Applied Animal Science最新文献

{"title":"Effects of spring and fall stockpile grazing management system on performance of fall-calving beef cows, preweaning calf performance, forage characteristics, and economics","authors":"K.P. Ewing ,&nbsp;W.T. Meteer ,&nbsp;T.L. Steckler ,&nbsp;D.W. Shike","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02601","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective of this study was to compare the effects of tall fescue grazing systems using either rotational grazing only or rotational grazing and spring and fall stockpiling on beef cow body condition and reproductive performance, calf preweaning performance, forage characteristics, and system economics.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Over 2 yr, multiparous, fallcalving cows (n = 360 cows per year; 6 groups per year; BW = 600 ± 64 kg; gestation = 113 ± 9 d) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: (1) rotational grazing only (CON) or (2) rotational grazing and spring and fall stockpile grazing (SP). Treatments were initiated in late April and terminated in late December each year. Pastures were 48.4 ha/replicate. Control pastures were divided into 8 (6.1 ha; rotated every 5 d) paddocks. Twenty-five percent of SP pastures (12.1 ha) were stockpiled for the initial 120 d, with the remaining 75% rotationally grazed (36.3 ha; rotated every 6–7 d). Starting in early August, 50% (24.2 ha) of the pasture was stockpiled. Strip-grazing (cows moved every 2–3 d) was used when grazing stockpiled forage in SP pastures. Cow BW and BCS were determined every 28 d, and forage characteristics were evaluated every 2 wk.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Cows grazed for 25 more days in SP compared with CON, resulting in a subsequent reduction of hay fed per cow in SP compared with CON (59 vs. 347 kg, respectively). Cow BW did not differ at trial end; however, BCS was greater in CON than in SP (5.3 vs. 5.1, respectively). No differences were observed in AI conception rate or overall pregnancy rate between treatments. There were no differences in calf birth BW or weaning BW between SP and CON. With an average hay price of $150/907 kg, breakeven urea price between treatments was $586.8/907 kg.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Grazing system type had minimal to no effects on cow and calf performance. Use of a spring and fall stockpiling system increased grazing days, reduced stored feed use, and could reduce winter feed costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 835-846"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bile salt inclusion rates in milk replacer fed to neonatal calves","authors":"David P. Casper","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02610","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective was to evaluate bile salts (BS) at increasing inclusion rates to determine the opti- mal inclusion rate for increasing neonatal calf fat digestion and absorption for improved growth performance.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Eighty 2-to-5-d-old Holstein bull calves were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments using a randomized complete block design. Treatments of (1) BS0: control, no BS added to milk replacer (MR); (2) BS1/2: BS (poultry bile, Runeon, LaChance, China) fed at 0.175 g/d; (3) BS1: BS fed at 0.35 g/d; and (4) BS2: BS fed at 0.70 g/d. Calves were fed 2×/d a 22:20 (CP:fat) milk replacer at 0630 and 1800 h at 0.55 kg/d for d 1 to 14, then increased to 0.82 kg/d for d 15 to 35 reduced to 1×/d for d 36 to 42 with wean- ing after d 42 along with free choice water and a 22% CP mini-pellet calf starter for the 56-d study.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Linear, quadratic, and cu- bic exponential polynomial responses to BS inclusion rates were nonsignificant for BW, BW gains, and ADG. Feed conversion demonstrated a negative quadratic response with calves fed BS0 having greater feed conversions (0.52, 0.45, 0.49, and 0.50 kg BW gain/kg DMI; SEM = 0.02) compared with calves fed BS1/2, with calves fed BS1 and BS2 being intermediated and similar.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Supplementation of BS to a MR fed to neonatal calves did not enhance growth performance, rejecting the hypothesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 738-750"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"December\" Cover","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2590-2865(24)00125-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2590-2865(24)00125-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Page OFC"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sorghum-sudangrass intercropped with cowpea improved pasture for stocker cattle in the mid-south","authors":"Ivan R. Thomas ,&nbsp;Christine C. Nieman ,&nbsp;Kenneth P. Coffey ,&nbsp;Michael P. Popp","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02568","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective of this study was to evaluate forage production and nutrient composition and stocker cattle performance on mixed bermudagrass, sorghum-sudangrass, and sorghum-sudangrass-cowpeas pastures.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>In summers of 2021 and 2022, 144 steers (8 per experimental unit) were assigned to 1 of 3 grazing treatments (2.02 ha each): mixed bermudagrass (MB), mixed bermudagrass overseeded with sorghum-sudangrass (SS), or mixed bermudagrass overseeded with sorghum-sudangrass and cowpea (SSCW), in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications each.