: Miridae)","authors":"Hiroaki Takeuchi","doi":"10.1007/s13355-022-00805-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13355-022-00805-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Stenotus rubrovittatus</i> (Matsumura) and <i>Trigonotylus caelestialium</i> (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Miridae) are major rice pests in Japan. Since both species feed on rice grain through the gap between the lemma and palea, the paddy grains with gap (including split-hull) is vulnerable to them. The aim of this study was to develop a staining procedure to identify the vulnerable paddy with gap. The paddy samples were first stained under different conditions to select the optimal staining conditions that could highlight the gap and help sort the split-hull paddy clearly by visual inspection. After optimization experiments, 0.05% aqueous methylene blue solution was selected for staining, and 3 min was set as the staining and pretreatment times. The efficiency of this staining procedure was evaluated by applying it to the paddy harvested from fields to examine how well it could sort the vulnerable paddy. The stained paddy percentages were similar in the five replicates for the staining test, thereby confirming its reliability. The gap detection rate determined by the staining technique was approximately 30% higher than that determined by visual inspection. These results indicate that the staining technique enables the identification of vulnerable paddy, and may be useful for estimating vulnerable product and analyzing potential damage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8551,"journal":{"name":"Applied Entomology and Zoology","volume":"58 1","pages":"113 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41389518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Satish, L. Kusuma, A. V. Mary Josepha Shery, S. M. Moorthy, G. R. Manjunatha, V. Sivaprasad
{"title":"Development of productive multi-viral disease-tolerant bivoltine silkworm breeds of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)","authors":"L. Satish, L. Kusuma, A. V. Mary Josepha Shery, S. M. Moorthy, G. R. Manjunatha, V. Sivaprasad","doi":"10.1007/s13355-022-00803-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13355-022-00803-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Bombyx mori</i> densonucleosis (BmDV), infectious flacherie (BmIFV) and nuclear polyhedrosis (BmNPV) viruses inflict huge losses in sericulture. The study was envisaged to develop productive bivoltine silkworm hybrid, tolerant to these viruses, employing marker-assisted breeding. One hundred and twenty diverse bivoltine silkworm breeds, <i>B. mori</i> L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) in India were screened against BmDV, BmIFV and BmNPV. Eight SSR markers were identified with distinct amplification profiles between virus-tolerant and susceptible populations. Two specific populations derived from the bivoltine silkworm breeds—HBM10 and PAM117—exhibited multi-viral tolerance (PAM117: 36–67%; HBM10: 24–65%) and these lines were designated as PAM117-MVT and HBM10-MVT. The resultant foundation cross (HBM10-MVT × PAM117-MVT) showed 37% enhanced survival (BmDV: 71–75%, BmIFV: 71–74% and BmNPV: 71–72%) over the parental stocks. A productive and multi-viral-tolerant bivoltine double hybrid (RDIN1) was developed by crossing with productive foundation cross (CSR52 × CSR27). The rearing and reeling performance of RDIN1 {(CSR52 × CSR27) × (HBM10-MVT × PAM117-MVT)} was on par with the popular bivoltine double hybrid {(CSR2 × CSR27) × (CSR6 × CSR26)} across the locations. The identified SSR markers could be utilized to develop robust and resilient silkworm hybrids for commercial exploitation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8551,"journal":{"name":"Applied Entomology and Zoology","volume":"58 1","pages":"61 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44953512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficiency of ant-control agents in colony-level oral toxicity tests using Tetramorium tsushimae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for post-establishment control of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","authors":"Hironori Sakamoto, Koichi Goka","doi":"10.1007/s13355-022-00800-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13355-022-00800-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The red imported fire ant <i>Solenopsis invicta</i> Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) causes serious damage worldwide as an invasive alien species. The species has expanded its range to the Pacific Rim since 2000s and Japan has faced its multiple introductions since 2017. While colony-level control methods are urgently needed, testing living colonies of the unestablished species is challenging especially due to various restrictions under the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we proposed alternative long-term toxicity assays using artificial colonies of <i>Tetramorium tsushimae</i> Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a Japanese native species belonging to the same subfamily (Myrmicinae) as <i>S. invicta</i>. We conducted an acute toxicity test to determine if <i>T. tsushimae</i> is a suitable substitute for <i>S. invicta</i> using fipronil and found the LD<sub>50</sub> value in <i>T. tsushimae</i> was close to that in <i>S. invicta</i>. Then, we conducted the long-term toxicity test with fipronil and two insect growth regulators (pyriproxyfen and etoxazole) using artificial colonies of <i>T. tsushimae</i>. All workers and larvae in the fipronil-treated colonies died within 3 days of treatment initiation. Emergence of new workers was observed after 18 days in the etoxazole-treated and control colonies, but not in the pyriproxyfen-treated colonies. We concluded