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Forage mass was greater in SS than MB in August 2021 and September of both years, whereas SSCW forage mass was only greater than MB in September 2022. Neutral detergent fiber was lower for SS in September 2021 and lower for SS and SSCW in July and August 2022 compared with MB. Across years and months, cowpea proportion averaged only 12.4%. Timing of N fertilization caused differences in CP among mixtures, although CP was greater in SSCW than SS in August and September 2021. Average daily gain was greater in SS and SSCW in both years (1 kg/d for SS and SSCW, and 0.8 kg/d for MB). Gain per hectare had a year × treatment interaction, with similar gain per hectare in 2021 and greater gain per hectare in SS compared with MB in 2022.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Greater available forage mass in SS in August and September may fill gaps in MB systems while also improving ADG, even under moisture-limited conditions. However, when planting was delayed, SS and SSCW provided fewer grazing days than MB and, despite the increased ADG, could not compensate, and gain per hectare was similar among pasture treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 708-716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substitution of modified distillers grains with soybean meal with or without soyhulls had negligible effects on growth performance, efficiency, and carcass traits in yearling beef steers","authors":"Cassidy R. Ross,&nbsp;Ana Clara B. Menezes,&nbsp;Forest L. Francis,&nbsp;Zachary K. Smith,&nbsp;Warren C. Rusche","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02575","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective of this study was to evaluate animal performance, carcass traits, and dietary net energy utilization in finishing beef steers when soybean meal (SBM) with or without soybean hulls (SBH) replaced modified distillers plus solubles (MDGS).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Predominately Angus steers (n = 240; initial shrunk BW = 435 ± 23.2 kg) were allotted to 1 of 24 pens. Steers were blocked by location within the feedlot and randomly assigned to 3 treatments: MDGS fed at 15% diet DM (MDGS) replaced by either soybean meal and corn (9 and 6% of DM, respectively; SBM), or soybean meal and soyhull pellets (9% and 6% of DM, respectively; SBM-SBH). Growth performance was calculated on a carcass-adjusted basis (hot carcass weight/0.625). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with random effect of block and fixed effect of treatment; pen was the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine the effects of protein source (MDGS vs. SBM and SBM-SBH) or starch compared with NDF (SBM vs. MDGS and SBM-SBH). Steers were fed for 118 d until shipped for slaughter at a commercial abattoir where carcass data and liver abscess scores were collected.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>No differences among treatments (<em>P</em> ≥ 0.11) were observed for carcass-adjusted final BW, DMI, ADG, or G:F. Dietary treatment did not affect (<em>P</em> ≥ 0.11) carcass measurements and distributions of USDA Quality or Yield grades were unaffected by treatment (<em>P</em> ≥ 0.39). Dietary treatment did not affect liver abscess prevalence or severity (<em>P</em> = 0.11). Net energy values calculated from animal performance agreed closely with tabular estimates.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Steers fed MDGS as the supplemental protein source did not demonstrate a performance advantage compared with those fed SBM- based protein supplements, despite the enhanced diet conditioning attributes and greater RUP concentrations provided by MDGS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 760-769"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143182790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invited Review: Factors influencing colostrum production of multiparous Holstein and Jersey cows*","authors":"P.S. Erickson ,&nbsp;T.C. Stahl ,&nbsp;S.C. Allen","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02621","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Our purpose is to provide insight and new perspectives on factors influencing colostrum yield in dairy cows by describing nutritional, environmental, and management techniques to mitigate the failure of colostrum production and to provide new theories as to why this challenge sometimes occurs in dairy farms.</div></div><div><h3>Sources</h3><div>Sources come from peer-reviewed primary research articles and previously published review articles on certain topics pertaining to colostrum production.</div></div><div><h3>Synthesis</h3><div>Diminished or absent colostrum production in dairy cows has been a challenge for producers and researchers. The lack of colostrum production may be attributed to many factors including adequate energy in the prefresh cow diet and increasing dry period length, along with the environmental temperature and possibly hormonal disruptions. These components appear to play a major role in the production of colostrum.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and Applications</h3><div>The results of this review indicate the factors (dry period length, nutrition, environment, and genetics) that have been identified that producers can use to alleviate the challenge of reduced or no colostrum production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 791-801"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of nitrate and prussic-acid risk in annual forages submitted by producers to a commercial forage testing laboratory in Nebraska","authors":"Rebecca J. Kern-Lunbery","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02618","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>My objective was to determine whether there is a relationship between nitrate (NO₃-N) toxicity risk and prussic-acid (HCN) toxicity risk in annual forages for grazing livestock.