that fipronil was the most promising insecticide for post-establishment control, and pyriproxyfen was effective as a toxic-bait agent for colony-level control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8551,"journal":{"name":"Applied Entomology and Zoology","volume":"58 1","pages":"25 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13355-022-00800-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10517069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Habitat and seasonal occurrence differ among closely related species of the Drosophila auraria species complex (Diptera: Drosophilidae)","authors":"Moe Onuma, Yukie Sato, Kyoichi Sawamura","doi":"10.1007/s13355-022-00801-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13355-022-00801-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Closely related species often exhibit similar niches and reproductive interactions. As competition for shared resources, reproductive interference, and hybridization may exclude one or the other species, the coexistence of closely related species is one of the main research topics in ecology and evolution. <i>Drosophila biauraria</i> and <i>D. triauraria</i> are closely related species with a broad sympatric distribution in Japan. To understand the mechanism underlying their coexistence, we investigated their habitat-use pattern, seasonal occurrence, and the frequency at which they were collected together in Sugadaira Montane (Nagano Prefecture), where grasslands, young forests, and mature forests are present. Slight differences in habitat-use pattern and seasonal occurrence were found between <i>D. biauraria</i> and <i>D. triauraria</i>. However, both species were sometimes collected together. Especially, <i>D. triauraria</i> females were collected together with heterospecific males, suggesting that <i>D. triauraria</i> females may be at risk of reproductive interference and hybridization. Female mate preference for conspecific males was expected to play an important role in reducing their reproductive interaction; however, abnormal genital structures in a few males found in this study suggest the possibility of their hybridization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8551,"journal":{"name":"Applied Entomology and Zoology","volume":"58 1","pages":"35 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41308553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Females of the melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), mate indiscriminately with males from a laboratory and wild strain","authors":"Todd Shelly","doi":"10.1007/s13355-022-00799-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13355-022-00799-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The melon fly, <i>Zeugodacus cucurbitae</i> (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a pest of many important cucurbit crops. The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been used to control the species and involves the release of mass-reared, sterile males to obtain matings with wild females. The ability of released males to compete successfully against wild males is key to the success of the SIT. Artificial selection acting under mass-rearing conditions may alter male behavior in ways that decrease acceptance by wild females. A pupal-color sexing strain of melon fly (termed T1) was developed in Hawaii, and males of this strain appear equal to wild males in mating competition. In the present study, trials conducted in both laboratory and field cages showed that T1 and wild females mate indiscriminately among T1 and wild males. Trials conducted in field cages also assessed the impact of two elements—overflooding ratio (i.e., ratio of mass-reared to wild males) and use of male-only vs. bisexual releases—on the mating success of T1 males. Observations of individual male–female pairs further revealed that the incidence of male mounting and the proportion of successful mounts (i.e., copulations) were independent of the strain identities of the paired flies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8551,"journal":{"name":"Applied Entomology and Zoology","volume":"58 1","pages":"13 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13355-022-00799-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47521758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dao Ngoc Quang, Duy Long Pham, Pham Thi Thu Thuy, Tran Xuan Hinh, Pham Quang Thu, Tran Quang Khai, Do Hoang Chung, Duong Van Thao, Le Bao Thanh, Tien Tai Dinh, Pham Van Ky, Nguyen Minh Chi, Bernard Dell
{"title":"Episparis tortuosalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Pangraptini) a new pest of Chukrasia tabularis (Meliaceae) plantations in Vietnam","authors":"Dao Ngoc Quang, Duy Long Pham, Pham Thi Thu Thuy, Tran Xuan Hinh, Pham Quang Thu, Tran Quang Khai, Do Hoang Chung, Duong Van Thao, Le Bao Thanh, Tien Tai Dinh, Pham Van Ky, Nguyen Minh Chi, Bernard Dell","doi":"10.1007/s13355-022-00798-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13355-022-00798-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Episparis tortuosalis</i> (Moore, The Lepidoptera of Ceylon, L. Reeve Company, London, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Pangraptini) is a significant pest defoliating <i>Chukrasia tabularis</i> plantations in Vietnam. Since 2013 the geographic range of the pest has increased from one to nine provinces. Field surveys in 9 provinces in 2021 showed that feeding by <i>E. tortuosalis</i> larvae resulted in the damage incidence ranging from 28.5 to 100% and the damage index from 0.82 to 3.66. This study illustrates the male and female morphology and genitalia of this pest from Vietnam. Further studies are recommended to help develop an integrated pest management plan for this pest.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8551,"journal":{"name":"Applied Entomology and Zoology","volume":"57 4","pages":"401 - 406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41332098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ken Funayama, Masatoshi Toyama, Shoko Nakamura, Michiyo Komatsu