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Throughout the grazing seasons in 2021, 2022, and 2023, livestock producers submitted annual forages known for accumulating both NO₃-N and HCN to Ward Laboratories Inc. (Kearney, NE). Properly submitted samples were tested for both NO₃-N and HCN (n = 201). Regression analysis and ANOVA were performed. Additionally, samples were broken down by “risk of toxicity” to determine whether risk of ruminant animal health issues was related to NO₃-N and HCN.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Average NO₃-N concentration was not statistically significantly different by forage specie group; however millet was lower in HCN compared with other forage species. Samples submitted in November were lower in NO₃-N than samples submitted in August, September, and October (Figure 2). However, there was no statistical difference in HCN concentration based on the month samples were submitted. The concentrations of NO₃-N and HCN were not correlated (R² &lt;0.01). Additionally, samples categorized as safe for NO₃-N were not consistently categorized as safe for HCN and vice versa.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>A low concentration of HCN or NO₃-N in a forage does not imply a low concentration of the other. Therefore, forages likely to accumulate these toxic substances should be analyzed for both NO₃-N and HCN before grazing to help mitigate health risks for ruminant animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 725-728"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Call for Submissions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2590-2865(24)00130-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2590-2865(24)00130-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages iv-vi"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 12-year summary of the effects of estrous synchronization and body weight at breeding on reproductive success of Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers grazing warm-season grasses","authors":"C.C. Brauner,&nbsp;V.S. Izquierdo,&nbsp;J.M.B. Vendramini,&nbsp;P. Moriel","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02630","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective was to evaluate the effects of estrus synchronization and body weight before the start of breeding season on reproduction of <em>Bos indicus</em>-influenced beef heifers.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Data were collected from grazing, Brangus crossbred beef heifers (n = 594) weaned at 280 ± 26 d of age and fed concentrate from 2 wk after weaning until the end of the breeding season (189 ± 24 d of supplementation). Heifers were initially sorted into those that were (SYNC) and were not (NOSYNC) as- signed to an estrous synchronization protocol before the start of the breeding season. Then, within each synchro- nization group, heifers were sorted into those that were below (BE) or above (AB) 295 kg (65% of mature BW) at the start of the breeding season.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Effects of synchronization × BW at breeding and synchronization were not detected for growth performance, but tended to be detected for pu- berty attainment, which was the least for NOSYNC+BE, did not differ between SYNC+BE versus NOSYNC+AB, and was greatest for SYNC+AB heifers. Pregnancy and calving percentages were greater for AB versus BE heifers.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Results of this study indicate that <em>Bos indicus</em>-influenced beef heifers need to achieve ≥65% of mature BW at the start of the breeding season to optimize reproduction, whereas estrous synchro- nization protocols enhanced puberty attainment (regard- less of BW) and early calving distribution when heifers were &lt;65% of mature BW at the start of the breeding season.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 847-854"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic evaluation of grazing steers on summer annuals sod-seeded into warm-season perennial pasture","authors":"IvaNelle Meyer ,&nbsp;Michael P. Popp ,&nbsp;Christine C. Nieman ,&nbsp;James L. Mitchell ,&nbsp;Kenneth P. Coffey","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02569","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Sorhgum-sudangrass (SS) and cowpea (CW) can increase cattle gains when sod-seeded to mixed bermudagrass (MB); however, establishment time and cost may not be recouped by improved animal production. Additionally, valuing weight gain at varying production stages, without a market transaction, prompted an evaluation of different pricing methods.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Cattle gains on MB, SS, and a 50:50 mix of SS+CW (SSCW) pastures were evaluated. One pricing method linearly interpolated 10-yr-average prices across weight categories. A second, regression-based approach added corn and feeder cattle futures to weight to explain prices. The third used experimental years only.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Greater forage quality in annuals pastures where cattle had greater ADG (1.01 kg/ head per day for SS and SSCW vs. 0.79 kg/head per day for MB) led to different cattle gains by forage and year. In 2021 grazing days were 91, 68, and 60 d for MB, SS, and SSCW, respectively, whereas they were 95 d for MB and 92 d for SS and SSCW in 2022. Despite greater ADG with annuals, delayed planting of annuals led to numerically lesser cattle gains and lesser partial returns than MB in 2021. In 2022 drought forced a rest period in MB pastures; however, greater weight gains with annuals did not recoup costs regardless of pricing method.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and Applications</h3><div>Timely planting is important for increasing grazing days with annuals. With seasonal and cyclical dynamics affecting the value of weight gain, heavier ending weights were not rewarded with prices that would cover annuals establishment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 697-707"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}