{"title":"Can small wild pollinators be used practically for fruit set in apple trees?","authors":"Ken Funayama, Masatoshi Toyama, Shoko Nakamura, Michiyo Komatsu","doi":"10.1007/s13355-022-00797-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13355-022-00797-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pollination services provided by small wild pollinators in apple orchards were investigated in Akita Prefecture, northern Japan. In the apple orchard in 2017 and 2018, wild species constituted about 43% of all pollinators collected; these wild pollinators belonged to the order Hymenoptera (with most in the families Andrenidae [<i>Andrena</i> spp.] and Halictidae [<i>Lasioglossum</i> spp.]) and the order Diptera (mainly <i>Melanostoma</i> spp.). To exclude the introduced bees <i>Apis mellifera</i> and <i>Osmia cornifrons</i>, we protected flower bud clusters with 3.5-mm-mesh net bags that allowed access only to small wild pollinators from 2019 to 2021. There was no significant difference between protected and unprotected king flowers in terms of fruit set or the number of ventricles with seeds in the king fruits. Moreover, significantly fewer lateral fruits, which need to be removed by thinning, set in the protected clusters. These observations indicated that apple fruits might set normally without the need for introduced pollinators, and in some cases introduced bees might promote fruiting beyond the capacity of labor to manage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8551,"journal":{"name":"Applied Entomology and Zoology","volume":"57 4","pages":"393 - 399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48409776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unmown ground cover mitigates the negative effects of insecticide on ground spiders in apple orchards","authors":"Yasuyuki Komagata, Takaho Oe, Takayuki Sekine","doi":"10.1007/s13355-022-00796-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13355-022-00796-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In agroecosystems, natural enemies are important for sustainable agricultural production. Several studies have shown that spiders prey on pests and contribute to pest density control in apple orchards, making it important to develop orchard management methods that reduce the negative effects of chemical disturbances on such spiders. Here, we showed that unmown ground cover mitigated the negative effects of insecticide on ground spiders by shielding them from sprayed insecticide droplets. We compared the proportions of the ground surface wetted by spray droplets among four ground cover conditions. Also, we set up four treatments (with and without ground cover mowing and insecticide spraying) and compared the numbers of spiders trapped by pitfall traps. As a result, with unmown ground cover, the proportion of ground surface wetted by the spray droplets was small. Also, the number of spiders in the traps under unmown ground cover was not decreased by insecticide spraying, whereas spraying significantly decreased the number under mown ground cover. These results suggest that unmown ground cover helps conserve ground spiders by decreasing the number of spray droplets reaching the ground surface.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8551,"journal":{"name":"Applied Entomology and Zoology","volume":"57 4","pages":"385 - 391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49208392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Photoperiod controls insulin and juvenile hormone signaling pathways via the circadian clock in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae)","authors":"Genyu Mano, Shin G. Goto","doi":"10.1007/s13355-022-00795-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13355-022-00795-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most multivoltine insects in temperate zones enter diapause in response to short days. The photoperiod is evaluated in these organisms by a photoperiodic time measurement system, which involves the circadian clock, and activates or inactivates endocrine organs or cells to alter their physiological status. Although the physiological mechanisms underlying insect photoperiodism have been extensively studied, the molecular linkage between the circadian clock and endocrine signaling pathways remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the bean bug <i>Riptortus pedestris</i> (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), which enters adult (reproductive) diapause in response to short days. A gene encoding the insulin-like peptide ILP1, which is expressed in the pars intercerebralis in the brain, was upregulated and involved in fecundity under long days. <i>Ilp1</i> appeared to function independently of the photoperiodic response controlled by juvenile hormone signaling. <i>Cyp15</i>, which encodes an epoxidase crucial for juvenile hormone biosynthesis, was upregulated and involved in ovarian development under long days. RNA interference targeted against the circadian clock gene <i>per</i> canceled the <i>Ilp1</i> and <i>Cyp15</i> suppression and allowed females to be reproductive even under diapause-inducing short days. Thus, the circadian clock may control the photoperiodic response by altering the expression of key elements in two independent endocrine pathways.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8551,"journal":{"name":"Applied Entomology and Zoology","volume":"57 4","pages":"363 - 377"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44858127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}